494 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
494 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
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# Mysql 维护
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## 安装配置
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通过 rpm 包安装
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centos 的 yum 源中默认是没有 mysql 的,所以我们需要先去官网下载 mysql 的 repo 源并安装。
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### 安装 mysql yum 源
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官方下载地址:https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/yum/
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(1)下载 yum 源
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```bash
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$ wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql80-community-release-el7-1.noarch.rpm
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```
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(2)安装 yum repo 文件并更新 yum 缓存
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```bash
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$ rpm -ivh mysql80-community-release-el7-1.noarch.rpm
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```
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执行结果:
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会在 /etc/yum.repos.d/ 目录下生成两个 repo 文件
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```bash
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$ ls | grep mysql
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mysql-community.repo
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mysql-community-source.repo
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```
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更新 yum:
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```bash
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$ yum clean all
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$ yum makecache
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```
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(3)查看 rpm 安装状态
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```bash
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$ yum search mysql | grep server
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mysql-community-common.i686 : MySQL database common files for server and client
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mysql-community-common.x86_64 : MySQL database common files for server and
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mysql-community-test.x86_64 : Test suite for the MySQL database server
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: administering MySQL servers
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mysql-community-server.x86_64 : A very fast and reliable SQL database server
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```
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通过 yum 安装 mysql 有几个重要目录:
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```
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# 数据库目录
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/var/lib/mysql/
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# 配置文件
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/usr/share/mysql(mysql.server命令及配置文件)
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# 相关命令
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/usr/bin(mysqladmin mysqldump等命令)
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# 启动脚本
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/etc/rc.d/init.d/(启动脚本文件mysql的目录)
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# 配置文件
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/etc/my.cnf
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```
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### 安装 mysql 服务器
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```bash
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$ yum install mysql-community-server
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```
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### 启动 mysql 服务
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```bash
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# 启动 mysql 服务
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systemctl start mysqld.service
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# 查看运行状态
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systemctl status mysqld.service
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# 开机启动
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systemctl enable mysqld
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systemctl daemon-reload
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```
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### 初始化数据库密码
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查看一下初始密码
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```bash
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$ grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
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2018-09-30T03:13:41.727736Z 5 [Note] [MY-010454] [Server] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: %:lt+srWu4k1
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```
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执行命令:
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```bash
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mysql -uroot -p<临时密码>
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```
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输入临时密码,进入 mysql,如果要修改密码,执行以下指令:
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```bash
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ALTER user 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '你的密码';
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```
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注:密码强度默认为中等,大小写字母、数字、特殊符号,只有修改成功后才能修改配置再设置更简单的密码
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### 配置远程访问
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```sql
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mysql> CREATE USER 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '你的密码';
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mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'root'@'%';
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mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY '你的密码';
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mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
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```
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### 跳过登录认证
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```
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vim /etc/my.cnf
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```
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在 [mysqld] 下面加上 skip-grant-tables
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作用是登录时跳过登录认证,换句话说就是 root 什么密码都可以登录进去。
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执行 `service mysqld restart`,重启 mysql
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## 部署
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### 主从节点部署
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假设需要配置一个主从 Mysql 服务器环境
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- master 节点:192.168.8.10
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- slave 节点:192.168.8.11
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#### 配置主从同步
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(1)主节点配置
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执行 `vi /etc/my.cnf` ,添加如下配置:
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```ini
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[mysqld]
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server-id=1
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log-bin=mysql-bin
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```
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- `server-id` - 服务器 ID 号;
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- `log-bin` - 同步的日志路径及文件名,一定注意这个目录要是mysql有权限写入的;
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(2)从节点配置
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执行 `vi /etc/my.cnf` ,添加如下配置:
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```ini
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[mysqld]
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server-id=2
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log-bin=mysql-bin
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```
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(3)创建用于复制操作的用户
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```sql
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mysql> CREATE USER 'sync'@'192.168.8.11' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY '密码'; -- 创建用户
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mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'sync'@'192.168.8.11'; -- 授权
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mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; -- 刷新授权表信息
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```
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(4)查看主节点状态
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```sql
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mysql> show master status;
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+------------------+----------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------------+
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| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
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+------------------+----------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------------+
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| mysql-bin.000001 | 4202 | | mysql,information_schema,performance_schema | |
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+------------------+----------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------------+
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1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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```
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(5)在Slave节点上设置主节点参数
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`MASTER_LOG_FILE` 和 `MASTER_LOG_POS` 参数要分别与 `show master status` 指令获得的 `File` 和 `Position` 属性值对应。
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```sql
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mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO
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MASTER_HOST='192.168.199.149',
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MASTER_USER='sync',
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MASTER_PASSWORD='密码',
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MASTER_LOG_FILE='binlog.000001',
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MASTER_LOG_POS=4202;
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```
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(6)查看主从同步状态
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```
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mysql> show slave status\G;
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```
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说明:如果以下两项参数均为 YES,说明配置正确。
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- `Slave_IO_Running`
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- `Slave_SQL_Running`
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(7)启动 slave 进程
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```
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mysql> start slave;
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```
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#### 同步主节点已有数据到从节点
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主库操作:
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(1)停止主库的数据更新操作
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```sql
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mysql> flush tables with read lock;
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```
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(2)新开终端,生成主数据库的备份(导出数据库)
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```bash
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$ mysqldump -uroot -p<密码> test > test.sql
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```
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(3)将备份文件传到从库
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```bash
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$ scp test.sql root@192.168.8.11:/root/
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```
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(4)主库解锁
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```mysql
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mysql> unlock tables;
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```
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从库操作:
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(1)停止从库slave
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```mysql
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mysql> stop slave;
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```
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(2)新建数据库test
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```mysql
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mysql> create database test default charset utf8;
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```
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(3)导入数据
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```bash
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$ mysql -uroot -ptest123 cmdb<cmdb.sql
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```
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(4)查看从库已有该数据库和数据
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```mysql
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mysql> show databases;
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+--------------------+
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| Database |
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+--------------------+
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| information_schema |
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| cmdb |
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| mysql |
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| performance_schema |
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| test |
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+--------------------+
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```
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## 运维
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### 创建用户
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```
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CREATE USER 'username'@'host' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
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```
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说明:
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- username:你将创建的用户名
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- host:指定该用户在哪个主机上可以登陆,如果是本地用户可用 localhost,如果想让该用户可以**从任意远程主机登陆**,可以使用通配符`%`
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- password:该用户的登陆密码,密码可以为空,如果为空则该用户可以不需要密码登陆服务器
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示例:
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```sql
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CREATE USER 'dog'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
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CREATE USER 'pig'@'192.168.1.101_' IDENDIFIED BY '123456';
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CREATE USER 'pig'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
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CREATE USER 'pig'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '';
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CREATE USER 'pig'@'%';
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```
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### 授权
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命令:
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```sql
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GRANT privileges ON databasename.tablename TO 'username'@'host'
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```
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说明:
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- privileges:用户的操作权限,如`SELECT`,`INSERT`,`UPDATE`等,如果要授予所的权限则使用`ALL`
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- databasename:数据库名
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- tablename:表名,如果要授予该用户对所有数据库和表的相应操作权限则可用`*`表示,如`*.*`
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示例:
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```sql
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GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON test.user TO 'pig'@'%';
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GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'pig'@'%';
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GRANT ALL ON maindataplus.* TO 'pig'@'%';
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```
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注意:
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用以上命令授权的用户不能给其它用户授权,如果想让该用户可以授权,用以下命令:
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```sql
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GRANT privileges ON databasename.tablename TO 'username'@'host' WITH GRANT OPTION;
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```
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### 撤销授权
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命令:
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```
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REVOKE privilege ON databasename.tablename FROM 'username'@'host';
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```
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说明:
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privilege, databasename, tablename:同授权部分
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例子:
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```
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REVOKE SELECT ON *.* FROM 'pig'@'%';
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```
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注意:
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假如你在给用户`'pig'@'%'`授权的时候是这样的(或类似的):`GRANT SELECT ON test.user TO 'pig'@'%'`,则在使用`REVOKE SELECT ON *.* FROM 'pig'@'%';`命令并不能撤销该用户对 test 数据库中 user 表的`SELECT` 操作。相反,如果授权使用的是`GRANT SELECT ON *.* TO 'pig'@'%';`则`REVOKE SELECT ON test.user FROM 'pig'@'%';`命令也不能撤销该用户对 test 数据库中 user 表的`Select`权限。
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具体信息可以用命令`SHOW GRANTS FOR 'pig'@'%';` 查看。
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### 更改用户密码
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```sql
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SET PASSWORD FOR 'username'@'host' = PASSWORD('newpassword');
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```
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如果是当前登陆用户用:
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```sql
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SET PASSWORD = PASSWORD("newpassword");
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```
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示例:
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```sql
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SET PASSWORD FOR 'pig'@'%' = PASSWORD("123456");
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```
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### 备份与恢复
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Mysql 备份数据使用 mysqldump 命令。
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mysqldump 将数据库中的数据备份成一个文本文件,表的结构和表中的数据将存储在生成的文本文件中。
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备份:
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(1)备份一个数据库
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语法:
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```
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mysqldump -u <username> -p <database> [<table1> <table2> ...] > backup.sql
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```
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- username 数据库用户
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- dbname 数据库名称
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- table1 和 table2 参数表示需要备份的表的名称,为空则整个数据库备份;
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- BackupName.sql 参数表设计备份文件的名称,文件名前面可以加上一个绝对路径。通常将数据库被分成一个后缀名为 sql 的文件
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(2)备份多个数据库
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```
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mysqldump -u <username> -p --databases <database1> <database2> ... > backup.sql
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```
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(3)备份所有数据库
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```
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mysqldump -u <username> -p -all-databases > backup.sql
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```
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恢复:
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Mysql 恢复数据使用 mysqldump 命令。
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语法:
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```
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mysql -u <username> -p <database> < backup.sql
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```
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### 卸载
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(1)查看已安装的 mysql
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```bash
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$ rpm -qa | grep -i mysql
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perl-DBD-MySQL-4.023-6.el7.x86_64
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mysql80-community-release-el7-1.noarch
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|||
|
mysql-community-common-8.0.12-1.el7.x86_64
|
|||
|
mysql-community-client-8.0.12-1.el7.x86_64
|
|||
|
mysql-community-libs-compat-8.0.12-1.el7.x86_64
|
|||
|
mysql-community-libs-8.0.12-1.el7.x86_64
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
(2)卸载 mysql
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```bash
|
|||
|
$ yum remove mysql-community-server.x86_64
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 问题
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### JDBC 与 Mysql 因 CST 时区协商无解导致偏差了 14 或 13 小时
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
**现象**
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
数据库中存储的 Timestamp 字段值比真实值少了 13 个小时。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
**原因**
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- 当 JDBC 与 MySQL 开始建立连接时,会获取服务器参数。
|
|||
|
- 当 MySQL 的 `time_zone` 值为 `SYSTEM` 时,会取 `system_time_zone` 值作为协调时区,若得到的是 `CST` 那么 Java 会误以为这是 `CST -0500` ,因此会给出错误的时区信息(国内一般是`CST +0800`,即东八区)。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
> 查看时区方法:
|
|||
|
>
|
|||
|
> 通过 `show variables like '%time_zone%';` 命令查看 Mysql 时区配置:
|
|||
|
>
|
|||
|
> ```
|
|||
|
> mysql> show variables like '%time_zone%';
|
|||
|
> +------------------+--------+
|
|||
|
> | Variable_name | Value |
|
|||
|
> +------------------+--------+
|
|||
|
> | system_time_zone | CST |
|
|||
|
> | time_zone | SYSTEM |
|
|||
|
> +------------------+--------+
|
|||
|
> ```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
**解决方案**
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
方案一
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
mysql> set global time_zone = '+08:00';
|
|||
|
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
mysql> set time_zone = '+08:00';
|
|||
|
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
方案二
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
修改 `my.cnf` 文件,在 `[mysqld]` 节下增加 `default-time-zone = '+08:00'` ,然后重启。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 参考资料
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaopotian/p/8196464.html
|
|||
|
- https://www.cnblogs.com/bigbrotherer/p/7241845.html
|
|||
|
- https://blog.csdn.net/managementandjava/article/details/80039650
|
|||
|
- http://www.manongjc.com/article/6996.html
|
|||
|
- https://www.cnblogs.com/xyabk/p/8967990.html
|
|||
|
- [MySQL 8.0主从(Master-Slave)配置](https://blog.csdn.net/zyhlwzy/article/details/80569422)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## :door: 传送门
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
| [技术文档归档](https://github.com/dunwu/blog) | [数据库教程系列](https://github.com/dunwu/db-tutorial/codes) |
|