97 lines
3.7 KiB
Python
97 lines
3.7 KiB
Python
# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_
|
||
|
||
"""
|
||
python_spider.py by xianhu
|
||
"""
|
||
|
||
import urllib.error
|
||
import urllib.parse
|
||
import urllib.request
|
||
import http.cookiejar
|
||
|
||
# 首先定义下边可能需要的变量
|
||
url = "https://www.baidu.com"
|
||
headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)"}
|
||
|
||
# 最简单的网页抓取方式
|
||
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=10)
|
||
html = response.read().decode("utf-8")
|
||
|
||
|
||
# 使用Request实例代替url
|
||
request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=None, headers={})
|
||
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)
|
||
|
||
|
||
# 发送数据，即在Request()中添加data参数
|
||
data = urllib.parse.urlencode({"act": "login", "email": "xianhu@qq.com", "password": "123456"})
|
||
request1 = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data) # POST方法
|
||
request2 = urllib.request.Request(url+"?%s" % data) # GET方法
|
||
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)
|
||
|
||
|
||
# 发送Header，即在Request()中添加headers参数
|
||
request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data, headers=headers) # 参数中添加header参数
|
||
request.add_header("Referer", "http://www.baidu.com") # 另一种添加header的方式,添加Referer是为了应对"反盗链"
|
||
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)
|
||
|
||
|
||
# 网页抓取引发异常：urllib.error.HTTPError, urllib.error.URLError, 两者存在继承关系
|
||
try:
|
||
urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)
|
||
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
|
||
print(e.code, e.reason)
|
||
except urllib.error.URLError as e:
|
||
print(e.errno, e.reason)
|
||
|
||
|
||
# 使用代理，以防止IP被封或IP次数受限：
|
||
proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxies={"http": "111.123.76.12:8080"})
|
||
|
||
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler) # 利用代理创建opener实例
|
||
response = opener.open(url) # 直接利用opener实例打开url
|
||
|
||
urllib.request.install_opener(opener) # 安装全局opener，然后利用urlopen打开url
|
||
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
|
||
|
||
|
||
# 使用cookie和cookiejar,应对服务器检查
|
||
cookie_jar = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
|
||
cookie_jar_handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookiejar=cookie_jar)
|
||
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(cookie_jar_handler)
|
||
response = opener.open(url)
|
||
|
||
|
||
# 发送在浏览器中获取的cookie,两种方式:
|
||
# (1)直接放到headers里
|
||
headers = {
|
||
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)",
|
||
"Cookie": "PHPSESSID=btqkg9amjrtoeev8coq0m78396; USERINFO=n6nxTHTY%2BJA39z6CpNB4eKN8f0KsYLjAQTwPe%2BhLHLruEbjaeh4ulhWAS5RysUM%2B; "
|
||
}
|
||
request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)
|
||
|
||
# (2)构建cookie,添加到cookiejar中
|
||
cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookie(name="xx", value="xx", domain="xx", ...)
|
||
cookie_jar.set_cookie(cookie)
|
||
response = opener.open(url)
|
||
|
||
|
||
# 同时使用代理和cookiejar
|
||
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(cookie_jar_handler)
|
||
opener.add_handler(proxy_handler)
|
||
response = opener.open("https://www.baidu.com/")
|
||
|
||
|
||
# 抓取网页中的图片：同样适用于抓取网络上的文件。右击鼠标，找到图片属性中的地址，然后进行保存。
|
||
response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/7d742c99tw1ee7dac2766j204q04qmxq.jpg", timeout=120)
|
||
with open("test.jpg", "wb") as file_img:
|
||
file_img.write(response.read())
|
||
|
||
|
||
# HTTP认证：即HTTP身份验证
|
||
password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm() # 创建一个PasswordMgr
|
||
password_mgr.add_password(realm=None, uri=url, user='username', passwd='password') # 添加用户名和密码
|
||
handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr) # 创建HTTPBasicAuthHandler
|
||
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler) # 创建opner
|
||
response = opener.open(url, timeout=10) # 获取数据
|