2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
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## NumPy的应用-1
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2020-10-03 11:42:04 +08:00
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2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
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Numpy 是一个开源的 Python 科学计算库,**用于快速处理任意维度的数组**。Numpy **支持常见的数组和矩阵操作**,对于同样的数值计算任务,使用 NumPy 不仅代码要简洁的多,而且 NumPy 的性能远远优于原生 Python,基本是一个到两个数量级的差距,而且数据量越大,NumPy 的优势就越明显。
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2020-12-14 00:23:35 +08:00
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2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
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Numpy 最为核心的数据类型是`ndarray`,使用`ndarray`可以处理一维、二维和多维数组,该对象相当于是一个快速而灵活的大数据容器。NumPy 底层代码使用 C 语言编写,解决了 GIL 的限制,`ndarray`在存取数据的时候,数据与数据的地址都是连续的,这确保了可以进行高效率的批量操作,远远优于 Python 中的`list`;另一方面`ndarray`对象提供了更多的方法来处理数据,尤其是和统计相关的方法,这些方法也是 Python 原生的`list`没有的。
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2020-12-20 18:41:15 +08:00
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2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
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### 准备工作
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2020-12-20 18:41:15 +08:00
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2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
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1. 启动Notebook
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2020-12-20 18:41:15 +08:00
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```Bash
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2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
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jupyter notebook
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2020-12-20 18:41:15 +08:00
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```
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2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
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> **提示**:在启动Notebook之前,建议先安装好数据分析相关依赖项,包括之前提到的三大神器以及相关依赖项,包括:`numpy`、`pandas`、`matplotlib`、`openpyxl`等。如果使用Anaconda,则无需单独安装。
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2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
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2020-12-20 18:41:15 +08:00
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2. 导入
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```Python
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import numpy as np
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2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
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import pandas as pd
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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2020-12-20 18:41:15 +08:00
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```
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2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
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> **说明**:如果已经启动了 Notebook 但尚未安装相关依赖库,例如尚未安装`numpy`,可以在 Notebook 的单元格中输入`!pip install numpy`并运行该单元格来安装 NumPy,也可以一次性安装多个三方库,需要在单元格中输入`%pip install numpy pandas matplotlib`。注意上面的代码,我们不仅导入了NumPy,还将 pandas 和 matplotlib 库一并导入了。
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2020-12-14 00:23:35 +08:00
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### 创建数组对象
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2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
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创建`ndarray`对象有很多种方法,下面就如何创建一维数组、二维数组和多维数组进行说明。
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#### 一维数组
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- 方法一:使用`array`函数,通过`list`创建数组对象
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代码:
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```Python
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array1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
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array1
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
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```
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- 方法二:使用`arange`函数,指定取值范围创建数组对象
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代码:
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```Python
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array2 = np.arange(0, 20, 2)
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array2
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([ 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18])
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```
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- 方法三:使用`linspace`函数,用指定范围均匀间隔的数字创建数组对象
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代码:
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```Python
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array3 = np.linspace(-5, 5, 101)
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array3
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([-5. , -4.9, -4.8, -4.7, -4.6, -4.5, -4.4, -4.3, -4.2, -4.1, -4. ,
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-3.9, -3.8, -3.7, -3.6, -3.5, -3.4, -3.3, -3.2, -3.1, -3. , -2.9,
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-2.8, -2.7, -2.6, -2.5, -2.4, -2.3, -2.2, -2.1, -2. , -1.9, -1.8,
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-1.7, -1.6, -1.5, -1.4, -1.3, -1.2, -1.1, -1. , -0.9, -0.8, -0.7,
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-0.6, -0.5, -0.4, -0.3, -0.2, -0.1, 0. , 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
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0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1. , 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5,
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1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2. , 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6,
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2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3. , 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7,
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3.8, 3.9, 4. , 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8,
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4.9, 5. ])
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```
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- 方法四:使用`numpy.random`模块的函数生成随机数创建数组对象
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产生10个$[0, 1)$范围的随机小数,代码:
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```Python
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array4 = np.random.rand(10)
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array4
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([0.45556132, 0.67871326, 0.4552213 , 0.96671509, 0.44086463,
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0.72650875, 0.79877188, 0.12153022, 0.24762739, 0.6669852 ])
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```
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产生10个$[1, 100)$范围的随机整数,代码:
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```Python
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2021-03-08 00:25:04 +08:00
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array5 = np.random.randint(1, 100, 10)
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2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
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array5
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([29, 97, 87, 47, 39, 19, 71, 32, 79, 34])
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```
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产生20个$\mu=50$,$\sigma=10$的正态分布随机数,代码:
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```Python
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array6 = np.random.normal(50, 10, 20)
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array6
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([55.04155586, 46.43510797, 20.28371158, 62.67884053, 61.23185964,
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38.22682148, 53.17126151, 43.54741592, 36.11268017, 40.94086676,
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63.27911699, 46.92688903, 37.1593374 , 67.06525656, 67.47269463,
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23.37925889, 31.45312239, 48.34532466, 55.09180924, 47.95702787])
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```
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2020-12-23 23:11:05 +08:00
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> **说明**:创建一维数组还有很多其他的方式,比如通过读取字符串、读取文件、解析正则表达式等方式,这里我们暂不讨论这些方式,有兴趣的读者可以自行研究。
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2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
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#### 二维数组
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- 方法一:使用`array`函数,通过嵌套的`list`创建数组对象
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代码:
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```Python
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array7 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
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array7
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([[1, 2, 3],
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[4, 5, 6]])
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```
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- 方法二:使用`zeros`、`ones`、`full`函数指定数组的形状创建数组对象
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使用`zeros`函数,代码:
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```Python
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array8 = np.zeros((3, 4))
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array8
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([[0., 0., 0., 0.],
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[0., 0., 0., 0.],
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[0., 0., 0., 0.]])
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```
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使用`ones`函数,代码:
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```Python
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array9 = np.ones((3, 4))
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array9
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([[1., 1., 1., 1.],
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[1., 1., 1., 1.],
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[1., 1., 1., 1.]])
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```
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使用`full`函数,代码:
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```Python
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array10 = np.full((3, 4), 10)
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array10
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([[10, 10, 10, 10],
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[10, 10, 10, 10],
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[10, 10, 10, 10]])
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```
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- 方法三:使用eye函数创建单位矩阵
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代码:
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```Python
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array11 = np.eye(4)
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array11
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([[1., 0., 0., 0.],
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[0., 1., 0., 0.],
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[0., 0., 1., 0.],
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[0., 0., 0., 1.]])
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```
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- 方法四:通过`reshape`将一维数组变成二维数组
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代码:
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```Python
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array12 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]).reshape(2, 3)
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array12
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([[1, 2, 3],
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[4, 5, 6]])
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```
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> **提示**:`reshape`是`ndarray`对象的一个方法,使用`reshape`方法时需要确保调形后的数组元素个数与调形前数组元素个数保持一致,否则将会产生异常。
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- 方法五:通过`numpy.random`模块的函数生成随机数创建数组对象
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产生$[0, 1)$范围的随机小数构成的3行4列的二维数组,代码:
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```Python
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array13 = np.random.rand(3, 4)
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array13
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([[0.54017809, 0.46797771, 0.78291445, 0.79501326],
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[0.93973783, 0.21434806, 0.03592874, 0.88838892],
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[0.84130479, 0.3566601 , 0.99935473, 0.26353598]])
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```
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产生$[1, 100)$范围的随机整数构成的3行4列的二维数组,代码:
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```Python
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array14 = np.random.randint(1, 100, (3, 4))
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array14
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([[83, 30, 64, 53],
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[39, 92, 53, 43],
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[43, 48, 91, 72]])
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```
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#### 多维数组
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- 使用随机的方式创建多维数组
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代码:
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```Python
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array15 = np.random.randint(1, 100, (3, 4, 5))
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array15
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```
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输出:
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```
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array([[[94, 26, 49, 24, 43],
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[27, 27, 33, 98, 33],
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[13, 73, 6, 1, 77],
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[54, 32, 51, 86, 59]],
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[[62, 75, 62, 29, 87],
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[90, 26, 6, 79, 41],
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[31, 15, 32, 56, 64],
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[37, 84, 61, 71, 71]],
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[[45, 24, 78, 77, 41],
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[75, 37, 4, 74, 93],
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[ 1, 36, 36, 60, 43],
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[23, 84, 44, 89, 79]]])
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```
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 将一维二维的数组调形为多维数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
一维数组调形为多维数组,代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array16 = np.arange(1, 25).reshape((2, 3, 4))
|
|
|
|
|
array16
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array([[[ 1, 2, 3, 4],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 5, 6, 7, 8],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 9, 10, 11, 12]],
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[13, 14, 15, 16],
|
|
|
|
|
[17, 18, 19, 20],
|
|
|
|
|
[21, 22, 23, 24]]])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
二维数组调形为多维数组,代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array17 = np.random.randint(1, 100, (4, 6)).reshape((4, 3, 2))
|
|
|
|
|
array17
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([[[60, 59],
|
|
|
|
|
[31, 80],
|
|
|
|
|
[54, 91]],
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[67, 4],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 4, 59],
|
|
|
|
|
[47, 49]],
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[16, 4],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 5, 71],
|
|
|
|
|
[80, 53]],
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[38, 49],
|
|
|
|
|
[70, 5],
|
|
|
|
|
[76, 80]]])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 读取图片获得对应的三维数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array18 = plt.imread('guido.jpg')
|
2021-09-10 07:53:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
array18
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([[[ 36, 33, 28],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 36, 33, 28],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 36, 33, 28],
|
|
|
|
|
...,
|
|
|
|
|
[ 32, 31, 29],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 32, 31, 27],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 31, 32, 26]],
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[ 37, 34, 29],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 38, 35, 30],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 38, 35, 30],
|
|
|
|
|
...,
|
|
|
|
|
[ 31, 30, 28],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 31, 30, 26],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 30, 31, 25]],
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[ 38, 35, 30],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 38, 35, 30],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 38, 35, 30],
|
|
|
|
|
...,
|
|
|
|
|
[ 30, 29, 27],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 30, 29, 25],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 29, 30, 25]],
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
...,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[239, 178, 123],
|
|
|
|
|
[237, 176, 121],
|
|
|
|
|
[235, 174, 119],
|
|
|
|
|
...,
|
|
|
|
|
[ 78, 68, 56],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 75, 67, 54],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 73, 65, 52]],
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[238, 177, 120],
|
|
|
|
|
[236, 175, 118],
|
|
|
|
|
[234, 173, 116],
|
|
|
|
|
...,
|
|
|
|
|
[ 82, 70, 58],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 78, 68, 56],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 75, 66, 51]],
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[238, 176, 119],
|
|
|
|
|
[236, 175, 118],
|
|
|
|
|
[234, 173, 116],
|
|
|
|
|
...,
|
|
|
|
|
[ 84, 70, 61],
|
|
|
|
|
[ 81, 69, 57],
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[ 79, 67, 53]]], dtype=uint8)
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
> **说明**:上面的代码读取了当前路径下名为`guido.jpg` 的图片文件,计算机系统中的图片通常由若干行若干列的像素点构成,而每个像素点又是由红绿蓝三原色构成的,所以能够用三维数组来表示。读取图片用到了`matplotlib`库的`imread`函数。
|
2020-12-14 00:23:35 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-20 18:41:15 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 数组对象的属性
|
2020-12-14 00:23:35 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
1. `size`属性:数组元素个数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array19 = np.arange(1, 100, 2)
|
|
|
|
|
array20 = np.random.rand(3, 4)
|
|
|
|
|
print(array19.size, array20.size)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
50 12
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. `shape`属性:数组的形状
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array19.shape, array20.shape)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
(50,) (3, 4)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. `dtype`属性:数组元素的数据类型
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array19.dtype, array20.dtype)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
int64 float64
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
`ndarray`对象元素的数据类型可以参考如下所示的表格。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<img src="https://github.com/mypic/20211005114813.png" width="85%">
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. `ndim`属性:数组的维度
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array19.ndim, array20.ndim)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
1 2
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. `itemsize`属性:数组单个元素占用内存空间的字节数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array21 = np.arange(1, 100, 2, dtype=np.int8)
|
|
|
|
|
print(array19.itemsize, array20.itemsize, array21.itemsize)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
8 8 1
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> **说明**:在使用`arange`创建数组对象时,通过`dtype`参数指定元素的数据类型。可以看出,`np.int8`代表的是8位有符号整数,只占用1个字节的内存空间,取值范围是$[-128,127]$。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6. `nbytes`属性:数组所有元素占用内存空间的字节数
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array19.nbytes, array20.nbytes, array21.nbytes)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
400 96 50
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. `flat`属性:数组(一维化之后)元素的迭代器
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
from typing import Iterable
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
print(isinstance(array20.flat, np.ndarray), isinstance(array20.flat, Iterable))
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
False True
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
8. `base`属性:数组的基对象(如果数组共享了其他数组的内存空间)
|
2020-12-14 00:23:35 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array22 = array19[:]
|
|
|
|
|
print(array22.base is array19, array22.base is array21)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
True False
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
> **说明**:上面的代码用到了数组的切片操作,它类似于 Python 中`list`类型的切片,但在细节上又不完全相同,下面会专门讲解这个知识点。通过上面的代码可以发现,`ndarray`切片后得到的新的数组对象跟原来的数组对象共享了内存中的数据,因此`array22`的`base`属性就是`array19`对应的数组对象。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 数组的索引和切片
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
和 Python 中的列表类似,NumPy 的`ndarray`对象可以进行索引和切片操作,通过索引可以获取或修改数组中的元素,通过切片可以取出数组的一部分。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
1. 索引运算(普通索引)
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
一维数组,代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array23 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
|
|
|
|
|
print(array23[0], array23[array23.size - 1])
|
|
|
|
|
print(array23[-array23.size], array23[-1])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
1 9
|
|
|
|
|
1 9
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
二维数组,代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array24 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[2])
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[0][0], array24[-1][-1])
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[1][1], array24[1, 1])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
[7 8 9]
|
|
|
|
|
1 9
|
|
|
|
|
5 5
|
|
|
|
|
[[ 1 2 3]
|
|
|
|
|
[ 4 10 6]
|
|
|
|
|
[ 7 8 9]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array24[1][1] = 10
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24)
|
|
|
|
|
array24[1] = [10, 11, 12]
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
[[ 1 2 3]
|
|
|
|
|
[ 4 10 6]
|
|
|
|
|
[ 7 8 9]]
|
|
|
|
|
[[ 1 2 3]
|
|
|
|
|
[10 11 12]
|
|
|
|
|
[ 7 8 9]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
2. 切片运算(切片索引)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
切片是形如`[开始索引:结束索引:步长]`的语法,通过指定**开始索引**(默认值无穷小)、**结束索引**(默认值无穷大)和**步长**(默认值1),从数组中取出指定部分的元素并构成新的数组。因为开始索引、结束索引和步长都有默认值,所以它们都可以省略,如果不指定步长,第二个冒号也可以省略。一维数组的切片运算跟 Python 中的`list`类型的切片非常类似,此处不再赘述,二维数组的切片可以参考下面的代码,相信非常容易理解。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[:2, 1:])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
[[2 3]
|
|
|
|
|
[5 6]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[2])
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[2, :])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
[7 8 9]
|
|
|
|
|
[7 8 9]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[2:, :])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
[[7 8 9]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[:, :2])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
[[1 2]
|
|
|
|
|
[4 5]
|
|
|
|
|
[7 8]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[1, :2])
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
print(array24[1:2, :2])
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
[4 5]
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[[4 5]]
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
2020-12-14 00:23:35 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
print(array24[::2, ::2])
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[[1 3]
|
|
|
|
|
[7 9]]
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
print(array24[::-2, ::-2])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
[[9 7]
|
|
|
|
|
[3 1]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
关于数组的索引和切片运算,大家可以通过下面的两张图来增强印象,这两张图来自[《利用Python进行数据分析》](https://item.jd.com/12398725.html)一书,它是`pandas`库的作者 Wes McKinney 撰写的 Python 数据分析领域的经典教科书,有兴趣的读者可以购买和阅读原书。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<img src="https://github.com/jackfrued/mypic/raw/master/20211005115005.png" style="zoom: 65%">
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
<img src="https://github.com/jackfrued/mypic/raw/master/20211005115041.png" style="zoom:65%">
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. 花式索引(fancy index)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
花式索引(Fancy indexing)是指利用整数数组进行索引,这里所说的整数数组可以是 NumPy 的`ndarray`,也可以是 Python 中`list`、`tuple`等可迭代类型,可以使用正向或负向索引。
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
一维数组的花式索引,代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array25 = np.array([50, 30, 15, 20, 40])
|
|
|
|
|
array25[[0, 1, -1]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([50, 30, 40])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
二维数组的花式索引,代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array26 = np.array([[30, 20, 10], [40, 60, 50], [10, 90, 80]])
|
|
|
|
|
# 取二维数组的第1行和第3行
|
|
|
|
|
array26[[0, 2]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([[30, 20, 10],
|
|
|
|
|
[10, 90, 80]])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
# 取二维数组第1行第2列,第3行第3列的两个元素
|
|
|
|
|
array26[[0, 2], [1, 2]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([20, 80])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
# 取二维数组第1行第2列,第3行第2列的两个元素
|
|
|
|
|
array26[[0, 2], 1]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([20, 90])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. 布尔索引
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
布尔索引就是通过布尔类型的数组对数组元素进行索引,布尔类型的数组可以手动构造,也可以通过关系运算来产生布尔类型的数组。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array27 = np.arange(1, 10)
|
|
|
|
|
array27[[True, False, True, True, False, False, False, False, True]]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([1, 3, 4, 9])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array27 >= 5
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([False, False, False, False, True, True, True, True, True])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
# ~运算符可以实现逻辑变反,看看运行结果跟上面有什么不同
|
|
|
|
|
~(array27 >= 5)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([ True, True, True, True, False, False, False, False, False])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
array27[array27 >= 5]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
> **提示**:切片操作虽然创建了新的数组对象,但是新数组和原数组共享了数组中的数据,简单的说,如果通过新数组对象或原数组对象修改数组中的数据,其实修改的是同一块数据。花式索引和布尔索引也会创建新的数组对象,而且新数组复制了原数组的元素,新数组和原数组并不是共享数据的关系,这一点通过前面讲的数组的`base`属性也可以了解到,在使用的时候要引起注意。
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### 案例:通过数组切片处理图像
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
学习基础知识总是比较枯燥且没有成就感的,所以我们还是来个案例为大家演示下上面学习的数组索引和切片操作到底有什么用。前面我们说到过,可以用三维数组来表示图像,那么通过图像对应的三维数组进行操作,就可以实现对图像的处理,如下所示。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
读入图片创建三维数组对象。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
guido_image = plt.imread('guido.jpg')
|
|
|
|
|
plt.imshow(guido_image)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
对数组的0轴进行反向切片,实现图像的垂直翻转。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
plt.imshow(guido_image[::-1])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![](https://github.com/jackfrued/mypic/raw/master/20211005115228.png)
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
对数组的1轴进行反向切片,实现图像的水平翻转。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
plt.imshow(guido_image[:,::-1])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![](https://github.com/jackfrued/mypic/raw/master/20211005115242.png)
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
将 Guido 的头切出来。
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
plt.imshow(guido_image[30:350, 90:300])
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
![](https://github.com/jackfrued/mypic/raw/master/20211005115305.png)
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### 数组对象的方法
|
2020-12-14 00:23:35 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-20 18:41:15 +08:00
|
|
|
|
#### 统计方法
|
2020-12-14 00:23:35 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2021-10-07 23:07:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
统计方法主要包括:`sum()`、`mean()`、`std()`、`var()`、`min()`、`max()`、`argmin()`、`argmax()`、`cumsum()`等,分别用于对数组中的元素求和、求平均、求标准差、求方差、找最大、找最小、求累积和等,请参考下面的代码。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
array28 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
|
|
|
|
|
print(array28.sum())
|
|
|
|
|
print(array28.mean())
|
|
|
|
|
print(array28.max())
|
|
|
|
|
print(array28.min())
|
|
|
|
|
print(array28.std())
|
|
|
|
|
print(array28.var())
|
|
|
|
|
print(array28.cumsum())
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
30
|
|
|
|
|
3.0
|
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
1.4142135623730951
|
|
|
|
|
2.0
|
|
|
|
|
[ 1 3 6 10 15 20 24 27 29 30]
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
#### 其他方法
|
2020-12-14 00:23:35 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
1. `all()` / `any()`方法:判断数组是否所有元素都是`True` / 判断数组是否有为`True`的元素。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. `astype()`方法:拷贝数组,并将数组中的元素转换为指定的类型。
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
3. `dump()`方法:保存数组到文件中,可以通过 NumPy 中的`load()`函数从保存的文件中加载数据创建数组。
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
array31.dump('array31-data')
|
|
|
|
|
array32 = np.load('array31-data', allow_pickle=True)
|
|
|
|
|
array32
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
array([[1, 2],
|
|
|
|
|
[3, 4],
|
|
|
|
|
[5, 6]])
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
4. `fill()`方法:向数组中填充指定的元素。
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
5. `flatten()`方法:将多维数组扁平化为一维数组。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
array32.flatten()
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
6. `nonzero()`方法:返回非0元素的索引。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
7. `round()`方法:对数组中的元素做四舍五入操作。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
8. `sort()`方法:对数组进行就地排序。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
array33 = np.array([35, 96, 12, 78, 66, 54, 40, 82])
|
|
|
|
|
array33.sort()
|
|
|
|
|
array33
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
array([12, 35, 40, 54, 66, 78, 82, 96])
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
9. `swapaxes()`和`transpose()`方法:交换数组指定的轴。
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
# 指定需要交换的两个轴,顺序无所谓
|
|
|
|
|
array32.swapaxes(0, 1)
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([[1, 3, 5],
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[2, 4, 6]])
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
代码:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```Python
|
|
|
|
|
# 对于二维数组,transpose相当于实现了矩阵的转置
|
|
|
|
|
array32.transpose()
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
输出:
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
array([[1, 3, 5],
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
[2, 4, 6]])
|
2020-12-21 21:48:40 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-06-19 17:51:03 +08:00
|
|
|
|
11. `tolist()`方法:将数组转成Python中的`list`。
|
2020-12-20 22:01:06 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|