111 lines
4.0 KiB
Markdown
111 lines
4.0 KiB
Markdown
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## 常见反爬策略及应对方案
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1. 构造合理的HTTP请求头。
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- Accept
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- User-Agent - 三方库fake-useragent
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```Python
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from fake_useragent import UserAgent
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ua = UserAgent()
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ua.ie
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# Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US);
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ua.msie
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# Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3; Trident/6.0)'
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ua['Internet Explorer']
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# Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; GTB7.4; InfoPath.2; SV1; .NET CLR 3.3.69573; WOW64; en-US)
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ua.opera
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# Opera/9.80 (X11; Linux i686; U; ru) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11
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ua.chrome
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# Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1216.0 Safari/537.2'
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ua.google
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# Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_4) AppleWebKit/537.13 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/24.0.1290.1 Safari/537.13
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ua['google chrome']
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# Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11
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ua.firefox
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# Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; Win64; x64; rv:16.0.1) Gecko/20121011 Firefox/16.0.1
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ua.ff
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# Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:15.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/15.0.1
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ua.safari
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# Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 6_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/6.0 Mobile/10A5355d Safari/8536.25
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# and the best one, random via real world browser usage statistic
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ua.random
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```
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- Referer
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- Accept-Encoding
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- Accept-Language
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2. 检查网站生成的Cookie。
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- 有用的插件：[EditThisCookie](http://www.editthiscookie.com/)
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- 如何处理脚本动态生成的Cookie
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3. 抓取动态内容。
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- Selenium + WebDriver
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- Chrome / Firefox - Driver
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4. 限制爬取的速度。
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5. 处理表单中的隐藏域。
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- 在读取到隐藏域之前不要提交表单
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- 用RoboBrowser这样的工具辅助提交表单
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6. 处理表单中的验证码。
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- OCR（Tesseract） - 商业项目一般不考虑
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- 专业识别平台 - 超级鹰 / 云打码
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```Python
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from hashlib import md5
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class ChaoClient(object):
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def __init__(self, username, password, soft_id):
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self.username = username
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password = password.encode('utf-8')
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self.password = md5(password).hexdigest()
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self.soft_id = soft_id
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self.base_params = {
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'user': self.username,
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'pass2': self.password,
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'softid': self.soft_id,
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}
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self.headers = {
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'Connection': 'Keep-Alive',
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'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0)',
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}
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def post_pic(self, im, codetype):
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params = {
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'codetype': codetype,
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}
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params.update(self.base_params)
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files = {'userfile': ('captcha.jpg', im)}
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r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/Processing.php', data=params, files=files, headers=self.headers)
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return r.json()
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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client = ChaoClient('用户名', '密码', '软件ID')
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with open('captcha.jpg', 'rb') as file:
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print(client.post_pic(file, 1902))
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```
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7. 绕开“陷阱”。
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- 网页上有诱使爬虫爬取的爬取的隐藏链接（陷阱或蜜罐）
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- 通过Selenium+WebDriver+Chrome判断链接是否可见或在可视区域
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8. 隐藏身份。
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- 代理服务 - 快代理 / 讯代理 / 芝麻代理 / 蘑菇代理 / 云代理
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[《爬虫代理哪家强？十大付费代理详细对比评测出炉！》](https://cuiqingcai.com/5094.html)
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- 洋葱路由 - 国内需要翻墙才能使用
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```Shell
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yum -y install tor
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useradd admin -d /home/admin
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passwd admin
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chown -R admin:admin /home/admin
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chown -R admin:admin /var/run/tor
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tor
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```
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