2018-05-22 13:19:13 +08:00
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## 关系型数据入门
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### 关系型数据概述
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1. 数据持久化。
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2. 数据库发展史。
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3. 关系型数据库特点。
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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- 理论基础:集合论和关系代数。
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- 具体表象:用二维表(有行和列)组织数据。
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- 编程语言:结构化查询语言(SQL)。
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2018-05-22 13:19:13 +08:00
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4. E-R图。
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- 实体 - 矩形框
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- 属性 - 椭圆框
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- 关系 - 菱形框
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- 重数 - 1:1 / 1:N / M:N
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2018-05-22 13:19:13 +08:00
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5. 关系型数据库产品。
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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- [Oracle](https://www.oracle.com/index.html)
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- [DB2](https://www.ibm.com/analytics/us/en/db2/)
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- [SQL Server](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server/)
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- [MySQL](https://www.mysql.com/)
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- [SQLite](https://www.sqlite.org/index.html)
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2018-05-22 13:19:13 +08:00
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### MySQL简介
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1. 安装和配置。
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2. 常用命令。
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### SQL详解
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1. DDL
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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```SQL
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 创建数据库SRS
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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drop database if exists SRS;
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create database SRS default charset utf8;
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 切换到SRS
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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use SRS;
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 创建学院表
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create table tb_college
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(
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collid int not null auto_increment comment '学院编号',
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collname varchar(50) not null comment '学院名称',
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collmaster varchar(20) not null comment '院长姓名',
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collweb varchar(511) default '' comment '学院网站',
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primary key (collid)
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);
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-- 添加唯一性约束
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alter table tb_college add constraint uni_college_collname unique (collname);
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-- alter table tb_college drop index uni_college_collname;
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 创建学生表
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create table tb_student
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(
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stuid int not null comment '学号',
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stuname varchar(20) not null comment '学生姓名',
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stusex bit default 1 comment '性别',
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stubirth date not null comment '出生日期',
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stuaddr varchar(255) default '' comment '籍贯',
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collid int not null comment '所属学院编号',
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primary key (stuid)
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);
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 添加外键约束
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alter table tb_student add constraint fk_student_collid foreign key (collid) references tb_college (collid);
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-- 创建教师表
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create table tb_teacher
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(
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teacherid int not null comment '教师工号',
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tname varchar(20) not null comment '教师姓名',
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ttitle varchar(10) default '' comment '职称',
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collid int not null comment '所属学院编号'
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);
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 添加主键约束
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alter table tb_teacher add constraint pk_teacher primary key (teacherid);
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 添加外键约束
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alter table tb_teacher add constraint fk_teacher_collid foreign key (collid) references tb_college (collid);
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 创建课程表
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create table tb_course
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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(
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courseid int not null comment '课程编号',
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cname varchar(50) not null comment '课程名称',
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ccredit tinyint not null comment '学分',
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tid int not null comment '教师工号',
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primary key (courseid)
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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);
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 添加外键约束
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alter table tb_course add constraint fk_course_tid foreign key (tid) references tb_teacher (teacherid);
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 创建学生选课表
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create table tb_score
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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(
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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scid int not null auto_increment comment '选课编号',
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sid int not null comment '学号',
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cid int not null comment '课程编号',
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selectdate datetime comment '选课时间日期',
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score decimal(4,1) comment '考试成绩',
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primary key (scid)
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);
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 添加检查约束(MySQL中检查约束不生效)
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alter table tb_score add constraint ck_score_score check (score between 0 and 100);
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-- 添加外键约束
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alter table tb_score add constraint fk_score_sid foreign key (sid) references tb_student (stuid);
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alter table tb_score add constraint fk_score_cid foreign key (cid) references tb_course (courseid);
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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```
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2018-05-22 13:19:13 +08:00
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2. DML
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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```SQL
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 插入学院数据
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insert into tb_college
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(collname, collmaster, collweb) values
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('计算机学院', '左冷禅', 'http://www.abc.com'),
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('外国语学院', '岳不群', 'http://www.xyz.com'),
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('经济管理学院', '风清扬', 'http://www.foo.com');
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-- 插入学生数据
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insert into tb_student
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(stuid, stuname, stusex, stubirth, stuaddr, collid) values
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(1001, '向问天', 1, '1990-3-4', '四川成都', 1),
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(1002, '任我行', 1, '1992-2-2', '湖南长沙', 1),
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(1033, '任盈盈', 0, '1989-12-3', '湖南长沙', 1),
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(1572, '余沧海', 1, '1993-7-19', '四川成都', 1),
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(1378, '岳灵珊', 0, '1995-8-12', '四川绵阳', 1),
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(1954, '林平之', 1, '1994-9-20', '福建莆田', 1),
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(2035, '令狐冲', 1, '1988-6-30', '陕西咸阳', 2),
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(3011, '林震南', 1, '1985-12-12', '福建莆田', 3),
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(3755, '龙傲天', 1, '1993-1-25', '广东东莞', 3),
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(3923, '向天问', 0, '1985-4-17', '四川成都', 3),
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(2177, '隔壁老王', 1, '1989-11-27', '四川成都', 2);
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-- 插入老师数据
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insert into tb_teacher
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(teacherid, tname, ttitle, collid) values
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(1122, '张三丰', '教授', 1),
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(1133, '宋远桥', '副教授', 1),
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(1144, '杨逍', '副教授', 1),
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(2255, '范遥', '副教授', 2),
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(3366, '韦一笑', '讲师', 3);
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-- 插入课程数据
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insert into tb_course
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(courseid, cname, ccredit, tid) values
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(1111, 'Python程序设计', 3, 1122),
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(2222, 'Web前端开发', 2, 1122),
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(3333, '操作系统', 4, 1122),
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(4444, '计算机网络', 2, 1133),
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(5555, '编译原理', 4, 1144),
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(6666, '算法和数据结构', 3, 1144),
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(7777, '经贸法语', 3, 2255),
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(8888, '成本会计', 2, 3366),
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(9999, '审计', 3, 3366);
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-- 插入选课数据
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insert into tb_score
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(sid, cid, selectdate, score) values
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(1001, 1111, now(), 95),
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(1001, 2222, now(), 87.5),
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(1001, 3333, now(), 100),
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(1001, 4444, now(), null),
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(1001, 6666, now(), 100),
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(1002, 1111, now(), 65),
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(1002, 5555, now(), 42),
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(1033, 1111, now(), 92.5),
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(1033, 4444, now(), 78),
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(1033, 5555, now(), 82.5),
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(1572, 1111, now(), 78),
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(1378, 1111, now(), 82),
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(1378, 7777, now(), 65.5),
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(2035, 7777, now(), 88),
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(2035, 9999, now(), 70),
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(3755, 1111, now(), 72.5),
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(3755, 8888, now(), 93),
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(3755, 9999, now(), null);
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-- 删除数据
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delete from tb_student where stuid=2177;
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-- 更新数据
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update tb_score set score=null where sid=1002 and cid=1111;
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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```
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2018-05-22 13:19:13 +08:00
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3. DQL
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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```SQL
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-- 查询所有学生信息
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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select * from tb_student;
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select stuid, stuname, stusex, stubirth, stuaddr, collid
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from tb_student;
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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-- 查询所有课程名称及学分(投影和别名)
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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select cname as 课程名称, ccredit as 学分 from tb_course;
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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-- 查询所有女学生的姓名和出生日期(筛选)
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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select stuname, stubirth from tb_student where stusex=0;
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-- 查询所有80后女学生的姓名、性别(显示成'女')和出生日期(筛选)
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select stuname, '女' as stusex, stubirth from tb_student
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where stubirth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31' and stusex=0;
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-- 查询姓“林”的学生姓名和性别(模糊)
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select stuname, if(stusex, '男', '女') as stusex
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from tb_student where stuname like '林%';
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-- 查询姓“张”名字总共两个字的老师的姓名和职称(模糊)
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select tname from tb_teacher where tname like '张_';
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-- 查询姓“张”名字总共三个字的老师的姓名和职称(模糊)
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select tname, ttitle from tb_teacher where tname like '张__';
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-- 查询名字中有“天”字的学生的姓名(模糊)
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select stuname from tb_student where stuname like '%天%';
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-- 查询学生的籍贯
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select distinct stuaddr from tb_student
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where stuaddr<>'' and stuaddr is not null;
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-- 查询男学生的姓名和生日按年龄从大到小排列(排序)
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select stuname, stubirth from tb_student
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where stusex=1 order by stubirth asc;
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-- 查询年龄最大/最小的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
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select min(stubirth) from tb_student;
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select max(stubirth) from tb_student;
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-- 查询学生/男学生/女学生的总人数
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select count(stuid) from tb_student;
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select count(stuid) from tb_student where stusex=1;
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select count(stuid) from tb_student where stusex=0;
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-- 查询1111课程的平均分/最低分/最高分/选课人数/考试人数
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select avg(score) from tb_score where cid=1111;
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select min(score) from tb_score where cid=1111;
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select max(score) from tb_score where cid=1111;
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select count(sid) from tb_score where cid=1111;
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select count(score) from tb_score where cid=1111;
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2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 查询男女学生的人数(分组和聚合函数)
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select if(stusex, '男', '女') as 性别, count(stusex) as 人数
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from tb_student group by stusex order by 人数 desc;
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 查询学号为1001的学生所有课程的总成绩(筛选和聚合函数)
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select sum(score) as 总成绩 from tb_score where sid=1001;
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2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
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-- 查询每个学生的学号和平均成绩(分组和聚合函数)
|
|
|
|
|
select sid as 学号, avg(score) as 平均分
|
|
|
|
|
from tb_score
|
|
|
|
|
where score is not null
|
|
|
|
|
group by sid
|
|
|
|
|
order by 平均分 desc;
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
-- 查询平均成绩大于等于80分的学生的学号和平均成绩(分组后的筛选)
|
|
|
|
|
select sid as 学号, avg(score) as 平均分
|
|
|
|
|
from tb_score
|
|
|
|
|
group by sid having 平均分>=80
|
|
|
|
|
order by 平均分 desc;
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
-- 查询年龄最大的学生的姓名(子查询)
|
|
|
|
|
select stuname from tb_student
|
|
|
|
|
where stubirth=(select min(stubirth) from tb_student);
|
|
|
|
|
select stuname from tb_student
|
|
|
|
|
where stubirth=(select max(stubirth) from tb_student);
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
-- 查询选了三门及以上的课程的学生姓名(子查询/分组条件/集合运算)
|
|
|
|
|
select stuname from tb_student where stuid in
|
|
|
|
|
(select sid from tb_score group by sid having count(sid)>=3);
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
-- 查询课程名称、学分、授课老师的名字和职称
|
|
|
|
|
select cname, ccredit, tname, ttitle
|
|
|
|
|
from tb_course, tb_teacher
|
|
|
|
|
where tid=teacherid;
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
select cname, ccredit, tname, ttitle
|
|
|
|
|
from tb_course inner join tb_teacher
|
|
|
|
|
on tid=teacherid;
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
-- 查询学生姓名和所在学院名称
|
|
|
|
|
select stuname, collname
|
|
|
|
|
from tb_student t1, tb_college t2
|
|
|
|
|
where t1.collid=t2.collid;
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
select stuname, collname from tb_student t1
|
|
|
|
|
inner join tb_college t2 on t1.collid=t2.collid;
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
-- 查询学生姓名、课程名称以及考试成绩
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-- 查询选课学生的姓名和平均成绩(子查询和连接查询)
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-- 查询学生姓名、所选课程名称和成绩(连接查询)
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-- 查询每个学生的姓名和选课数量(左外连接和子查询)
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-25 23:30:17 +08:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. DCL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```SQL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-- 创建名为hellokitty的用户
|
|
|
|
|
create user 'hellokitty'@'localhost' identified by '123123';
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-- 将对SRS数据库所有对象的所有操作权限授予hellokitty
|
|
|
|
|
grant all privileges on SRS.* to 'hellokitty'@'localhost';
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-- 召回hellokitty对SRS数据库所有对象的insert/delete/update权限
|
|
|
|
|
revoke insert, delete, update on SRS.* from 'hellokitty'@'localhost';
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-06-26 23:35:05 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### 相关知识
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### 范式理论
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### 数据完整性
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. 实体完整性 - 每个实体都是独一无二的
|
|
|
|
|
- 主键 / 唯一约束 / 唯一索引
|
|
|
|
|
2. 引用完整性(参照完整性)
|
|
|
|
|
- 外键
|
|
|
|
|
3. 域完整性 - 数据是有效的
|
|
|
|
|
- 数据类型
|
|
|
|
|
- 非空约束
|
|
|
|
|
- 默认值约束
|
|
|
|
|
- 检查约束
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-05-22 13:19:13 +08:00
|
|
|
|
### Python数据库编程
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. MySQLdb
|
|
|
|
|
2. PyMySQL
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|