diff --git a/Day41-55/04.表单的应用.md b/Day41-55/04.表单的应用.md index c434473..2780739 100644 --- a/Day41-55/04.表单的应用.md +++ b/Day41-55/04.表单的应用.md @@ -5,9 +5,440 @@ 首先添加用户模型。 ```Python +class User(models.Model): + """用户""" + no = models.AutoField(primary_key=True, verbose_name='编号') + username = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True, verbose_name='用户名') + password = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name='密码') + regdate = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name='注册时间') + class Meta: + db_table = 'tb_user' + verbose_name_plural = '用户' ``` +通过生成迁移和执行迁移操作,在数据库中创建对应的用户表。 + +```Shell +python manage.py makemigrations 应用名 +python manage.py migrate +``` + +定制一个非常简单的注册模板页面。 + +```HTML + + +
+ +{{ hint }}
+ + 返回登录 + + +``` + +注意,在上面的表单中,我们使用了模板指令`{% csrf_token %}`,它的作用是在表单中生成一个随机令牌(token)来防范[跨站请求伪造]({{ hint }}
+ + 注册新用户 + + +``` + +上面的登录页中,我们要求用户提供验证码,验证码全称是**全自动区分计算机和人类的公开图灵测试**,它是一种用来区分系统的使用者是计算机还是人类的程序。简单的说就是程序出一个只有人类能够回答的问题,由系统使用者来解答,由于计算机理论上无法解答程序提出的问题,所以回答出问题的用户就可以被认为是人类。大多数的网站都使用了不同类型的验证码技术来防范计算机自动注册用户或模拟用户登录(暴力破解用户密码),因为验证码具有一次消费性,而没有通过图灵测试的计算机是不能够注册或登录的。 + +在Python程序中生成验证码并不算特别复杂,但需要三方库pillow的支持(PIL的分支)。我们可以借鉴现有的方法用Python稍作封装即可。下面的代码已经实现了生成验证码图片并得到图片二进制数据的功能。 + +```Python +""" +图片验证码 +""" +import os +import random + +from io import BytesIO + +from PIL import Image +from PIL import ImageFilter +from PIL.ImageDraw import Draw +from PIL.ImageFont import truetype +class Bezier(object): + """贝塞尔曲线""" + def __init__(self): + self.tsequence = tuple([t / 20.0 for t in range(21)]) + self.beziers = {} + + def make_bezier(self, n): + """绘制贝塞尔曲线""" + try: + return self.beziers[n] + except KeyError: + combinations = pascal_row(n - 1) + result = [] + for t in self.tsequence: + tpowers = (t ** i for i in range(n)) + upowers = ((1 - t) ** i for i in range(n - 1, -1, -1)) + coefs = [c * a * b for c, a, b in zip(combinations, + tpowers, upowers)] + result.append(coefs) + self.beziers[n] = result + return result + + +class Captcha(object): + """验证码""" + + def __init__(self, width, height, fonts=None, color=None): + self._image = None + self._fonts = fonts if fonts else \ + [os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'fonts', font) + for font in ['Action.ttf', 'Silom.ttf', 'Verdana.ttf']] + self._color = color if color else random_color(0, 200, random.randint(220, 255)) + self._width, self._height = width, height + + @classmethod + def instance(cls, width=200, height=75): + if not hasattr(Captcha, "_instance"): + cls._instance = cls(width, height) + return cls._instance + + def background(self): + """绘制背景""" + Draw(self._image).rectangle([(0, 0), self._image.size], + fill=random_color(230, 255)) + + def smooth(self): + """平滑图像""" + return self._image.filter(ImageFilter.SMOOTH) + + def curve(self, width=4, number=6, color=None): + """绘制曲线""" + dx, height = self._image.size + dx /= number + path = [(dx * i, random.randint(0, height)) + for i in range(1, number)] + bcoefs = Bezier().make_bezier(number - 1) + points = [] + for coefs in bcoefs: + points.append(tuple(sum([coef * p for coef, p in zip(coefs, ps)]) + for ps in zip(*path))) + Draw(self._image).line(points, fill=color if color else self._color, width=width) + + def noise(self, number=62, level=2, color=None): + """绘制扰码""" + width, height = self._image.size + dx, dy = width / 10, height / 10 + width, height = width - dx, height - dy + draw = Draw(self._image) + for i in range(number): + x = int(random.uniform(dx, width)) + y = int(random.uniform(dy, height)) + draw.line(((x, y), (x + level, y)), + fill=color if color else self._color, width=level) + + def text(self, captcha_text, fonts, font_sizes=None, drawings=None, squeeze_factor=0.75, color=None): + """绘制文本""" + color = color if color else self._color + fonts = tuple([truetype(name, size) + for name in fonts + for size in font_sizes or (65, 70, 75)]) + draw = Draw(self._image) + char_images = [] + for c in captcha_text: + font = random.choice(fonts) + c_width, c_height = draw.textsize(c, font=font) + char_image = Image.new('RGB', (c_width, c_height), (0, 0, 0)) + char_draw = Draw(char_image) + char_draw.text((0, 0), c, font=font, fill=color) + char_image = char_image.crop(char_image.getbbox()) + for drawing in drawings: + d = getattr(self, drawing) + char_image = d(char_image) + char_images.append(char_image) + width, height = self._image.size + offset = int((width - sum(int(i.size[0] * squeeze_factor) + for i in char_images[:-1]) - + char_images[-1].size[0]) / 2) + for char_image in char_images: + c_width, c_height = char_image.size + mask = char_image.convert('L').point(lambda i: i * 1.97) + self._image.paste(char_image, + (offset, int((height - c_height) / 2)), + mask) + offset += int(c_width * squeeze_factor) + + @staticmethod + def warp(image, dx_factor=0.3, dy_factor=0.3): + """图像扭曲""" + width, height = image.size + dx = width * dx_factor + dy = height * dy_factor + x1 = int(random.uniform(-dx, dx)) + y1 = int(random.uniform(-dy, dy)) + x2 = int(random.uniform(-dx, dx)) + y2 = int(random.uniform(-dy, dy)) + warp_image = Image.new( + 'RGB', + (width + abs(x1) + abs(x2), height + abs(y1) + abs(y2))) + warp_image.paste(image, (abs(x1), abs(y1))) + width2, height2 = warp_image.size + return warp_image.transform( + (width, height), + Image.QUAD, + (x1, y1, -x1, height2 - y2, width2 + x2, height2 + y2, width2 - x2, -y1)) + + @staticmethod + def offset(image, dx_factor=0.1, dy_factor=0.2): + """图像偏移""" + width, height = image.size + dx = int(random.random() * width * dx_factor) + dy = int(random.random() * height * dy_factor) + offset_image = Image.new('RGB', (width + dx, height + dy)) + offset_image.paste(image, (dx, dy)) + return offset_image + + @staticmethod + def rotate(image, angle=25): + """图像旋转""" + return image.rotate(random.uniform(-angle, angle), + Image.BILINEAR, expand=1) + + def generate(self, captcha_text='', fmt='PNG'): + """生成验证码(文字和图片)""" + self._image = Image.new('RGB', (self._width, self._height), (255, 255, 255)) + self.background() + self.text(captcha_text, self._fonts, + drawings=['warp', 'rotate', 'offset']) + self.curve(), self.noise(), self.smooth() + image_bytes = BytesIO() + self._image.save(image_bytes, format=fmt) + return image_bytes.getvalue() + + +def pascal_row(n=0): + """生成Pascal三角第n行""" + result = [1] + x, numerator = 1, n + for denominator in range(1, n // 2 + 1): + x *= numerator + x /= denominator + result.append(x) + numerator -= 1 + if n & 1 == 0: + result.extend(reversed(result[:-1])) + else: + result.extend(reversed(result)) + return result + + +def random_color(start=0, end=255, opacity=255): + """获得随机颜色""" + red = random.randint(start, end) + green = random.randint(start, end) + blue = random.randint(start, end) + if opacity is None: + return red, green, blue + return red, green, blue, opacity +``` + +下面的视图函数用来生成验证码并通过HttpResponse对象输出到用户浏览器中。 + +```Python +ALL_CHARS = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' + + +def get_captcha_text(length=4): + selected_chars = random.choices(ALL_CHARS, k=length) + return ''.join(selected_chars) + + +def get_captcha(request): + """获得验证码""" + captcha_text = get_captcha_text() + image = Captcha.instance().generate(captcha_text) + return HttpResponse(image, content_type='image/png') +``` + +生成的验证码如下图所示。 + +![](./res/captcha.png) + +为了验证用户提交的登录表单,我们再定义个表单类。 + +```Python +class LoginForm(forms.Form): + username = forms.CharField(min_length=4, max_length=20) + password = forms.CharField(min_length=8, max_length=20) + captcha = forms.CharField(min_length=4, max_length=4) + + def clean_username(self): + username = self.cleaned_data['username'] + if not USERNAME_PATTERN.fullmatch(username): + raise ValidationError('无效的用户名') + return username + + def clean_password(self): + return to_md5_hex(self.cleaned_data['password']) +``` + +跟之前我们定义的注册表单类略有区别,登录表单类直接继承自Form没有跟模型绑定,定义了三个字段分别对应登录表单中的用户名、密码和验证码。接下来是处理用户登录的视图函数。 + +```Python +def login(request): + hint = '' + if request.method == 'POST': + form = LoginForm(request.POST) + if form.is_valid(): + username = form.cleaned_data['username'] + password = form.cleaned_data['password'] + user = User.objects.filter(username=username, password=password).first() + if user: + return redirect('/') + else: + hint = '用户名或密码错误' + else: + hint = '请输入有效的登录信息' + return render(request, 'login.html', {'hint': hint}) +``` + +需要指出,上面我们设定用户登录成功时直接返回首页,而且在用户登录时并没有验证用户输入的验证码是否正确,这些我们留到下一个单元再为大家讲解。 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Day41-55/res/captcha.png b/Day41-55/res/captcha.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59b8065 Binary files /dev/null and b/Day41-55/res/captcha.png differ