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## 第43课: SQL详解之DQL
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接下来,我们利用之前创建的学校选课系统数据库,为大家讲解 DQL 的应用。无论对于开发人员还是数据分析师, DQL 都是非常重要的,它关系着我们能否从关系数据库中获取我们需要的数据。建议大家把上上一节课中建库建表的 DDL 以及 上一节课中插入数据的 DML 重新执行一次,确保表和数据跟没有问题再执行下面的操作。
```SQL
use `school` ;
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-- 01. 查询所有学生的所有信息
select *
from tb_student;
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select stu_id
, stu_name
, stu_sex
, stu_birth
, stu_addr
, col_id
from tb_student;
-- 02. 查询学生的学号、姓名和籍贯(投影和别名)
select stu_id as 学号
, stu_name as 姓名
, stu_addr as 籍贯
from tb_student;
-- 03. 查询所有课程的名称及学分(投影和别名)
select cou_name as 课程名称
, cou_credit as 学分
from tb_course;
-- 04. 查询所有女学生的姓名和出生日期(数据筛选)
select stu_name
, stu_birth
from tb_student
where stu_sex = 0;
-- 05. 查询籍贯为“四川成都”的女学生的姓名和出生日期(数据筛选)
select stu_name
, stu_birth
from tb_student
where stu_sex = 0 and stu_addr = '四川成都';
-- 06. 查询籍贯为“四川成都”或者性别是女的学生(数据筛选)
select stu_name
, stu_birth
from tb_student
where stu_sex = 0 or stu_addr = '四川成都';
-- 07. 查询所有80后学生的姓名、性别和出生日期(数据筛选)
select stu_name
, stu_sex
, stu_birth
from tb_student
where '1980-1-1' < = stu_birth and stu_birth < = '1989-12-31';
select stu_name
, stu_sex
, stu_birth
from tb_student
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';
-- MySQL方言
select stu_name
, if(stu_sex, '男', '女') as stu_sex
, stu_birth
from tb_student
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';
select stu_name
, case stu_sex
when 1 then '男'
else '女'
end as stu_sex
, stu_birth
from tb_student
where stu_birth between '1980-1-1' and '1989-12-31';
-- 08. 查询学分大于2分的课程名称和学分(数据筛选)
select cou_name
, cou_credit
from tb_course
where cou_credit > 2;
-- 09. 查询学分是奇数的课程的名称和学分(数据筛选)
select cou_name
, cou_credit
from tb_course
where cou_credit mod 2 < > 0;
-- 10. 查询选择选了1111的课程考试成绩在90分以上的学生学号(数据筛选)
select stu_id
from tb_record
where cou_id = 1111 and score > 90;
-- 11. 查询名字叫“杨过”的学生的姓名和性别
select stu_name
, stu_sex
from tb_student
where stu_name = '杨过';
-- 12. 查询姓“杨”的学生姓名和性别(模糊查询)
-- wild card - 通配符 - % - 代表零个或任意多个字符
select stu_name
, stu_sex
from tb_student
where stu_name like '杨%';
-- 13. 查询姓“杨”名字两个字的学生姓名和性别(模糊查询)
-- wild card - 通配符 - _ - 精确匹配一个字符
select stu_name
, stu_sex
from tb_student
where stu_name like '杨_';
-- 14. 查询姓“杨”名字三个字的学生姓名和性别(模糊查询)
select stu_name
, stu_sex
from tb_student
where stu_name like '杨__';
-- 15. 查询名字中有“不”字或“嫣”字的学生的姓名(模糊查询)
select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_name like '%不%' or stu_name like '%嫣%';
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select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_name like '%不%'
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union
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select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_name like '%嫣%';
update tb_student
set stu_name = '岳不嫣'
where stu_id = 1572;
select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_name like '%不%'
union all
select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_name like '%嫣%';
-- 16. 查询姓“杨”或姓“林”名字三个字的学生的姓名(正则表达式模糊查询)
-- regular expression
select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_name regexp '[杨林][\\u4e00-\\u9fa5]{2}';
-- 17. 查询没有录入籍贯的学生姓名(空值处理)
select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_addr is null or trim(stu_addr) = '';
update tb_student
set stu_addr = ' '
where stu_id = 1572;
-- 18. 查询录入了籍贯的学生姓名(空值处理)
select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_addr is not null and trim(stu_addr) < > '';
-- 19. 查询学生选课的所有日期(去重)
select distinct sel_date
from tb_record;
-- 20. 查询学生的籍贯(空值处理和去重)
select distinct stu_addr
from tb_student
where stu_addr is not null and trim(stu_addr) < > '';
-- 21. 查询男学生的姓名和生日按年龄从大到小排列(排序)
-- ascending / descending
select stu_name
, stu_birth
from tb_student
where stu_sex = 1
order by stu_birth asc;
-- 22. 将上面查询中的生日换算成年龄(日期函数、数值函数)
-- 获取当前日期: curdate()
-- 计算时间差: timestampdiff(unit, date1, date2)
select stu_name
, timestampdiff(year, stu_birth, curdate()) as stu_age
from tb_student
where stu_sex = 1
order by stu_age desc;
-- 聚合函数: max / min / avg / sum / count / std / variance
-- 聚合函数会自动忽略掉null
-- 23. 查询年龄最大的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
select min(stu_birth)
from tb_student;
-- 24. 查询年龄最小的学生的出生日期(聚合函数)
select max(stu_birth)
from tb_student;
-- 25. 查询编号为1111的课程考试成绩的最高分(聚合函数)
select max(score)
from tb_record
where cou_id = 1111;
-- 26. 查询学号为1001的学生考试成绩的最低分(聚合函数)
select min(score)
from tb_record
where stu_id = 1001;
-- 27. 查询学号为1001的学生考试成绩的平均分和标准差(聚合函数)
-- 四舍五入函数: round(num, n)
select round(avg(score), 1) as avg_score
, round(std(score), 4) as std_score
from tb_record
where stu_id = 1001;
-- 28. 查询学号为1001的学生考试成绩的平均分, 如果有null值, null值算0分(聚合函数)
select sum(score) / count(*)
from tb_record
where stu_id = 1001;
-- 29. 查询男女学生的人数(分组和聚合函数)
select case stu_sex when 1 then '男' else '女' end as stu_sex
, count(*) as total
from tb_student
group by stu_sex;
-- 30. 查询每个学院学生人数(分组和聚合函数)
select col_id
, count(*) as total
from tb_student
group by col_id
with rollup;
-- 31. 查询每个学院男女学生人数(分组和聚合函数)
select col_id
, case stu_sex when 1 then '男' else '女' end as stu_sex
, count(*) as total
from tb_student
group by col_id, stu_sex;
-- 32. 查询选课学生的学号和平均成绩(分组和聚合函数)
select stu_id
, round(avg(score), 1) as avg_score
from tb_record
group by stu_id;
-- 33. 查询平均成绩大于等于90分的学生的学号和平均成绩(分组和聚合函数)
-- 结论: 分组前的筛选使用where子句, 分组后的筛选使用having子句
select stu_id
, round(avg(score), 1) as avg_score
from tb_record
group by stu_id
having avg(score) >= 90;
-- 34. 查询所有课程成绩大于80分的同学的学号(分组和聚合函数)
select stu_id
from tb_record
group by stu_id
having min(score) > 80;
-- Error Code: 1242. Subquery returns more than 1 row
select stu_id
, stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_id in (select stu_id
from tb_record
group by stu_id
having min(score) > 80);
-- 35. 查询年龄最大的学生的姓名(嵌套查询)
-- 嵌套查询/子查询:把一个查询的结果作为另外一个查询的一部分来使用
select @a := min(stu_birth)
from tb_student;
select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_birth = @a ;
select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_birth = (select min(stu_birth)
from tb_student);
-- 36. 查询选了两门以上的课程的学生姓名(嵌套查询/分组/数据筛选)
select stu_name
from tb_student
where stu_id in (select stu_id
from tb_record
group by stu_id
having count(*) > 2);
-- 37. 查询学生的姓名、生日和所在学院名称(连接查询)
select stu_name
, stu_birth
, col_name
from tb_student, tb_college
where tb_student.col_id = tb_college.col_id;
select stu_name
, stu_birth
, col_name
from tb_student inner join tb_college
on tb_student.col_id = tb_college.col_id;
select stu_name
, stu_birth
, col_name
from tb_student natural join tb_college;
-- 38. 查询学生姓名、课程名称以及成绩(连接查询)
select stu_name
, cou_name
, score
from tb_student, tb_course, tb_record
where tb_student.stu_id = tb_record.stu_id
and tb_course.cou_id = tb_record.cou_id
and score is not null;
select stu_name
, cou_name
, score
from tb_student
inner join tb_record
on tb_student.stu_id = tb_record.stu_id
inner join tb_course
on tb_course.cou_id = tb_record.cou_id
where score is not null;
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select stu_name
, cou_name
, score
from tb_student
natural join tb_record
natural join tb_course
where score is not null;
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-- 39. 上面的查询结果按课程和成绩排序取前5条数据(分页查询)
select stu_name
, cou_name
, score
from tb_student
natural join tb_record
natural join tb_course
where score is not null
order by cou_id asc, score desc
limit 5;
-- 40. 上面的查询结果按课程和成绩排序取第6-10条数据(分页查询)
select stu_name
, cou_name
, score
from tb_student
natural join tb_record
natural join tb_course
where score is not null
order by cou_id asc, score desc
limit 5
offset 5;
-- 41. 上面的查询结果按课程和成绩排序取第11-15条数据(分页查询)
select stu_name
, cou_name
, score
from tb_student
natural join tb_record
natural join tb_course
where score is not null
order by cou_id asc, score desc
limit 5
offset 10;
-- 42. 查询选课学生的姓名和平均成绩(嵌套查询和连接查询)
select stu_name
, avg_score
from tb_student
natural join (select stu_id
, avg(score) as avg_score
from tb_record
group by stu_id) as tmp;
-- 43. 查询学生的姓名和选课的数量(嵌套查询和连接查询)
select stu_name
, total
from tb_student
inner join (select stu_id
, count(*) as total
from tb_record
group by stu_id) as tmp
on tb_student.stu_id = tmp.stu_id;
-- 44. 查询所有学生的姓名和选课数量(左外连接和嵌套查询)
-- 左外连接: 把左表( 写在join左边的表) 所有的数据都拿到, 不满足连表条件的地方填充null - left outer join
-- 右外连接: 把右表( 写在join右边的表) 所有的数据都拿到, 不满足连表条件的地方填充null - right outer join
-- 全外连接: 把左表和右表的数据全部拿到即便它们不满足连表条件, MySQL不支持全外连接 - full outer join
select stu_name
, coalesce(total, 0) as total
from tb_student
left join (select stu_id
, count(*) as total
from tb_record
group by stu_id) as tmp
on tb_student.stu_id = tmp.stu_id;
-- 45. 查询没有选课的学生的姓名(左外连接和数据筛选)
select stu_name
from tb_student
left join tb_record
on tb_student.stu_id = tb_record.stu_id
where tb_record.stu_id is null;
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```
上面的 DQL 有几个地方需要加以说明:
1. MySQL目前的版本不支持全外连接, 上面我们通过`union`操作,将左外连接和右外连接的结果求并集实现全外连接的效果。大家可以通过下面的图来加深对连表操作的认识。
< img src = "http://localhost/mypic/20211121135117.png" style = "zoom:50%" >
2. MySQL 中支持多种类型的运算符,包括:算术运算符(`+`、`-`、`*`、`/`、`%`)、比较运算符(`=`、`< >`、`< =>`、`< `、`< =`、`>`、`>=`、`BETWEEN...AND..`.、`IN`、`IS NULL`、`IS NOT NULL`、`LIKE`、`RLIKE`、`REGEXP`)、逻辑运算符(`NOT`、`AND`、`OR`、`XOR`)和位运算符(`& `、`|`、`^`、`~`、`>>`、`<< `),我们可以在 DML 中使用这些运算符处理数据。
3. 在查询数据时,可以在`SELECT`语句及其子句(如`WHERE`子句、`ORDER BY`子句、`HAVING`子句等)中使用函数,这些函数包括字符串函数、数值函数、时间日期函数、流程函数等,如下面的表格所示。
常用字符串函数。
| 函数 | 功能 |
| --------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
| `CONCAT` | 将多个字符串连接成一个字符串 |
| `FORMAT` | 将数值格式化成字符串并指定保留几位小数 |
| `FROM_BASE64` / `TO_BASE64` | BASE64解码/编码 |
| `BIN` / `OCT` / `HEX` | 将数值转换成二进制/八进制/十六进制字符串 |
| `LOCATE` | 在字符串中查找一个子串的位置 |
| `LEFT` / `RIGHT` | 返回一个字符串左边/右边指定长度的字符 |
| `LENGTH` / `CHAR_LENGTH` | 返回字符串的长度以字节/字符为单位 |
| `LOWER` / `UPPER` | 返回字符串的小写/大写形式 |
| `LPAD` / `RPAD` | 如果字符串的长度不足,在字符串左边/右边填充指定的字符 |
| `LTRIM` / `RTRIM` | 去掉字符串前面/后面的空格 |
| `ORD` / `CHAR` | 返回字符对应的编码/返回编码对应的字符 |
| `STRCMP` | 比较字符串,返回-1、0、1分别表示小于、等于、大于 |
| `SUBSTRING` | 返回字符串指定范围的子串 |
常用数值函数。
| 函数 | 功能 |
| -------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |
| `ABS` | 返回一个数的绝度值 |
| `CEILING` / `FLOOR` | 返回一个数上取整/下取整的结果 |
| `CONV` | 将一个数从一种进制转换成另一种进制 |
| `CRC32` | 计算循环冗余校验码 |
| `EXP` / `LOG` / `LOG2` / `LOG10` | 计算指数/对数 |
| `POW` | 求幂 |
| `RAND` | 返回[0,1)范围的随机数 |
| `ROUND` | 返回一个数四舍五入后的结果 |
| `SQRT` | 返回一个数的平方根 |
| `TRUNCATE` | 截断一个数到指定的精度 |
| `SIN` / `COS` / `TAN` / `COT` / `ASIN` / `ACOS` / `ATAN` | 三角函数 |
常用时间日期函数。
| 函数 | 功能 |
| ----------------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
| `CURDATE` / `CURTIME` / `NOW` | 获取当前日期/时间/日期和时间 |
| `ADDDATE` / `SUBDATE` | 将两个日期表达式相加/相减并返回结果 |
| `DATE` / `TIME` | 从字符串中获取日期/时间 |
| `YEAR` / `MONTH` / `DAY` | 从日期中获取年/月/日 |
| `HOUR` / `MINUTE` / `SECOND` | 从时间中获取时/分/秒 |
| `DATEDIFF` / `TIMEDIFF` | 返回两个时间日期表达式相差多少天/小时 |
| `MAKEDATE` / `MAKETIME` | 制造一个日期/时间 |
常用流程函数。
| 函数 | 功能 |
| -------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
| `IF` | 根据条件是否成立返回不同的值 |
| `IFNULL` | 如果为NULL则返回指定的值否则就返回本身 |
| `NULLIF` | 两个表达式相等就返回NULL否则返回第一个表达式的值 |
其他常用函数。
| 函数 | 功能 |
| -------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| `MD5` / `SHA1` / `SHA2` | 返回字符串对应的哈希摘要 |
| `CHARSET` / `COLLATION` | 返回字符集/校对规则 |
| `USER` / `CURRENT_USER` | 返回当前用户 |
| `DATABASE` | 返回当前数据库名 |
| `VERSION` | 返回当前数据库版本 |
| `FOUND_ROWS` / `ROW_COUNT` | 返回查询到的行数/受影响的行数 |
| `LAST_INSERT_ID` | 返回最后一个自增主键的值 |
| `UUID` / `UUID_SHORT` | 返回全局唯一标识符 |