git-tips

git小贴士：git常用命令集合（git的'奇技淫巧'？😱）

所有人看过来

1. Fork于tips项目

2. 一定要先测试命令的效果后，再用于工作环境中，以防造成不能弥补的后果！

3. 所有的命令都在git version 2.7.4 (Apple Git-66)下测试通过（安全可食用😊）

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• Everyday Git in twenty commands or so

统一概念

1. 工作区：改动（增删文件和文本）
2. 暂存区：输入命令：git add 改动的文件名，此次改动就放到了‘暂存区’
3. 本地仓库：输入命令：git commit 此次修改的描述，此次改动就放到了’本地仓库’，每个commit，我叫它为一个‘版本’
4. 远程仓库：输入命令：git push 远程仓库，此次改动就放到了‘远程仓库’（github等)
5. commit-id：

展示帮助信息

git help -g

回到远程仓库的状态

抛弃本地仓库的所有版本(commit)，回到远程仓库的状态。

git fetch --all && git reset --hard origin/master

重设第一个commit

也就是把所有的改动都重新放回工作区，并清空所有的commit，这样就可以重新提交第一个commit了

git update-ref -d HEAD

展示工作区和最近版本的不同

输出工作区和本地中最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。

git diff

展示暂存区和最近版本的不同

输出暂存区和本地最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。

git diff --cached

展示暂存区、工作区和最近版本的不同

输出工作区、暂存区 和本地最近的版本(commit)的different(不同)。

git diff HEAD

快速切换分支

git checkout -

删除已经合并到master的分支

git branch --merged master | grep -v '^\*\|  master' | xargs -n 1 git branch -d

展示所有的分支关联的远程仓库

git branch -vv

关联远程分支

关联之后，git branch -vv就可以展示关联的远程分支名了，同时推送到远程仓库直接：git push，不需要指定远程仓库了。

git branch -u origin/mybranch

删除本地分支

git branch -d <local_branchname>

删除远程分支

git push origin --delete <remote_branchname>

或者

git push origin :<remote_branchname>

删除本地标签(tag)

git tag -d <tag-name>

删除远程标签(tag)

git push origin :refs/tags/<tag-name>

放弃工作区的修改

git checkout <file_name>

放弃所有修改：

git checkout .

回到某一个commit的状态，并重新增添一个commit

git revert <commit-id>

回到某个commit的状态，并删除后面的commit

和revert的区别：reset命令会抹去某个commit id之后的所有commit

git reset <commit-id>

修改上一个commit的描述

git commit --amend

查看commit历史

git log

修改作者名

git commit --amend --author='Author Name <email@address.com>'

修改远程仓库的url

git remote set-url origin <URL>

列出所有远程仓库

git remote

列出本地和远程分支

-a参数相当于：all

git branch -a

列出远程分支

-r参数相当于：remote

git branch -r

查看两个星期内的改动

git whatchanged --since='2 weeks ago'

把A分支的某一个commit，放到B分支上

这个过程需要cherry-pick命令，参考

git checkout <branch-name> && git cherry-pick <commit-id>

给git命令起别名

简化命令

git config --global alias.<handle> <command>

比如：git status 改成 git st，这样可以简化命令

git config --global alias.st status

存储当前的修改，但不用提交commit

详解可以参考廖雪峰老师的git教程

git stash

保存当前状态，包括untracked的文件

untracked文件：新建的文件

git stash -u

展示所有stashes

git stash list

回到某个stash的状态

git stash apply <stash@{n}>

回到最后一个stash的状态，并删除这个stash

git stash pop

删除所有的stash

git stash clear

从stash中拿出某个文件的修改

git checkout <stash@{n}> -- <file_path>

展示所有tracked的文件

git ls-files -t

展示所有untracked的文件

git ls-files --others

展示所有忽略的文件

git ls-files --others -i --exclude-standard

Create new working tree from HEAD state

git worktree add --detach <path> HEAD

强制删除untracked的文件

清空工作区untracked的文件

git clean -f

强制删除untracked的目录

清空工作区untracked的目录

git clean -df

重命名分支

git branch -m <new-branch-name>

Modify previous commit without modifying the commit message

git add --all && git commit --amend --no-edit

Prunes references to remote branches that have been deleted in the remote.

git fetch -p

Alternatives:

git remote prune origin

Retrieve the commit hash of the initial revision.

 git rev-list --reverse HEAD | head -1

展示简化的commit历史

git log --pretty=oneline --graph --decorate --all

Deploying git tracked subfolder to gh-pages

git subtree push --prefix subfolder_name origin gh-pages

Adding a project to repo using subtree

git subtree add --prefix=<directory_name>/<project_name> --squash git@github.com:<username>/<project_name>.git master

Get latest changes in your repo for a linked project using subtree

git subtree pull --prefix=<directory_name>/<project_name> --squash git@github.com:<username>/<project_name>.git master

Export a branch with history to a file.

git bundle create <file> <branch-name>

Import from a bundle

git clone repo.bundle <repo-dir> -b <branch-name>

Get the name of current branch.

git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD

Ignore one file on commit (e.g. Changelog).

git update-index --assume-unchanged Changelog; git commit -a; git update-index --no-assume-unchanged Changelog

Stash changes before rebasing

git rebase --autostash

Fetch pull request by ID to a local branch

git fetch origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>

Alternatives:

git pull origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>

Show the most recent tag on the current branch.

git describe --tags --abbrev=0

Show inline word diff.

git diff --word-diff

Don’t consider changes for tracked file.

git update-index --assume-unchanged <file_name>

Undo assume-unchanged.

git update-index --no-assume-unchanged <file_name>

Clean the files from .gitignore.

git clean -X -f

Restore deleted file.

git checkout <deleting_commit>^ -- <file_path>

Restore file to a specific commit-hash

git checkout <commit-ish> -- <file_path>

Always rebase instead of merge on pull.

git config --global branch.autosetuprebase always

展示所有alias和configs.

git config --list

Make git case sensitive.

git config --global core.ignorecase false

Add custom editors.

git config --global core.editor '$EDITOR'

Check if the change was a part of a release.

git name-rev --name-only <SHA-1>

Dry run. (any command that supports dry-run flag should do.)

git clean -fd --dry-run

Marks your commit as a fix of a previous commit.

git commit --fixup <SHA-1>

squash fixup commits normal commits.

git rebase -i --autosquash

skip staging area during commit.

git commit --only <file_path>

展示忽略的文件

git status --ignored

commit历史中显示Branch1有的，但是Branch2没有commit

git log Branch1 ^Branch2

reuse recorded resolution, record and reuse previous conflicts resolutions.

git config --global rerere.enabled 1

Open all conflicted files in an editor.

git diff --name-only | uniq | xargs $EDITOR

Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.

git count-objects --human-readable

Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.

git gc --prune=now --aggressive

Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.

git instaweb [--local] [--httpd=<httpd>] [--port=<port>] [--browser=<browser>]

在commit log中显示GPG签名

git log --show-signature

删除全局设置

git config --global --unset <entry-name>

新建并切换到新分支上，同时这个分支没有任何commit

相当于保存修改，但是重写commit历史

git checkout --orphan <branch_name>

Extract file from another branch.

git show <branch_name>:<file_name>

List only the root and merge commits.

git log --first-parent

Change previous two commits with an interactive rebase.

git rebase --interactive HEAD~2

List all branch is WIP

git checkout master && git branch --no-merged

Find guilty with binary search

git bisect start                    # Search start
git bisect bad                      # Set point to bad commit
git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2         # Set point to good commit|tag
git bisect bad                      # Say current state is bad
git bisect good                     # Say current state is good
git bisect reset                    # Finish search

Bypass pre-commit and commit-msg githooks

git commit --no-verify

List commits and changes to a specific file (even through renaming)

git log --follow -p -- <file_path>

Clone a single branch

git clone -b <branch-name> --single-branch https://github.com/user/repo.git

Create and switch new branch

git checkout -b <branch-name>

Alternatives:

git branch <branch-name> && git checkout <branch-name>

Ignore file mode changes on commits

git config core.fileMode false

Turn off git colored terminal output

git config --global color.ui false

specific color settings

git config --global <specific command e.g branch, diff> <true, false or always>

Show all local branches ordered by recent commits

git for-each-ref --sort=-committerdate --format='%(refname:short)' refs/heads/

Find lines matching the pattern (regex or string) in tracked files

git grep --heading --line-number 'foo bar'

Clone a shallow copy of a repository

git clone https://github.com/user/repo.git --depth 1

Search Commit log across all branches for given text

git log --all --grep='<given-text>'

Get first commit in a branch (from master)

git log master..<branch-name> --oneline | tail -1

把暂存区的内容放到工作区中

git reset <file-name>

强制推送

git push -f <remote-name> <branch-name>

增加远程仓库

git remote add origin <remote-url>

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