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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.15.1 ConfigMap的热更新
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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< a href = "nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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4.5 服务编排管理
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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4.7 更新与升级
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4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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4.7.2 升级dashboard
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装并试用Istio service mesh
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.1.3 安装和拓展Istio service mesh
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5.1.1.4 集成虚拟机
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
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5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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< h1 id = "边缘节点配置" > 边 缘 节 点 配 置 < / h1 >
< h2 id = "前言" > 前 言 < / h2 >
< p > 为 了 配 置 kubernetes中 的 traefik ingress的 高 可 用 ， 对 于 kubernetes集 群 以 外 只 暴 露 一 个 访 问 入 口 ， 需 要 使 用 keepalived排 除 单 点 问 题 。 本 文 参 考 了 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/keepalived-vip" target = "_blank" > kube-keepalived-vip< / a > ， 但 并 没 有 使 用 容 器 方 式 安 装 ， 而 是 直 接 在 node节 点 上 安 装 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "定义" > 定 义 < / h2 >
< p > 首 先 解 释 下 什 么 叫 边 缘 节 点 （ Edge Node） ， 所 谓 的 边 缘 节 点 即 集 群 内 部 用 来 向 集 群 外 暴 露 服 务 能 力 的 节 点 ， 集 群 外 部 的 服 务 通 过 该 节 点 来 调 用 集 群 内 部 的 服 务 ， 边 缘 节 点 是 集 群 内 外 交 流 的 一 个 Endpoint。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 边 缘 节 点 要 考 虑 两 个 问 题 < / strong > < / p >
< ul >
< li > 边 缘 节 点 的 高 可 用 ， 不 能 有 单 点 故 障 ， 否 则 整 个 kubernetes集 群 将 不 可 用 < / li >
< li > 对 外 的 一 致 暴 露 端 口 ， 即 只 能 有 一 个 外 网 访 问 IP和 端 口 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "架构" > 架 构 < / h2 >
< p > 为 了 满 足 边 缘 节 点 的 以 上 需 求 ， 我 们 使 用 < a href = "http://www.keepalived.org/" target = "_blank" > keepalived< / a > 来 实 现 。 < / p >
< p > 在 Kubernetes中 添 加 了 service的 同 时 ， 在 DNS中 增 加 一 个 记 录 ， 这 条 记 录 需 要 跟 ingress中 的 < code > host< / code > 字 段 相 同 ， IP地 址 即 VIP的 地 址 ， 本 示 例 中 是 < code > 172.20.0.119< / code > ， 这 样 集 群 外 部 就 可 以 通 过 service的 DNS名 称 来 访 问 服 务 了 。 < / p >
< p > 选 择 Kubernetes的 三 个 node作 为 边 缘 节 点 ， 并 安 装 keepalived， 下 图 展 示 了 边 缘 节 点 的 配 置 ， 同 时 展 示 了 向 Kubernetes中 添 加 服 务 的 过 程 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.2.4.1" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-edge-node-architecture.png" alt = "边缘节点架构" > < figcaption > 图 片 - 边 缘 节 点 架 构 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< h2 id = "准备" > 准 备 < / h2 >
< p > 复 用 kubernetes测 试 集 群 的 三 台 主 机 。 < / p >
< p > 172.20.0.113< / p >
< p > 172.20.0.114< / p >
< p > 172.20.0.115< / p >
< h2 id = "安装" > 安 装 < / h2 >
< p > 使 用 keepalived管 理 VIP， VIP是 使 用 IPVS创 建 的 ， < a href = "http://www.linux-vs.org" target = "_blank" > IPVS< / a > 已 经 成 为 linux内 核 的 模 块 ， 不 需 要 安 装 < / p >
< p > LVS的 工 作 原 理 请 参 考 ： < a href = "http://www.cnblogs.com/codebean/archive/2011/07/25/2116043.html" target = "_blank" > http://www.cnblogs.com/codebean/archive/2011/07/25/2116043.html< / a > < / p >
< p > 不 使 用 镜 像 方 式 安 装 了 ， 直 接 手 动 安 装 ， 指 定 三 个 节 点 为 边 缘 节 点 （ Edge node） 。 < / p >
< p > 因 为 我 们 的 测 试 集 群 一 共 只 有 三 个 node， 所 有 在 在 三 个 node上 都 要 安 装 keepalived和 ipvsadmin。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Shell" > yum install keepalived ipvsadm
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "配置说明" > 配 置 说 明 < / h2 >
< p > 需 要 对 原 先 的 traefik ingress进 行 改 造 ， 从 以 Deployment方 式 启 动 改 成 DeamonSet。 还 需 要 指 定 一 个 与 node在 同 一 网 段 的 IP地 址 作 为 VIP， 我 们 指 定 成 172.20.0.119， 配 置 keepalived前 需 要 先 保 证 这 个 IP没 有 被 分 配 。 。 < / p >
< ul >
< li > Traefik以 DaemonSet的 方 式 启 动 < / li >
< li > 通 过 nodeSelector选 择 边 缘 节 点 < / li >
< li > 通 过 hostPort暴 露 端 口 < / li >
< li > 当 前 VIP漂 移 到 了 172.20.0.115上 < / li >
< li > Traefik根 据 访 问 的 host和 path配 置 ， 将 流 量 转 发 到 相 应 的 service上 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "配置keepalived" > 配 置 keepalived< / h2 >
< p > 参 考 < a href = "http://limian.blog.51cto.com/7542175/1301776" target = "_blank" > 基 于 keepalived 实 现 VIP转 移 ， lvs， nginx的 高 可 用 < / a > ， 配 置 keepalived。 < / p >
< p > keepalived的 官 方 配 置 文 档 见 ： < a href = "http://keepalived.org/pdf/UserGuide.pdf" target = "_blank" > http://keepalived.org/pdf/UserGuide.pdf< / a > < / p >
< p > 配 置 文 件 < code > /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf< / code > 文 件 内 容 如 下 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > ! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
root@localhost
}
notification_email_from kaadmin@localhost
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id LVS_DEVEL
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER
interface eth0
virtual_router_id 51
priority 100
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass 1111
}
virtual_ipaddress {
172.20.0.119
}
}
virtual_server 172.20.0.119 80{
delay_loop 6
lb_algo loadbalance
lb_kind DR
nat_mask 255.255.255.0
persistence_timeout 0
protocol TCP
real_server 172.20.0.113 80{
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_timeout 3
}
}
real_server 172.20.0.114 80{
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_timeout 3
}
}
real_server 172.20.0.115 80{
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_timeout 3
}
}
}
< / code > < / pre > < p > < code > Realserver< / code > 的 IP和 端 口 即 traefik供 外 网 访 问 的 IP和 端 口 。 < / p >
< p > 将 以 上 配 置 分 别 拷 贝 到 另 外 两 台 node的 < code > /etc/keepalived< / code > 目 录 下 。 < / p >
< p > 我 们 使 用 转 发 效 率 最 高 的 < code > lb_kind DR< / code > 直 接 路 由 方 式 转 发 ， 使 用 TCP_CHECK来 检 测 real_server的 health。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 启 动 keepalived< / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code > systemctl start keepalived
< / code > < / pre > < p > 三 台 node都 启 动 了 keepalived后 ， 观 察 eth0的 IP， 会 在 三 台 node的 某 一 台 上 发 现 一 个 VIP是 172.20.0.119。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ ip addr show eth0
2: eth0: < BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP qlen 1000
link/ether f4:e9:d4:9f:6b:a0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 172.20.0.115/17 brd 172.20.127.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 172.20.0.119/32 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 关 掉 拥 有 这 个 VIP主 机 上 的 keepalived， 观 察 VIP是 否 漂 移 到 了 另 外 两 台 主 机 的 其 中 之 一 上 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "改造traefik" > 改 造 Traefik< / h2 >
< p > 在 这 之 前 我 们 启 动 的 traefik使 用 的 是 deployment， 只 启 动 了 一 个 pod， 无 法 保 证 高 可 用 （ 即 需 要 将 pod固 定 在 某 一 台 主 机 上 ， 这 样 才 能 对 外 提 供 一 个 唯 一 的 访 问 地 址 ） ， 现 在 使 用 了 keepalived就 可 以 通 过 VIP来 访 问 traefik， 同 时 启 动 多 个 traefik的 pod保 证 高 可 用 。 < / p >
< p > 配 置 文 件 < code > traefik.yaml< / code > 内 容 如 下 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > extensions/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > DaemonSet
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > traefik-ingress-lb
< span class = "hljs-attr" > namespace:< / span > kube-system
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > k8s-app:< / span > traefik-ingress-lb
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > template:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > k8s-app:< / span > traefik-ingress-lb
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > traefik-ingress-lb
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > terminationGracePeriodSeconds:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 60< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > hostNetwork:< / span > < span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > restartPolicy:< / span > Always
< span class = "hljs-attr" > serviceAccountName:< / span > ingress
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - image:< / span > traefik
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > traefik-ingress-lb
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > limits:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > cpu:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 200< / span > m
< span class = "hljs-attr" > memory:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 30< / span > Mi
< span class = "hljs-attr" > requests:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > cpu:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 100< / span > m
< span class = "hljs-attr" > memory:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 20< / span > Mi
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > http
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containerPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > hostPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > admin
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containerPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 8580< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > hostPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 8580< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > args:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > --web
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > --web.address=:< span class = "hljs-number" > 8580< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > --kubernetes
< span class = "hljs-attr" > nodeSelector:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > edgenode:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " true" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 注 意 ， 我 们 使 用 了 < code > nodeSelector< / code > 选 择 边 缘 节 点 来 调 度 traefik-ingress-lb运 行 在 它 上 面 ， 所 有 你 需 要 使 用 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > kubectl label nodes 172.20.0.113 edgenode=true
kubectl label nodes 172.20.0.114 edgenode=true
kubectl label nodes 172.20.0.115 edgenode=true
< / code > < / pre > < p > 给 三 个 node打 标 签 。 < / p >
< p > 查 看 DaemonSet的 启 动 情 况 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Bash" > $ kubectl -n kube-system get ds
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE NODE-SELECTOR AGE
traefik-ingress-lb 3 3 3 3 3 edgenode=< span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span > 2h
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 现 在 就 可 以 在 外 网 通 过 172.20.0.119:80来 访 问 到 traefik ingress了 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/keepalived-vip" target = "_blank" > kube-keepalived-vip< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://www.keepalived.org/" target = "_blank" > http://www.keepalived.org/< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://outofmemory.cn/wiki/keepalived-configuration" target = "_blank" > keepalived工 作 原 理 与 配 置 说 明 < / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://www.cnblogs.com/codebean/archive/2011/07/25/2116043.html" target = "_blank" > LVS简 介 及 使 用 < / a > < / p >
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< p > < a href = "http://limian.blog.51cto.com/7542175/1301776" target = "_blank" > 基 于 keepalived 实 现 VIP转 移 ， lvs， nginx的 高 可 用 < / a > < / p >
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< script src = "../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-editlink/plugin.js" > < / script >
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< script src = "../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-back-to-top-button/plugin.js" > < / script >
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< script src = "../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-search-plus/jquery.mark.min.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-search-plus/search.js" > < / script >
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< script src = "../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-github-buttons/plugin.js" > < / script >
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< script src = "../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-3-ba/plugin.js" > < / script >
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< script src = "../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-sharing/buttons.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/fontsettings.js" > < / script >
< / body >
< / html >
