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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.15.1 ConfigMap的热更新
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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< a href = "nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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< a href = "using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< a href = "storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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< a href = "using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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4.5 服务编排管理
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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< a href = "drone-ci-cd.html" >
4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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4.7 更新与升级
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4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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4.7.2 升级dashboard
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装并试用Istio service mesh
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< a href = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.1.3 安装和拓展Istio service mesh
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5.1.1.4 集成虚拟机
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
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5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.8.3" data-path = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
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< a href = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
7.3 使用技巧
< / a >
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< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.8.4" data-path = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
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< a href = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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< / a >
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< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.8.5" data-path = "../appendix/material-share.html" >
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< a href = "../appendix/material-share.html" >
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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< / a >
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< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://www.gitbook.com" target = "blank" class = "gitbook-link" >
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本书使用 GitBook 发布
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< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / div >
< div class = "book-body" >
< div class = "body-inner" >
< div class = "book-header" role = "navigation" >
<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
< i class = "fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin" > < / i >
< a href = ".." > 4.3.1 服务滚动升级< / a >
< / h1 >
< / div >
< div class = "page-wrapper" tabindex = "-1" role = "main" >
< div class = "page-inner" >
< div class = "search-plus" id = "book-search-results" >
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< section class = "normal markdown-section" >
< h1 id = "服务滚动升级" > 服 务 滚 动 升 级 < / h1 >
< p > 当 有 镜 像 发 布 新 版 本 ， 新 版 本 服 务 上 线 时 如 何 实 现 服 务 的 滚 动 和 平 滑 升 级 ？ < / p >
< p > 如 果 你 使 用 < strong > ReplicationController< / strong > 创 建 的 pod可 以 使 用 < code > kubectl rollingupdate< / code > 命 令 滚 动 升 级 ， 如 果 使 用 的 是 < strong > Deployment< / strong > 创 建 的 Pod可 以 直 接 修 改 yaml文 件 后 执 行 < code > kubectl apply< / code > 即 可 。 < / p >
< p > Deployment已 经 内 置 了 RollingUpdate strategy， 因 此 不 用 再 调 用 < code > kubectl rollingupdate< / code > 命 令 ， 升 级 的 过 程 是 先 创 建 新 版 的 pod将 流 量 导 入 到 新 pod上 后 销 毁 原 来 的 旧 的 pod。 < / p >
< p > Rolling Update适 用 于 < code > Deployment< / code > 、 < code > Replication Controller< / code > ， 官 方 推 荐 使 用 Deployment而 不 再 使 用 Replication Controller。 < / p >
< p > 使 用 ReplicationController时 的 滚 动 升 级 请 参 考 官 网 说 明 ： < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/rolling-update-replication-controller/" target = "_blank" > https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/rolling-update-replication-controller/< / a > < / p >
< h2 id = "replicationcontroller与deployment的关系" > ReplicationController与 Deployment的 关 系 < / h2 >
< p > ReplicationController和 Deployment的 RollingUpdate命 令 有 些 不 同 ， 但 是 实 现 的 机 制 是 一 样 的 ， 关 于 这 两 个 kind的 关 系 我 引 用 了 < a href = "https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000008232770" target = "_blank" > ReplicationController与 Deployment的 区 别 < / a > 中 的 部 分 内 容 如 下 ， 详 细 区 别 请 查 看 原 文 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "replicationcontroller" > ReplicationController< / h3 >
< p > Replication Controller为 Kubernetes的 一 个 核 心 内 容 ， 应 用 托 管 到 Kubernetes之 后 ， 需 要 保 证 应 用 能 够 持 续 的 运 行 ， Replication Controller就 是 这 个 保 证 的 key， 主 要 的 功 能 如 下 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 确 保 pod数 量 ： 它 会 确 保 Kubernetes中 有 指 定 数 量 的 Pod在 运 行 。 如 果 少 于 指 定 数 量 的 pod， Replication Controller会 创 建 新 的 ， 反 之 则 会 删 除 掉 多 余 的 以 保 证 Pod数 量 不 变 。 < / li >
< li > 确 保 pod健 康 ： 当 pod不 健 康 ， 运 行 出 错 或 者 无 法 提 供 服 务 时 ， Replication Controller也 会 杀 死 不 健 康 的 pod， 重 新 创 建 新 的 。 < / li >
< li > 弹 性 伸 缩 ： 在 业 务 高 峰 或 者 低 峰 期 的 时 候 ， 可 以 通 过 Replication Controller动 态 的 调 整 pod的 数 量 来 提 高 资 源 的 利 用 率 。 同 时 ， 配 置 相 应 的 监 控 功 能 （ Hroizontal Pod Autoscaler） ， 会 定 时 自 动 从 监 控 平 台 获 取 Replication Controller关 联 pod的 整 体 资 源 使 用 情 况 ， 做 到 自 动 伸 缩 。 < / li >
< li > 滚 动 升 级 ： 滚 动 升 级 为 一 种 平 滑 的 升 级 方 式 ， 通 过 逐 步 替 换 的 策 略 ， 保 证 整 体 系 统 的 稳 定 ， 在 初 始 化 升 级 的 时 候 就 可 以 及 时 发 现 和 解 决 问 题 ， 避 免 问 题 不 断 扩 大 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "deployment" > Deployment< / h3 >
< p > Deployment同 样 为 Kubernetes的 一 个 核 心 内 容 ， 主 要 职 责 同 样 是 为 了 保 证 pod的 数 量 和 健 康 ， 90%的 功 能 与 Replication Controller完 全 一 样 ， 可 以 看 做 新 一 代 的 Replication Controller。 但 是 ， 它 又 具 备 了 Replication Controller之 外 的 新 特 性 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > Replication Controller全 部 功 能 ： Deployment继 承 了 上 面 描 述 的 Replication Controller全 部 功 能 。 < / li >
< li > 事 件 和 状 态 查 看 ： 可 以 查 看 Deployment的 升 级 详 细 进 度 和 状 态 。 < / li >
< li > 回 滚 ： 当 升 级 pod镜 像 或 者 相 关 参 数 的 时 候 发 现 问 题 ， 可 以 使 用 回 滚 操 作 回 滚 到 上 一 个 稳 定 的 版 本 或 者 指 定 的 版 本 。 < / li >
< li > 版 本 记 录 : 每 一 次 对 Deployment的 操 作 ， 都 能 保 存 下 来 ， 给 予 后 续 可 能 的 回 滚 使 用 。 < / li >
< li > 暂 停 和 启 动 ： 对 于 每 一 次 升 级 ， 都 能 够 随 时 暂 停 和 启 动 。 < / li >
< li > 多 种 升 级 方 案 ： Recreate： 删 除 所 有 已 存 在 的 pod,重 新 创 建 新 的 ; RollingUpdate： 滚 动 升 级 ， 逐 步 替 换 的 策 略 ， 同 时 滚 动 升 级 时 ， 支 持 更 多 的 附 加 参 数 ， 例 如 设 置 最 大 不 可 用 pod数 量 ， 最 小 升 级 间 隔 时 间 等 等 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "创建测试镜像" > 创 建 测 试 镜 像 < / h2 >
< p > 我 们 来 创 建 一 个 特 别 简 单 的 web服 务 ， 当 你 访 问 网 页 时 ， 将 输 出 一 句 版 本 信 息 。 通 过 区 分 这 句 版 本 信 息 输 出 我 们 就 可 以 断 定 升 级 是 否 完 成 。 < / p >
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< p > 所 有 配 置 和 代 码 见 < a href = "https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-handbook/blob/master/manifests/test/rolling-update-test" target = "_blank" > ../manifests/test/rolling-update-test< / a > 目 录 。 < / p >
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< p > < strong > Web服 务 的 代 码 main.go< / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > package< / span > main
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > import< / span > (
< span class = "hljs-string" > " fmt" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " log" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " net/http" < / span >
)
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > sayhello(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, < span class = "hljs-string" > " This is version 1." < / span > ) < span class = "hljs-comment" > //这 个 写 入 到 w的 是 输 出 到 客 户 端 的 < / span >
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > main() {
http.HandleFunc(< span class = "hljs-string" > " /" < / span > , sayhello) < span class = "hljs-comment" > //设 置 访 问 的 路 由 < / span >
log.Println(< span class = "hljs-string" > " This is version 1." < / span > )
err := http.ListenAndServe(< span class = "hljs-string" > " :9090" < / span > , < span class = "hljs-literal" > nil< / span > ) < span class = "hljs-comment" > //设 置 监 听 的 端 口 < / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err != < span class = "hljs-literal" > nil< / span > {
log.Fatal(< span class = "hljs-string" > " ListenAndServe: " < / span > , err)
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 创 建 Dockerfile< / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Dockerfile" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > FROM< / span > alpine:< span class = "hljs-number" > 3.5< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > MAINTAINER< / span > Jimmy Song< rootsongjc@gmail.com>
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > ADD< / span > < span class = "bash" > hellov2 /
< / span > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > ENTRYPOINT< / span > < span class = "bash" > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " /hellov2" < / span > ]
< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 注 意 修 改 添 加 的 文 件 的 名 称 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 创 建 Makefile< / strong > < / p >
< p > 修 改 镜 像 仓 库 的 地 址 为 你 自 己 的 私 有 镜 像 仓 库 地 址 。 < / p >
< p > 修 改 < code > Makefile< / code > 中 的 < code > TAG< / code > 为 新 的 版 本 号 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-cmake" > all: build push clean
.PHONY: build push clean
TAG = v1
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # Build for linux amd64< / span >
build:
GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build -o hello< span class = "hljs-variable" > ${TAG}< / span > main.go
docker build -t sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-< span class = "hljs-number" > 001< / span > .tendcloud.com/library/hello:< span class = "hljs-variable" > ${TAG}< / span > .
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # Push to tenxcloud< / span >
push:
docker push sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-< span class = "hljs-number" > 001< / span > .tendcloud.com/library/hello:< span class = "hljs-variable" > ${TAG}< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # Clean < / span >
clean:
rm -f hello< span class = "hljs-variable" > ${TAG}< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 编 译 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Shell" > make all
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 分 别 修 改 main.go中 的 输 出 语 句 、 Dockerfile中 的 文 件 名 称 和 Makefile中 的 TAG， 创 建 两 个 版 本 的 镜 像 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "测试" > 测 试 < / h2 >
< p > 我 们 使 用 Deployment部 署 服 务 来 测 试 。 < / p >
< p > 配 置 文 件 < code > rolling-update-test.yaml< / code > ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > extensions/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Deployment
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > rolling-update-test
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > replicas:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 3< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > template:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > rolling-update-test
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > rolling-update-test
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > sz-pg-oam-docker-hub< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -001.< / span > tendcloud.com/library/hello:v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - containerPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 9090< / span >
< span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Service
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > rolling-update-test
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > rolling-update-test
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - port:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 9090< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > protocol:< / span > TCP
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > http
< span class = "hljs-attr" > selector:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > rolling-update-test
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 部 署 service< / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-shell" > kubectl create -f rolling-update-test.yaml
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 修 改 traefik ingress配 置 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 在 < code > ingress.yaml< / code > 文 件 中 增 加 新 service的 配 置 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > - host:< / span > rolling-update-test.traefik.io
< span class = "hljs-attr" > http:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > paths:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - path:< / span > /
< span class = "hljs-attr" > backend:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > serviceName:< / span > rolling-update-test
< span class = "hljs-attr" > servicePort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 9090< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 修 改 本 地 的 host配 置 ， 增 加 一 条 配 置 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > 172.20.0.119 rolling-update-test.traefik.io
< / code > < / pre > < p > 注 意 ： 172.20.0.119是 我 们 之 前 使 用 keepalived创 建 的 VIP。 < / p >
< p > 打 开 浏 览 器 访 问 < a href = "http://rolling-update-test.traefik.io将会看到以下输出：" target = "_blank" > http://rolling-update-test.traefik.io将 会 看 到 以 下 输 出 ： < / a > < / p >
< pre > < code > This is version 1.
< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 滚 动 升 级 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 只 需 要 将 < code > rolling-update-test.yaml< / code > 文 件 中 的 < code > image< / code > 改 成 新 版 本 的 镜 像 名 ， 然 后 执 行 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-shell" > kubectl apply -f rolling-update-test.yaml
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 也 可 以 参 考 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes Deployment Concept< / a > 中 的 方 法 ， 直 接 设 置 新 的 镜 像 。 < / p >
< pre > < code > kubectl set image deployment/rolling-update-test rolling-update-test=sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/hello:v2
< / code > < / pre > < p > 或 者 使 用 < code > kubectl edit deployment/rolling-update-test< / code > 修 改 镜 像 名 称 后 保 存 。 < / p >
< p > 使 用 以 下 命 令 查 看 升 级 进 度 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > kubectl rollout status deployment/rolling-update-test
< / code > < / pre > < p > 升 级 完 成 后 在 浏 览 器 中 刷 新 < a href = "http://rolling-update-test.traefik.io将会看到以下输出：" target = "_blank" > http://rolling-update-test.traefik.io将 会 看 到 以 下 输 出 ： < / a > < / p >
< pre > < code > This is version 2.
< / code > < / pre > < p > 说 明 滚 动 升 级 成 功 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "使用replicationcontroller创建的pod如何rollingupdate" > 使 用 ReplicationController创 建 的 Pod如 何 RollingUpdate< / h2 >
< p > 以 上 讲 解 使 用 < strong > Deployment< / strong > 创 建 的 Pod的 RollingUpdate方 式 ， 那 么 如 果 使 用 传 统 的 < strong > ReplicationController< / strong > 创 建 的 Pod如 何 Update呢 ？ < / p >
< p > 举 个 例 子 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl -n spark-cluster rolling-update zeppelin-controller --image sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/zeppelin:0.7.1
Created zeppelin-controller-99be89dbbe5< span class = "hljs-built_in" > cd< / span > 5b8d6feab8f57a04a8b
Scaling up zeppelin-controller-99be89dbbe5< span class = "hljs-built_in" > cd< / span > 5b8d6feab8f57a04a8b from 0 to 1, scaling down zeppelin-controller from 1 to 0 (keep 1 pods available, don< span class = "hljs-string" > ' t exceed 2 pods)
Scaling zeppelin-controller-99be89dbbe5cd5b8d6feab8f57a04a8b up to 1
Scaling zeppelin-controller down to 0
Update succeeded. Deleting old controller: zeppelin-controller
Renaming zeppelin-controller-99be89dbbe5cd5b8d6feab8f57a04a8b to zeppelin-controller
replicationcontroller " zeppelin-controller" rolling updated
< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > 只 需 要 指 定 新 的 镜 像 即 可 ， 当 然 你 可 以 配 置 RollingUpdate的 策 略 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "http://dockone.io/article/328" target = "_blank" > Rolling update机 制 解 析 < / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/run-stateless-application-deployment/" target = "_blank" > Running a Stateless Application Using a Deployment< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/simple-rolling-update.md" target = "_blank" > Simple Rolling Update< / a > < / p >
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< p > < a href = "https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000008232770" target = "_blank" > 使 用 kubernetes的 deployment进 行 RollingUpdate< / a > < / p >
< footer class = "page-footer" > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © jimmysong.io 2017 all right reserved， powered by Gitbook< / span > < span class = "footer-modification" > Updated:
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2017-10-11 23:40:19
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< h1 class = "search-results-title" > < span class = 'search-results-count' > < / span > results matching "< span class = 'search-query' > < / span > "< / h1 >
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