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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.1.3 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 大数据
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< h1 id = "垃圾收集" > 垃 圾 收 集 < / h1 >
< p > Kubernetes 垃 圾 收 集 器 的 角 色 是 删 除 指 定 的 对 象 ， 这 些 对 象 曾 经 有 但 以 后 不 再 拥 有 Owner 了 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 注 意 < / strong > ： 垃 圾 收 集 是 beta 特 性 ， 在 Kubernetes 1.4 及 以 上 版 本 默 认 启 用 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "owner-和-dependent" > Owner 和 Dependent< / h2 >
< p > 一 些 Kubernetes 对 象 是 其 它 一 些 的 Owner。 例 如 ， 一 个 ReplicaSet 是 一 组 Pod 的 Owner。 具 有 Owner 的 对 象 被 称 为 是 Owner 的 < em > Dependent< / em > 。 每 个 Dependent 对 象 具 有 一 个 指 向 其 所 属 对 象 的 < code > metadata.ownerReferences< / code > 字 段 。 < / p >
< p > 有 时 ， Kubernetes 会 自 动 设 置 < code > ownerReference< / code > 的 值 。 例 如 ， 当 创 建 一 个 ReplicaSet 时 ， Kubernetes 自 动 设 置 ReplicaSet 中 每 个 Pod 的 < code > ownerReference< / code > 字 段 值 。 在 1.6 版 本 ， Kubernetes 会 自 动 为 一 些 对 象 设 置 < code > ownerReference< / code > 的 值 ， 这 些 对 象 是 由 ReplicationController、 ReplicaSet、 StatefulSet、 DaemonSet 和 Deployment 所 创 建 或 管 理 。 < / p >
< p > 也 可 以 通 过 手 动 设 置 < code > ownerReference< / code > 的 值 ， 来 指 定 Owner 和 Dependent 之 间 的 关 系 。 < / p >
< p > 这 有 一 个 配 置 文 件 ， 表 示 一 个 具 有 3 个 Pod 的 ReplicaSet： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > extensions/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ReplicaSet
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > my-repset
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > replicas:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 3< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > selector:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > matchLabels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > pod-is-for:< / span > garbage-collection-example
< span class = "hljs-attr" > template:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > pod-is-for:< / span > garbage-collection-example
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > nginx
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如 果 创 建 该 ReplicaSet， 然 后 查 看 Pod 的 metadata 字 段 ， 能 够 看 到 OwnerReferences 字 段 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > https://k8s.io/docs/concepts/abstractions/controllers/my-repset.yaml
kubectl get pods --output=yaml
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 输 出 显 示 了 Pod 的 Owner 是 名 为 my-repset 的 ReplicaSet： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Pod
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
...
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ownerReferences:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - apiVersion:< / span > extensions/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > controller:< / span > < span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > blockOwnerDeletion:< / span > < span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ReplicaSet
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > my-repset
< span class = "hljs-attr" > uid:< / span > d9607e19-f88f< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -11e6< / span > -a518< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -42010< / span > a800195
...
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "控制垃圾收集器删除-dependent" > 控 制 垃 圾 收 集 器 删 除 Dependent< / h2 >
< p > 当 删 除 对 象 时 ， 可 以 指 定 是 否 该 对 象 的 Dependent 也 自 动 删 除 掉 。 自 动 删 除 Dependent 也 称 为 < em > 级 联 删 除 < / em > 。 Kubernetes 中 有 两 种 < em > 级 联 删 除 < / em > 的 模 式 ： < em > background< / em > 模 式 和 < em > foreground< / em > 模 式 。 < / p >
< p > 如 果 删 除 对 象 时 ， 不 自 动 删 除 它 的 Dependent， 这 些 Dependent 被 称 作 是 原 对 象 的 < em > 孤 儿 < / em > 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "background-级联删除" > Background 级 联 删 除 < / h3 >
< p > 在 < em > background 级 联 删 除 < / em > 模 式 下 ， Kubernetes 会 立 即 删 除 Owner 对 象 ， 然 后 垃 圾 收 集 器 会 在 后 台 删 除 这 些 Dependent。 < / p >
< h3 id = "foreground-级联删除" > Foreground 级 联 删 除 < / h3 >
< p > 在 < em > foreground 级 联 删 除 < / em > 模 式 下 ， 根 对 象 首 先 进 入 “ 删 除 中 ” 状 态 。 在 “ 删 除 中 ” 状 态 会 有 如 下 的 情 况 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 对 象 仍 然 可 以 通 过 REST API 可 见 < / li >
< li > 会 设 置 对 象 的 < code > deletionTimestamp< / code > 字 段 < / li >
< li > 对 象 的 < code > metadata.finalizers< / code > 字 段 包 含 了 值 “ foregroundDeletion” < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 一 旦 被 设 置 为 “ 删 除 中 ” 状 态 ， 垃 圾 收 集 器 会 删 除 对 象 的 所 有 Dependent。 垃 圾 收 集 器 删 除 了 所 有 “ Blocking” 的 Dependent（ 对 象 的 < code > ownerReference.blockOwnerDeletion=true< / code > ） 之 后 ， 它 会 删 除 Owner 对 象 。 < / p >
< p > 注 意 ， 在 “ foreground 删 除 ” 模 式 下 ， Dependent 只 有 通 过 < code > ownerReference.blockOwnerDeletion< / code > 才 能 阻 止 删 除 Owner 对 象 。 在 Kubernetes 1.7 版 本 中 将 增 加 admission controller， 基 于 Owner 对 象 上 的 删 除 权 限 来 控 制 用 户 去 设 置 < code > blockOwnerDeletion< / code > 的 值 为 true， 所 以 未 授 权 的 Dependent 不 能 够 延 迟 Owner 对 象 的 删 除 。 < / p >
< p > 如 果 一 个 对 象 的 < code > ownerReferences< / code > 字 段 被 一 个 Controller（ 例 如 Deployment 或 ReplicaSet） 设 置 ， < code > blockOwnerDeletion< / code > 会 被 自 动 设 置 ， 没 必 要 手 动 修 改 这 个 字 段 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "设置级联删除策略" > 设 置 级 联 删 除 策 略 < / h3 >
< p > 通 过 为 Owner 对 象 设 置 < code > deleteOptions.propagationPolicy< / code > 字 段 ， 可 以 控 制 级 联 删 除 策 略 。 可 能 的 取 值 包 括 ： “ orphan” 、 “ Foreground” 或 “ Background” 。 < / p >
< p > 对 很 多 Controller 资 源 ， 包 括 ReplicationController、 ReplicaSet、 StatefulSet、 DaemonSet 和 Deployment， 默 认 的 垃 圾 收 集 策 略 是 < code > orphan< / code > 。 因 此 ， 除 非 指 定 其 它 的 垃 圾 收 集 策 略 ， 否 则 所 有 Dependent 对 象 使 用 的 都 是 < code > orphan< / code > 策 略 。 < / p >
< p > 下 面 是 一 个 在 后 台 删 除 Dependent 对 象 的 例 子 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl proxy --port=8080
curl -X DELETE localhost:8080/apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/default/replicasets/my-repset \
< span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > ' {" kind" :" DeleteOptions" ," apiVersion" :" v1" ," propagationPolicy" :" Background" }' < / span > \
-H < span class = "hljs-string" > " Content-Type: application/json" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 下 面 是 一 个 在 前 台 删 除 Dependent 对 象 的 例 子 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl proxy --port=8080
curl -X DELETE localhost:8080/apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/default/replicasets/my-repset \
< span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > ' {" kind" :" DeleteOptions" ," apiVersion" :" v1" ," propagationPolicy" :" Foreground" }' < / span > \
-H < span class = "hljs-string" > " Content-Type: application/json" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 下 面 是 一 个 孤 儿 Dependent 的 例 子 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl proxy --port=8080
curl -X DELETE localhost:8080/apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/default/replicasets/my-repset \
< span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > ' {" kind" :" DeleteOptions" ," apiVersion" :" v1" ," propagationPolicy" :" Orphan" }' < / span > \
-H < span class = "hljs-string" > " Content-Type: application/json" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > kubectl 也 支 持 级 联 删 除 。 通 过 设 置 < code > --cascade< / code > 为 true， 可 以 使 用 kubectl 自 动 删 除 Dependent 对 象 。 设 置 < code > --cascade< / code > 为 false， 会 使 Dependent 对 象 成 为 孤 儿 Dependent 对 象 。 < code > --cascade< / code > 的 默 认 值 是 true。 < / p >
< p > 下 面 是 一 个 例 子 ， 使 一 个 ReplicaSet 的 Dependent 对 象 成 为 孤 儿 Dependent： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Bash" > kubectl delete replicaset my-repset --cascade=< span class = "hljs-literal" > false< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "已知的问题" > 已 知 的 问 题 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > 1.7 版 本 ， 垃 圾 收 集 不 支 持 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/api-extension/custom-resources/" target = "_blank" > 自 定 义 资 源 < / a > ， 比 如 那 些 通 过 CustomResourceDefinition 新 增 ， 或 者 通 过 API server 聚 集 而 成 的 资 源 对 象 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/26120" target = "_blank" > 其 它 已 知 的 问 题 < / a > < / p >
< p > 原 文 地 址 ： < a href = "https://k8smeetup.github.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/garbage-collection/" target = "_blank" > https://k8smeetup.github.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/garbage-collection/< / a > < / p >
< p > 译 者 ： < a href = "https://github.com/shirdrn" target = "_blank" > shirdrn< / a > < / p >
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