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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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4.5 服务编排管理
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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4.7 更新与升级
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4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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4.7.2 升级dashboard
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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5.3 Serverless架构
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5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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< a href = "../appendix/material-share.html" >
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
2017-10-18 14:16:55 +08:00
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2017-08-21 18:44:34 +08:00
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2017-09-19 22:01:07 +08:00
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2017-08-21 18:44:34 +08:00
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< a href = ".." > 6.3 client-go示例< / a >
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< h1 id = "client-go示例" > client-go示 例 < / h1 >
< p > 访 问 kubernetes集 群 有 几 下 几 种 方 式 ： < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > 方 式 < / th >
< th > 特 点 < / th >
< th > 支 持 者 < / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Kubernetes dashboard< / td >
< td > 直 接 通 过 Web UI进 行 操 作 ， 简 单 直 接 ， 可 定 制 化 程 度 低 < / td >
< td > 官 方 支 持 < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > kubectl< / td >
< td > 命 令 行 操 作 ， 功 能 最 全 ， 但 是 比 较 复 杂 ， 适 合 对 其 进 行 进 一 步 的 分 装 ， 定 制 功 能 ， 版 本 适 配 最 好 < / td >
< td > 官 方 支 持 < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/client-go" target = "_blank" > client-go< / a > < / td >
< td > 从 kubernetes的 代 码 中 抽 离 出 来 的 客 户 端 包 ， 简 单 易 用 ， 但 需 要 小 心 区 分 kubernetes的 API版 本 < / td >
< td > 官 方 支 持 < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/client-python" target = "_blank" > client-python< / a > < / td >
< td > python客 户 端 ， kubernetes-incubator< / td >
< td > 官 方 支 持 < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > < a href = "https://github.com/fabric8io/kubernetes-client" target = "_blank" > Java client< / a > < / td >
< td > fabric8中 的 一 部 分 ， kubernetes的 java客 户 端 < / td >
< td > redhat< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > 下 面 ， 我 们 基 于 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/client-go" target = "_blank" > client-go< / a > ， 对 Deployment升 级 镜 像 的 步 骤 进 行 了 定 制 ， 通 过 命 令 行 传 递 一 个 Deployment的 名 字 、 应 用 容 器 名 和 新 image名 字 的 方 式 来 升 级 。 代 码 和 使 用 方 式 见 < a href = "https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-client-go-sample" target = "_blank" > https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-client-go-sample< / a > 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "kubernetes-client-go-sample" > kubernetes-client-go-sample< / h2 >
< p > 代 码 如 下 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > package< / span > main
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > import< / span > (
< span class = "hljs-string" > " flag" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " fmt" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " os" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " path/filepath" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors" < / span >
metav1 < span class = "hljs-string" > " k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd" < / span >
)
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > main() {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > var< / span > kubeconfig *< span class = "hljs-keyword" > string< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > home := homeDir(); home != < span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > {
kubeconfig = flag.String(< span class = "hljs-string" > " kubeconfig" < / span > , filepath.Join(home, < span class = "hljs-string" > " .kube" < / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > " config" < / span > ), < span class = "hljs-string" > " (optional) absolute path to the kubeconfig file" < / span > )
} < span class = "hljs-keyword" > else< / span > {
kubeconfig = flag.String(< span class = "hljs-string" > " kubeconfig" < / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > " absolute path to the kubeconfig file" < / span > )
}
deploymentName := flag.String(< span class = "hljs-string" > " deployment" < / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > " deployment name" < / span > )
imageName := flag.String(< span class = "hljs-string" > " image" < / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > " new image name" < / span > )
appName := flag.String(< span class = "hljs-string" > " app" < / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > " app" < / span > , < span class = "hljs-string" > " application name" < / span > )
flag.Parse()
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > *deploymentName == < span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > {
fmt.Println(< span class = "hljs-string" > " You must specify the deployment name." < / span > )
os.Exit(< span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > )
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > *imageName == < span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > {
fmt.Println(< span class = "hljs-string" > " You must specify the new image name." < / span > )
os.Exit(< span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > )
}
< span class = "hljs-comment" > // use the current context in kubeconfig< / span >
config, err := clientcmd.BuildConfigFromFlags(< span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > , *kubeconfig)
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err != < span class = "hljs-literal" > nil< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > panic< / span > (err.Error())
}
< span class = "hljs-comment" > // create the clientset< / span >
clientset, err := kubernetes.NewForConfig(config)
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err != < span class = "hljs-literal" > nil< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > panic< / span > (err.Error())
}
deployment, err := clientset.AppsV1beta1().Deployments(< span class = "hljs-string" > " default" < / span > ).Get(*deploymentName, metav1.GetOptions{})
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err != < span class = "hljs-literal" > nil< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > panic< / span > (err.Error())
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > errors.IsNotFound(err) {
fmt.Printf(< span class = "hljs-string" > " Deployment not found\n" < / span > )
} < span class = "hljs-keyword" > else< / span > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > statusError, isStatus := err.(*errors.StatusError); isStatus {
fmt.Printf(< span class = "hljs-string" > " Error getting deployment%v\n" < / span > , statusError.ErrStatus.Message)
} < span class = "hljs-keyword" > else< / span > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err != < span class = "hljs-literal" > nil< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > panic< / span > (err.Error())
} < span class = "hljs-keyword" > else< / span > {
fmt.Printf(< span class = "hljs-string" > " Found deployment\n" < / span > )
name := deployment.GetName()
fmt.Println(< span class = "hljs-string" > " name -> " < / span > , name)
containers := & deployment.Spec.Template.Spec.Containers
found := < span class = "hljs-literal" > false< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > i := < span class = "hljs-keyword" > range< / span > *containers {
c := *containers
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > c[i].Name == *appName {
found = < span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span >
fmt.Println(< span class = "hljs-string" > " Old image -> " < / span > , c[i].Image)
fmt.Println(< span class = "hljs-string" > " New image -> " < / span > , *imageName)
c[i].Image = *imageName
}
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > found == < span class = "hljs-literal" > false< / span > {
fmt.Println(< span class = "hljs-string" > " The application container not exist in the deployment pods." < / span > )
os.Exit(< span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > )
}
_, err := clientset.AppsV1beta1().Deployments(< span class = "hljs-string" > " default" < / span > ).Update(deployment)
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err != < span class = "hljs-literal" > nil< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > panic< / span > (err.Error())
}
}
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > homeDir() < span class = "hljs-keyword" > string< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > h := os.Getenv(< span class = "hljs-string" > " HOME" < / span > ); h != < span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > h
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > os.Getenv(< span class = "hljs-string" > " USERPROFILE" < / span > ) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // windows< / span >
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 我 们 使 用 < code > kubeconfig< / code > 文 件 认 证 连 接 kubernetes集 群 ， 该 文 件 默 认 的 位 置 是 < code > $HOME/.kube/config< / code > 。 < / p >
< p > 该 代 码 编 译 后 可 以 直 接 在 kubernetes集 群 之 外 ， 任 何 一 个 可 以 连 接 到 API server的 机 器 上 运 行 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 编 译 运 行 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ go get github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-client-go-sample
$ < span class = "hljs-built_in" > cd< / span > < span class = "hljs-variable" > $GOPATH< / span > /src/github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-client-go-sample
$ make
$ ./update-deployment-image -h
Usage of ./update-deployment-image:
-alsologtostderr
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > log< / span > to standard error as well as files
-app string
application name (default < span class = "hljs-string" > " app" < / span > )
-deployment string
deployment name
-image string
new image name
-kubeconfig string
(optional) absolute path to the kubeconfig file (default < span class = "hljs-string" > " /Users/jimmy/.kube/config" < / span > )
-log_backtrace_at value
when logging hits line file:N, emit a stack trace
-log_dir string
If non-empty, write < span class = "hljs-built_in" > log< / span > files < span class = "hljs-keyword" > in< / span > this directory
-logtostderr
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > log< / span > to standard error instead of files
-stderrthreshold value
logs at or above this threshold go to stderr
-v value
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > log< / span > level < span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > V logs
-vmodule value
comma-separated list of pattern=N settings < span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > file-filtered logging
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 使 用 不 存 在 的 image更 新 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ ./update-deployment-image -deployment filebeat-test -image sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/analytics-docker-test:Build_9
Found deployment
name -> filebeat-test
Old image -> sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/analytics-docker-test:Build_8
New image -> sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/analytics-docker-test:Build_9
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 查 看 Deployment的 event。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Bash" > $ kubectl describe deployment filebeat-test
Name: filebeat-test
Namespace: default
CreationTimestamp: Fri, 19 May 2017 15:12:28 +0800
Labels: k8s-app=filebeat-test
Selector: k8s-app=filebeat-test
Replicas: 2 updated | 3 total | 2 available | 2 unavailable
StrategyType: RollingUpdate
M< span class = "hljs-keyword" > in< / span > ReadySeconds: 0
RollingUpdateStrategy: 1 max unavailable, 1 max surge
Conditions:
Type Status Reason
---- ------ ------
Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable
Progressing True ReplicaSetUpdated
OldReplicaSets: filebeat-test-2365467882 (2/2 replicas created)
NewReplicaSet: filebeat-test-2470325483 (2/2 replicas created)
Events:
FirstSeen LastSeen Count From SubObjectPath Type ReasoMessage
--------- -------- ----- ---- ------------- -------- ------------
2h 1m 3 {deployment-controller } Normal ScalingReplicaSet Scaled down replica < span class = "hljs-built_in" > set< / span > filebeat-test-2365467882 to 2
1m 1m 1 {deployment-controller } Normal ScalingReplicaSet Scaled up replica < span class = "hljs-built_in" > set< / span > filebeat-test-2470325483 to 1
1m 1m 1 {deployment-controller } Normal ScalingReplicaSet Scaled up replica < span class = "hljs-built_in" > set< / span > filebeat-test-2470325483 to 2
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 可 以 看 到 老 的 ReplicaSet从 3个 replica减 少 到 了 2个 ， 有 2个 使 用 新 配 置 的 replica不 可 用 ， 目 前 可 用 的 replica是 2个 。 < / p >
< p > 这 是 因 为 我 们 指 定 的 镜 像 不 存 在 ， 查 看 Deployment的 pod的 状 态 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl get pods < span class = "hljs-_" > -l< / span > k8s-app=filebeat-test
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
filebeat-test-2365467882-4zwx8 2/2 Running 0 33d
filebeat-test-2365467882-rqskl 2/2 Running 0 33d
filebeat-test-2470325483-6vjbw 1/2 ImagePullBackOff 0 4m
filebeat-test-2470325483-gc14k 1/2 ImagePullBackOff 0 4m
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 我 们 可 以 看 到 有 两 个 pod正 在 拉 取 image。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 还 原 为 原 先 的 镜 像 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 将 image设 置 为 原 来 的 镜 像 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ ./update-deployment-image -deployment filebeat-test -image sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/analytics-docker-test:Build_8
Found deployment
name -> filebeat-test
Old image -> sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/analytics-docker-test:Build_9
New image -> sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/analytics-docker-test:Build_8
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 现 在 再 查 看 Deployment的 状 态 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl describe deployment filebeat-test
Name: filebeat-test
Namespace: default
CreationTimestamp: Fri, 19 May 2017 15:12:28 +0800
Labels: k8s-app=filebeat-test
Selector: k8s-app=filebeat-test
Replicas: 3 updated | 3 total | 3 available | 0 unavailable
StrategyType: RollingUpdate
M< span class = "hljs-keyword" > in< / span > ReadySeconds: 0
RollingUpdateStrategy: 1 max unavailable, 1 max surge
Conditions:
Type Status Reason
---- ------ ------
Available True MinimumReplicasAvailable
Progressing True NewReplicaSetAvailable
OldReplicaSets: < none>
NewReplicaSet: filebeat-test-2365467882 (3/3 replicas created)
Events:
FirstSeen LastSeen Count From SubObjectPath Type ReasoMessage
--------- -------- ----- ---- ------------- -------- ------------
2h 8m 3 {deployment-controller } Normal ScalingReplicaSet Scaled down replica < span class = "hljs-built_in" > set< / span > filebeat-test-2365467882 to 2
8m 8m 1 {deployment-controller } Normal ScalingReplicaSet Scaled up replica < span class = "hljs-built_in" > set< / span > filebeat-test-2470325483 to 1
8m 8m 1 {deployment-controller } Normal ScalingReplicaSet Scaled up replica < span class = "hljs-built_in" > set< / span > filebeat-test-2470325483 to 2
2h 1m 3 {deployment-controller } Normal ScalingReplicaSet Scaled up replica < span class = "hljs-built_in" > set< / span > filebeat-test-2365467882 to 3
1m 1m 1 {deployment-controller } Normal ScalingReplicaSet Scaled down replica < span class = "hljs-built_in" > set< / span > filebeat-test-2470325483 to 0
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 可 以 看 到 available的 replica个 数 恢 复 成 3了 。 < / p >
< p > 其 实 在 使 用 该 命 令 的 过 程 中 ， 通 过 kubernetes dashboard的 页 面 上 查 看 Deployment的 状 态 更 直 观 ， 更 加 方 便 故 障 排 查 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.7.3.1" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-client-go-sample-update.jpg" alt = "使用kubernetes dashboard进行故障排查" > < figcaption > 图 片 - 使 用 kubernetes dashboard进 行 故 障 排 查 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 这 也 是 dashboard最 大 的 优 势 ， 简 单 、 直 接 、 高 效 。 < / p >
< footer class = "page-footer" > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © jimmysong.io 2017 all right reserved， powered by Gitbook< / span > < span class = "footer-modification" > Updated:
2017-08-21 18:23:34
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