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< title > 云原生的未来 · Kubernetes Handbook - Kubernetes中文指南/云原生应用架构实践手册 by Jimmy Song(宋净超)< / title >
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< a href = "https://jimmysong.io/istio-handbook" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > Istio Handbook - Istio 中文指南/服务网格实践手册< / a >
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< / li >
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< li >
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< a href = "https://jimmysong.io/posts/cloud-native-python" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > Cloud Native Python（ ） < / a >
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< / li >
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< li >
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< a href = "http://www.servicemesher.com" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > ServiceMesher社区< / a >
< / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://github.com/alipay/sofa-mesh" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > SOFAMesh - 基于Istio的大规模服务网格解决方案< / a >
< / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://jimmysong.io/posts/cloud-native-java" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > Cloud Native Java（ ） < / a >
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< / li >
< li >
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< a href = "https://github.com/alipay/sofa-mosn" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > SOFAMosn - Golang版的高性能Service Mesh Sidecar代理< / a >
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< / li >
< li >
< a href = "http://www.servicemesher.com/awesome-servicemesh" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > Awesome Service Mesh< / a >
< / li >
< li >
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< a href = "https://jimmysong.io" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > Jimmy Song< / a >
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< / li >
< li >
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< a href = "https://jimmysong.io/awesome-cloud-native" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > Awesome Cloud Native< / a >
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< / li >
< li >
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< a href = "https://jimmysong.io/posts/cloud-native-go" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > Cloud Native Go - 基于Go和React的web云原生应用构建指南< / a >
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< / li >
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< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li class = "header" > 前言< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.1" data-path = "../" >
< a href = "../" >
< b > 1.1.< / b >
序言
< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "header" > 云原生< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.1" data-path = "cloud-native-definition.html" >
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< a href = "cloud-native-definition.html" >
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< b > 2.1.< / b >
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云原生的定义
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.2" data-path = "cncf.html" >
< a href = "cncf.html" >
< b > 2.2.< / b >
CNCF - 云原生计算基金会简介
< / a >
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< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.3" data-path = "cncf-charter.html" >
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< a href = "cncf-charter.html" >
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< b > 2.3.< / b >
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CNCF章程
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< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.4" data-path = "cloud-native-philosophy.html" >
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< a href = "cloud-native-philosophy.html" >
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< b > 2.4.< / b >
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云原生的设计哲学
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.5" data-path = "play-with-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "play-with-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 2.5.< / b >
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Play with Kubernetes
< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.6" data-path = "cloud-native-local-quick-start.html" >
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< a href = "cloud-native-local-quick-start.html" >
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< b > 2.6.< / b >
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快速部署一个云原生本地实验环境
< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.7" data-path = "kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html" >
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< a href = "kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html" >
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< b > 2.7.< / b >
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Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.8" data-path = "from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html" >
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< a href = "from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html" >
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< b > 2.8.< / b >
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云原生应用之路——从Kubernetes到Cloud Native
< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9" data-path = "cloud-native-programming-languages.html" >
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< a href = "cloud-native-programming-languages.html" >
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< b > 2.9.< / b >
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云原生编程语言
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9.1" data-path = "cloud-native-programming-language-ballerina.html" >
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< a href = "cloud-native-programming-language-ballerina.html" >
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< b > 2.9.1.< / b >
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云原生编程语言Ballerina
< / a >
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< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9.2" data-path = "cloud-native-programming-language-pulumi.html" >
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< a href = "cloud-native-programming-language-pulumi.html" >
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< b > 2.9.2.< / b >
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云原生编程语言Pulumi
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
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< / li >
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< li class = "chapter active" data-level = "2.10" data-path = "the-future-of-cloud-native.html" >
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< a href = "the-future-of-cloud-native.html" >
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< b > 2.10.< / b >
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云原生的未来
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 概念与原理< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1" data-path = "../concepts/" >
< a href = "../concepts/" >
< b > 3.1.< / b >
Kubernetes架构
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.1" data-path = "../concepts/concepts.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/concepts.html" >
< b > 3.1.1.< / b >
设计理念
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.2" data-path = "../concepts/etcd.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/etcd.html" >
< b > 3.1.2.< / b >
Etcd解析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.3" data-path = "../concepts/open-interfaces.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/open-interfaces.html" >
< b > 3.1.3.< / b >
开放接口
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.3.1" data-path = "../concepts/cri.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cri.html" >
< b > 3.1.3.1.< / b >
CRI - Container Runtime Interface（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.3.2" data-path = "../concepts/cni.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cni.html" >
< b > 3.1.3.2.< / b >
CNI - Container Network Interface（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.3.3" data-path = "../concepts/csi.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/csi.html" >
< b > 3.1.3.3.< / b >
CSI - Container Storage Interface（ ）
< / a >
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< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2" data-path = "../concepts/networking.html" >
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< a href = "../concepts/networking.html" >
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< b > 3.2.< / b >
Kubernetes中的网络
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< / a >
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< ul class = "articles" >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2.1" data-path = "../concepts/flannel.html" >
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< a href = "../concepts/flannel.html" >
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< b > 3.2.1.< / b >
Kubernetes中的网络解析——以flannel为例
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2.2" data-path = "../concepts/calico.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/calico.html" >
< b > 3.2.2.< / b >
Kubernetes中的网络解析——以calico为例
< / a >
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2.3" data-path = "../concepts/cilium.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cilium.html" >
< b > 3.2.3.< / b >
具备API感知的网络和安全性管理开源软件Cilium
< / a >
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< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2.3.1" data-path = "../concepts/cilium-concepts.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cilium-concepts.html" >
< b > 3.2.3.1.< / b >
Cilium架构设计与概念解析
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< / ul >
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< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.3" data-path = "../concepts/objects.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/objects.html" >
< b > 3.3.< / b >
资源对象与基本概念解析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4" data-path = "../concepts/pod-state-and-lifecycle.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-state-and-lifecycle.html" >
< b > 3.4.< / b >
Pod状态与生命周期管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.1" data-path = "../concepts/pod-overview.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-overview.html" >
< b > 3.4.1.< / b >
Pod概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.2" data-path = "../concepts/pod.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod.html" >
< b > 3.4.2.< / b >
Pod解析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.3" data-path = "../concepts/init-containers.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/init-containers.html" >
< b > 3.4.3.< / b >
Init容器
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.4" data-path = "../concepts/pause-container.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pause-container.html" >
< b > 3.4.4.< / b >
Pause容器
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.5" data-path = "../concepts/pod-security-policy.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-security-policy.html" >
< b > 3.4.5.< / b >
Pod安全策略
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.6" data-path = "../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html" >
< b > 3.4.6.< / b >
Pod的生命周期
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.7" data-path = "../concepts/pod-hook.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-hook.html" >
< b > 3.4.7.< / b >
Pod Hook
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.8" data-path = "../concepts/pod-preset.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-preset.html" >
< b > 3.4.8.< / b >
Pod Preset
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.9" data-path = "../concepts/pod-disruption-budget.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-disruption-budget.html" >
< b > 3.4.9.< / b >
Pod中断与PDB（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5" data-path = "../concepts/cluster.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cluster.html" >
< b > 3.5.< / b >
集群资源管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.1" data-path = "../concepts/node.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/node.html" >
< b > 3.5.1.< / b >
Node
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.2" data-path = "../concepts/namespace.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/namespace.html" >
< b > 3.5.2.< / b >
Namespace
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.3" data-path = "../concepts/label.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/label.html" >
< b > 3.5.3.< / b >
Label
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.4" data-path = "../concepts/annotation.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/annotation.html" >
< b > 3.5.4.< / b >
Annotation
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.5" data-path = "../concepts/taint-and-toleration.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/taint-and-toleration.html" >
< b > 3.5.5.< / b >
Taint和Toleration（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.6" data-path = "../concepts/garbage-collection.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/garbage-collection.html" >
< b > 3.5.6.< / b >
垃圾收集
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6" data-path = "../concepts/controllers.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/controllers.html" >
< b > 3.6.< / b >
控制器
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.1" data-path = "../concepts/deployment.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/deployment.html" >
< b > 3.6.1.< / b >
Deployment
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.2" data-path = "../concepts/statefulset.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/statefulset.html" >
< b > 3.6.2.< / b >
StatefulSet
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.3" data-path = "../concepts/daemonset.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/daemonset.html" >
< b > 3.6.3.< / b >
DaemonSet
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.4" data-path = "../concepts/replicaset.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/replicaset.html" >
< b > 3.6.4.< / b >
ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.5" data-path = "../concepts/job.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/job.html" >
< b > 3.6.5.< / b >
Job
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.6" data-path = "../concepts/cronjob.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cronjob.html" >
< b > 3.6.6.< / b >
CronJob
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.7" data-path = "../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html" >
< b > 3.6.7.< / b >
Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.7.1" data-path = "../concepts/custom-metrics-hpa.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/custom-metrics-hpa.html" >
< b > 3.6.7.1.< / b >
自定义指标HPA
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.8" data-path = "../concepts/admission-controller.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/admission-controller.html" >
< b > 3.6.8.< / b >
准入控制器（ ）
< / a >
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< / li >
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7" data-path = "../concepts/service-discovery.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/service-discovery.html" >
< b > 3.7.< / b >
服务发现
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7.1" data-path = "../concepts/service.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/service.html" >
< b > 3.7.1.< / b >
Service
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7.2" data-path = "../concepts/ingress.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/ingress.html" >
< b > 3.7.2.< / b >
Ingress
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7.2.1" data-path = "../concepts/traefik-ingress-controller.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/traefik-ingress-controller.html" >
< b > 3.7.2.1.< / b >
Traefik Ingress Controller
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.8" data-path = "../concepts/authentication-and-permission.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/authentication-and-permission.html" >
< b > 3.8.< / b >
身份与权限控制
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.8.1" data-path = "../concepts/serviceaccount.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/serviceaccount.html" >
< b > 3.8.1.< / b >
ServiceAccount
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.8.2" data-path = "../concepts/rbac.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/rbac.html" >
< b > 3.8.2.< / b >
RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.8.3" data-path = "../concepts/network-policy.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/network-policy.html" >
< b > 3.8.3.< / b >
NetworkPolicy
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9" data-path = "../concepts/storage.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/storage.html" >
< b > 3.9.< / b >
存储
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.1" data-path = "../concepts/secret.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/secret.html" >
< b > 3.9.1.< / b >
Secret
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.2" data-path = "../concepts/configmap.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/configmap.html" >
< b > 3.9.2.< / b >
ConfigMap
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.2.1" data-path = "../concepts/configmap-hot-update.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/configmap-hot-update.html" >
< b > 3.9.2.1.< / b >
ConfigMap的热更新
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.3" data-path = "../concepts/volume.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/volume.html" >
< b > 3.9.3.< / b >
Volume
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.4" data-path = "../concepts/persistent-volume.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/persistent-volume.html" >
< b > 3.9.4.< / b >
Persistent Volume（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.5" data-path = "../concepts/storageclass.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/storageclass.html" >
< b > 3.9.5.< / b >
Storage Class
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.6" data-path = "../concepts/local-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/local-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 3.9.6.< / b >
本地持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10" data-path = "../concepts/extension.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/extension.html" >
< b > 3.10.< / b >
集群扩展
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.1" data-path = "../concepts/custom-resource.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/custom-resource.html" >
< b > 3.10.1.< / b >
使用自定义资源扩展API
< / a >
< / li >
2018-11-01 17:58:26 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.2" data-path = "../concepts/crd.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
2018-11-01 17:58:26 +08:00
< a href = "../concepts/crd.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< b > 3.10.2.< / b >
2018-11-01 17:58:26 +08:00
使用CRD扩展Kubernetes API
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.3" data-path = "../concepts/aggregated-api-server.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/aggregated-api-server.html" >
< b > 3.10.3.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Aggregated API Server
< / a >
< / li >
2018-11-01 17:58:26 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.4" data-path = "../concepts/apiservice.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../concepts/apiservice.html" >
2018-11-01 17:58:26 +08:00
< b > 3.10.4.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
APIService
< / a >
< / li >
2018-11-01 17:58:26 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.5" data-path = "../concepts/service-catalog.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../concepts/service-catalog.html" >
2018-11-01 17:58:26 +08:00
< b > 3.10.5.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Service Catalog
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.11" data-path = "../concepts/scheduling.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/scheduling.html" >
< b > 3.11.< / b >
资源调度
< / a >
2018-10-09 11:53:49 +08:00
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.11.1" data-path = "../concepts/qos.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/qos.html" >
< b > 3.11.1.< / b >
QoS（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 用户指南< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.1" data-path = "../guide/" >
< a href = "../guide/" >
< b > 4.1.< / b >
用户指南
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2" data-path = "../guide/resource-configuration.html" >
< a href = "../guide/resource-configuration.html" >
< b > 4.2.< / b >
资源对象配置
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2.1" data-path = "../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html" >
< a href = "../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html" >
< b > 4.2.1.< / b >
配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2.2" data-path = "../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html" >
< a href = "../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html" >
< b > 4.2.2.< / b >
配置Pod的Service Account
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2.3" data-path = "../guide/secret-configuration.html" >
< a href = "../guide/secret-configuration.html" >
< b > 4.2.3.< / b >
Secret配置
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2.4" data-path = "../guide/resource-quota-management.html" >
< a href = "../guide/resource-quota-management.html" >
< b > 4.2.4.< / b >
管理namespace中的资源配额
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3" data-path = "../guide/command-usage.html" >
< a href = "../guide/command-usage.html" >
< b > 4.3.< / b >
命令使用
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3.1" data-path = "../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html" >
< a href = "../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html" >
< b > 4.3.1.< / b >
2018-10-09 11:53:49 +08:00
Docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3.2" data-path = "../guide/using-kubectl.html" >
< a href = "../guide/using-kubectl.html" >
< b > 4.3.2.< / b >
kubectl命令概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3.3" data-path = "../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html" >
< b > 4.3.3.< / b >
kubectl命令技巧大全
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3.4" data-path = "../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html" >
< a href = "../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html" >
< b > 4.3.4.< / b >
使用etcdctl访问kubernetes数据
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4" data-path = "../guide/cluster-security-management.html" >
< a href = "../guide/cluster-security-management.html" >
< b > 4.4.< / b >
集群安全性管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.1" data-path = "../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.4.1.< / b >
管理集群中的TLS
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.2" data-path = "../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html" >
< b > 4.4.2.< / b >
kubelet的认证授权
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.3" data-path = "../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html" >
< a href = "../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html" >
< b > 4.4.3.< / b >
TLS bootstrap
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.4" data-path = "../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html" >
< b > 4.4.4.< / b >
创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.5" data-path = "../guide/ip-masq-agent.html" >
< a href = "../guide/ip-masq-agent.html" >
< b > 4.4.5.< / b >
IP伪装代理
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.6" data-path = "../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html" >
< a href = "../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html" >
< b > 4.4.6.< / b >
使用kubeconfig或token进行用户身份认证
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.7" data-path = "../guide/authentication.html" >
< a href = "../guide/authentication.html" >
< b > 4.4.7.< / b >
Kubernetes中的用户与身份认证授权
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.8" data-path = "../guide/kubernetes-security-best-practice.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubernetes-security-best-practice.html" >
< b > 4.4.8.< / b >
Kubernetes集群安全性配置最佳实践
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5" data-path = "../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.5.< / b >
访问Kubernetes集群
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.1" data-path = "../guide/access-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/access-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.5.1.< / b >
访问集群
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.2" data-path = "../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html" >
< a href = "../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html" >
< b > 4.5.2.< / b >
使用kubeconfig文件配置跨集群认证
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.3" data-path = "../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html" >
< a href = "../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html" >
< b > 4.5.3.< / b >
通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.4" data-path = "../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.5.4.< / b >
使用service访问群集中的应用程序
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.5" data-path = "../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.5.5.< / b >
从外部访问Kubernetes中的Pod
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.6" data-path = "../guide/cabin-mobile-dashboard-for-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "../guide/cabin-mobile-dashboard-for-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 4.5.6.< / b >
Cabin - Kubernetes手机客户端
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.7" data-path = "../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html" >
< b > 4.5.7.< / b >
Kubernetic - Kubernetes桌面客户端
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.8" data-path = "../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html" >
< b > 4.5.8.< / b >
Kubernator - 更底层的Kubernetes UI
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.6" data-path = "../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html" >
< a href = "../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html" >
< b > 4.6.< / b >
在Kubernetes中开发部署应用
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.6.1" data-path = "../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 4.6.1.< / b >
适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.6.2" data-path = "../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 4.6.2.< / b >
迁移传统应用到Kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.6.3" data-path = "../guide/using-statefulset.html" >
< a href = "../guide/using-statefulset.html" >
< b > 4.6.3.< / b >
使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 最佳实践< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.1" data-path = "../practice/" >
< a href = "../practice/" >
< b > 5.1.< / b >
最佳实践概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2" data-path = "../practice/install-kubernetes-on-centos.html" >
< a href = "../practice/install-kubernetes-on-centos.html" >
< b > 5.2.< / b >
在CentOS上部署Kubernetes集群
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.1" data-path = "../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html" >
< a href = "../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html" >
< b > 5.2.1.< / b >
创建TLS证书和秘钥
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.2" data-path = "../practice/create-kubeconfig.html" >
< a href = "../practice/create-kubeconfig.html" >
< b > 5.2.2.< / b >
创建kubeconfig文件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.3" data-path = "../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.3.< / b >
创建高可用etcd集群
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.4" data-path = "../practice/kubectl-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/kubectl-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.4.< / b >
安装kubectl命令行工具
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.5" data-path = "../practice/master-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/master-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.5.< / b >
部署master节点
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.6" data-path = "../practice/flannel-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/flannel-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.6.< / b >
安装flannel网络插件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.7" data-path = "../practice/node-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/node-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.7.< / b >
部署node节点
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.8" data-path = "../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.8.< / b >
安装kubedns插件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.9" data-path = "../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.9.< / b >
安装dashboard插件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.10" data-path = "../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.10.< / b >
安装heapster插件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.11" data-path = "../practice/efk-addon-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/efk-addon-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.11.< / b >
安装EFK插件
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.3" data-path = "../practice/install-kubernetes-with-kubeadm.html" >
< a href = "../practice/install-kubernetes-with-kubeadm.html" >
< b > 5.3.< / b >
2018-12-04 12:57:02 +08:00
生产级的Kubernetes简化管理工具kubeadm
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.3.1" data-path = "../practice/install-kubernetes-on-ubuntu-server-16.04-with-kubeadm.html" >
< a href = "../practice/install-kubernetes-on-ubuntu-server-16.04-with-kubeadm.html" >
< b > 5.3.1.< / b >
使用kubeadm在Ubuntu Server 16.04上快速构建测试集群
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4" data-path = "../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html" >
< a href = "../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html" >
< b > 5.4.< / b >
服务发现与负载均衡
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.1" data-path = "../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html" >
< b > 5.4.1.< / b >
安装Traefik ingress
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.2" data-path = "../practice/distributed-load-test.html" >
< a href = "../practice/distributed-load-test.html" >
< b > 5.4.2.< / b >
分布式负载测试
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.3" data-path = "../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html" >
< a href = "../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html" >
< b > 5.4.3.< / b >
网络和集群性能测试
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.4" data-path = "../practice/edge-node-configuration.html" >
< a href = "../practice/edge-node-configuration.html" >
< b > 5.4.4.< / b >
边缘节点配置
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.5" data-path = "../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
< b > 5.4.5.< / b >
安装Nginx ingress
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.6" data-path = "../practice/dns-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/dns-installation.html" >
< b > 5.4.6.< / b >
安装配置DNS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.6.1" data-path = "../practice/configuring-dns.html" >
< a href = "../practice/configuring-dns.html" >
< b > 5.4.6.1.< / b >
安装配置Kube-dns
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.6.2" data-path = "../practice/coredns.html" >
< a href = "../practice/coredns.html" >
< b > 5.4.6.2.< / b >
安装配置CoreDNS
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5" data-path = "../practice/operation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/operation.html" >
< b > 5.5.< / b >
运维管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.1" data-path = "../practice/master-ha.html" >
< a href = "../practice/master-ha.html" >
< b > 5.5.1.< / b >
Master节点高可用
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.2" data-path = "../practice/service-rolling-update.html" >
< a href = "../practice/service-rolling-update.html" >
< b > 5.5.2.< / b >
服务滚动升级
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.3" data-path = "../practice/app-log-collection.html" >
< a href = "../practice/app-log-collection.html" >
< b > 5.5.3.< / b >
应用日志收集
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.4" data-path = "../practice/configuration-best-practice.html" >
< a href = "../practice/configuration-best-practice.html" >
< b > 5.5.4.< / b >
配置最佳实践
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.5" data-path = "../practice/monitor.html" >
< a href = "../practice/monitor.html" >
< b > 5.5.5.< / b >
集群及应用监控
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.6" data-path = "../practice/data-persistence-problem.html" >
< a href = "../practice/data-persistence-problem.html" >
< b > 5.5.6.< / b >
数据持久化问题
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.7" data-path = "../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
< a href = "../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
< b > 5.5.7.< / b >
管理容器的计算资源
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.8" data-path = "../practice/federation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/federation.html" >
< b > 5.5.8.< / b >
集群联邦
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6" data-path = "../practice/storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.< / b >
存储管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.1" data-path = "../practice/glusterfs.html" >
< a href = "../practice/glusterfs.html" >
< b > 5.6.1.< / b >
GlusterFS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.1.1" data-path = "../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.1.1.< / b >
使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.1.2" data-path = "../practice/using-heketi-gluster-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-heketi-gluster-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.1.2.< / b >
2018-10-09 14:04:25 +08:00
使用Heketi作为Kubernetes的持久存储GlusterFS的external provisioner
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.1.3" data-path = "../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
< a href = "../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
< b > 5.6.1.3.< / b >
在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.2" data-path = "../practice/glusterd-2.0.html" >
< a href = "../practice/glusterd-2.0.html" >
< b > 5.6.2.< / b >
GlusterD-2.0
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.3" data-path = "../practice/ceph.html" >
< a href = "../practice/ceph.html" >
< b > 5.6.3.< / b >
Ceph
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.3.1" data-path = "../practice/ceph-helm-install-guide-zh.html" >
< a href = "../practice/ceph-helm-install-guide-zh.html" >
< b > 5.6.3.1.< / b >
用Helm托管安装Ceph集群并提供后端存储
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.3.2" data-path = "../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.3.2.< / b >
使用Ceph做持久化存储
< / a >
2018-10-15 14:20:09 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.3.3" data-path = "../practice/rbd-provisioner.html" >
< a href = "../practice/rbd-provisioner.html" >
< b > 5.6.3.3.< / b >
使用rbd-provisioner提供rbd持久化存储
< / a >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.4" data-path = "../practice/openebs.html" >
< a href = "../practice/openebs.html" >
< b > 5.6.4.< / b >
OpenEBS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.4.1" data-path = "../practice/using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.4.1.< / b >
使用OpenEBS做持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.5" data-path = "../practice/rook.html" >
< a href = "../practice/rook.html" >
< b > 5.6.5.< / b >
Rook
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.6" data-path = "../practice/nfs.html" >
< a href = "../practice/nfs.html" >
< b > 5.6.6.< / b >
NFS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.6.1" data-path = "../practice/using-nfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-nfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.6.1.< / b >
利用NFS动态提供Kubernetes后端存储卷
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7" data-path = "../practice/monitoring.html" >
< a href = "../practice/monitoring.html" >
< b > 5.7.< / b >
集群与应用监控
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.1" data-path = "../practice/heapster.html" >
< a href = "../practice/heapster.html" >
< b > 5.7.1.< / b >
Heapster
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.1.1" data-path = "../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
< b > 5.7.1.1.< / b >
使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.2" data-path = "../practice/prometheus.html" >
< a href = "../practice/prometheus.html" >
< b > 5.7.2.< / b >
Prometheus
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.2.1" data-path = "../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
< b > 5.7.2.1.< / b >
使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
< / a >
2018-10-19 15:44:38 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.2.2" data-path = "../practice/promql.html" >
< a href = "../practice/promql.html" >
< b > 5.7.2.2.< / b >
Prometheus查询语言PromQL使用说明
< / a >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
2018-06-20 15:02:23 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.3" data-path = "../practice/vistio-visualize-your-istio-mesh.html" >
< a href = "../practice/vistio-visualize-your-istio-mesh.html" >
< b > 5.7.3.< / b >
使用Vistio监控Istio服务网格中的流量
< / a >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.8" data-path = "../practice/distributed-tracing.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< a href = "../practice/distributed-tracing.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< b > 5.8.< / b >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
分布式跟踪
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.8.1" data-path = "../practice/opentracing.html" >
< a href = "../practice/opentracing.html" >
< b > 5.8.1.< / b >
OpenTracing
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.9" data-path = "../practice/services-management-tool.html" >
< a href = "../practice/services-management-tool.html" >
< b > 5.9.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
服务编排管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.9.1" data-path = "../practice/helm.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../practice/helm.html" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< b > 5.9.1.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
2018-10-09 14:04:25 +08:00
使用Helm管理Kubernetes应用
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / a >
< / li >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.9.2" data-path = "../practice/create-private-charts-repo.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../practice/create-private-charts-repo.html" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< b > 5.9.2.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
构建私有Chart仓库
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10" data-path = "../practice/ci-cd.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../practice/ci-cd.html" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< b > 5.10.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
持续集成与发布
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10.1" data-path = "../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< b > 5.10.1.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
< / a >
< / li >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10.2" data-path = "../practice/drone-ci-cd.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../practice/drone-ci-cd.html" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< b > 5.10.2.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.11" data-path = "../practice/update-and-upgrade.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../practice/update-and-upgrade.html" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< b > 5.11.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
更新与升级
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.11.1" data-path = "../practice/manually-upgrade.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../practice/manually-upgrade.html" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< b > 5.11.1.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
手动升级Kubernetes集群
< / a >
< / li >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.11.2" data-path = "../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html" >
2018-10-24 20:34:59 +08:00
< b > 5.11.2.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
升级dashboard
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 领域应用< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.1" data-path = "../usecases/" >
< a href = "../usecases/" >
< b > 6.1.< / b >
领域应用概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.2" data-path = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
< b > 6.2.< / b >
微服务架构
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.2.1" data-path = "../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
< b > 6.2.1.< / b >
微服务中的服务发现
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.2.2" data-path = "../usecases/microservices-for-java-developers.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/microservices-for-java-developers.html" >
< b > 6.2.2.< / b >
使用Java构建微服务并发布到Kubernetes平台
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.2.2.1" data-path = "../usecases/spring-boot-quick-start-guide.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/spring-boot-quick-start-guide.html" >
< b > 6.2.2.1.< / b >
Spring Boot快速开始指南
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3" data-path = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
< b > 6.3.< / b >
Service Mesh 服务网格
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.1" data-path = "../usecases/the-enterprise-path-to-service-mesh-architectures.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/the-enterprise-path-to-service-mesh-architectures.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< b > 6.3.1.< / b >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
企业级服务网格架构
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.1.1" data-path = "../usecases/service-mesh-fundamental.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh-fundamental.html" >
< b > 6.3.1.1.< / b >
Service Mesh基础
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.1.2" data-path = "../usecases/comparing-service-mesh-technologies.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/comparing-service-mesh-technologies.html" >
< b > 6.3.1.2.< / b >
Service Mesh技术对比
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.1.3" data-path = "../usecases/service-mesh-adoption-and-evolution.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh-adoption-and-evolution.html" >
< b > 6.3.1.3.< / b >
采纳和演进
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.1.4" data-path = "../usecases/service-mesh-customization-and-integration.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh-customization-and-integration.html" >
< b > 6.3.1.4.< / b >
定制和集成
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.1.5" data-path = "../usecases/service-mesh-conclusion.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh-conclusion.html" >
< b > 6.3.1.5.< / b >
总结
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2" data-path = "../usecases/istio.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/istio.html" >
< b > 6.3.2.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Istio
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2.1" data-path = "../usecases/istio-installation.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/istio-installation.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.2.1.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
安装并试用Istio service mesh
< / a >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2.2" data-path = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.2.2.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
配置请求的路由规则
< / a >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2.3" data-path = "../usecases/install-and-expand-istio-mesh.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/install-and-expand-istio-mesh.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.2.3.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
安装和拓展Istio service mesh
< / a >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2.4" data-path = "../usecases/integrating-vms.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/integrating-vms.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.2.4.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
集成虚拟机
< / a >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2.5" data-path = "../usecases/sidecar-spec-in-istio.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/sidecar-spec-in-istio.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.2.5.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Istio中sidecar的注入规范及示例
< / a >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2.6" data-path = "../usecases/istio-community-tips.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/istio-community-tips.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.2.6.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
如何参与Istio社区及注意事项
< / a >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2.7" data-path = "../usecases/istio-tutorial.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/istio-tutorial.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.2.7.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
2018-08-06 20:34:10 +08:00
Istio教程
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / a >
2018-08-29 16:29:18 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2.8" data-path = "../usecases/istio-tutorials-collection.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/istio-tutorials-collection.html" >
< b > 6.3.2.8.< / b >
Istio免费学习资源汇总
< / a >
2018-09-17 11:49:14 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.2.9" data-path = "../usecases/understand-sidecar-injection-and-traffic-hijack-in-istio-service-mesh.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/understand-sidecar-injection-and-traffic-hijack-in-istio-service-mesh.html" >
< b > 6.3.2.9.< / b >
深入理解Istio中的Sidecar注入与流量劫持
< / a >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.3" data-path = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.3.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Linkerd
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.3.1" data-path = "../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.3.1.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Linkerd 使用指南
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.4" data-path = "../usecases/conduit.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/conduit.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.4.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Conduit
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.4.1" data-path = "../usecases/conduit-overview.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/conduit-overview.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.4.1.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Condiut概览
< / a >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.4.2" data-path = "../usecases/conduit-installation.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/conduit-installation.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.4.2.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
安装Conduit
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.5" data-path = "../usecases/envoy.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/envoy.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.5.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Envoy
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.5.1" data-path = "../usecases/envoy-terminology.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/envoy-terminology.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.5.1.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Envoy的架构与基本术语
< / a >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.5.2" data-path = "../usecases/envoy-front-proxy.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/envoy-front-proxy.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.5.2.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Envoy作为前端代理
< / a >
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.5.3" data-path = "../usecases/envoy-mesh-in-kubernetes-tutorial.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/envoy-mesh-in-kubernetes-tutorial.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.5.3.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Envoy mesh教程
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
2018-07-17 11:17:05 +08:00
< / li >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.6" data-path = "../usecases/sofamesh.html" >
2018-07-17 11:17:05 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/sofamesh.html" >
2018-08-20 19:31:01 +08:00
< b > 6.3.6.< / b >
2018-07-17 11:17:05 +08:00
SOFAMesh
< / a >
2018-09-19 21:42:26 +08:00
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.6.1" data-path = "../usecases/dubbo-on-x-protocol-in-sofa-mesh.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/dubbo-on-x-protocol-in-sofa-mesh.html" >
< b > 6.3.6.1.< / b >
SOFAMesh中的Dubbo on x-protocol
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.7" data-path = "../usecases/sofamosn.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/sofamosn.html" >
< b > 6.3.7.< / b >
SOFAMosn
< / a >
2018-10-19 22:44:16 +08:00
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3.7.1" data-path = "../usecases/sofamosn-in-sofamesh.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/sofamosn-in-sofamesh.html" >
< b > 6.3.7.1.< / b >
使用 SOFAMosn 构建 SOFAMesh
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4" data-path = "../usecases/big-data.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/big-data.html" >
< b > 6.4.< / b >
大数据
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.1" data-path = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 6.4.1.< / b >
Spark standalone on Kubernetes
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.2" data-path = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.< / b >
运行支持Kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.5" data-path = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
< b > 6.5.< / b >
Serverless架构
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.5.1" data-path = "../usecases/understanding-serverless.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/understanding-serverless.html" >
< b > 6.5.1.< / b >
理解Serverless
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.5.2" data-path = "../usecases/faas.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/faas.html" >
< b > 6.5.2.< / b >
FaaS-函数即服务
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.5.2.1" data-path = "../usecases/openfaas-quick-start.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/openfaas-quick-start.html" >
< b > 6.5.2.1.< / b >
OpenFaaS快速入门指南
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.6" data-path = "../usecases/edge-computing.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/edge-computing.html" >
< b > 6.6.< / b >
边缘计算
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.7" data-path = "../usecases/ai.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/ai.html" >
< b > 6.7.< / b >
人工智能
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 开发指南< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.1" data-path = "../develop/" >
< a href = "../develop/" >
< b > 7.1.< / b >
开发指南概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.2" data-path = "../develop/sigs-and-working-group.html" >
< a href = "../develop/sigs-and-working-group.html" >
< b > 7.2.< / b >
SIG和工作组
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.3" data-path = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
< a href = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
< b > 7.3.< / b >
开发环境搭建
< / a >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< ul class = "articles" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.3.1" data-path = "../develop/using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../develop/using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html" >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< b > 7.3.1.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
本地分布式开发环境搭建（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.4" data-path = "../develop/testing.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../develop/testing.html" >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< b > 7.4.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
单元测试和集成测试
< / a >
< / li >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.5" data-path = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< b > 7.5.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
client-go示例
< / a >
< / li >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.6" data-path = "../develop/operator.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../develop/operator.html" >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< b > 7.6.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Operator
< / a >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< ul class = "articles" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.6.1" data-path = "../develop/operator-sdk.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../develop/operator-sdk.html" >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< b > 7.6.1.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
operator-sdk
< / a >
< / li >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.7" data-path = "../develop/kubebuilder.html" >
< a href = "../develop/kubebuilder.html" >
< b > 7.7.< / b >
kubebuilder
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.8" data-path = "../develop/advance-developer.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../develop/advance-developer.html" >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< b > 7.8.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
高级开发指南
< / a >
< / li >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.9" data-path = "../develop/contribute.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../develop/contribute.html" >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< b > 7.9.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
社区贡献
< / a >
< / li >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.10" data-path = "../develop/minikube.html" >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< a href = "../develop/minikube.html" >
2018-11-26 17:18:36 +08:00
< b > 7.10.< / b >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
Minikube
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 附录< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.1" data-path = "../appendix/" >
< a href = "../appendix/" >
< b > 8.1.< / b >
附录说明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.2" data-path = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
< b > 8.2.< / b >
Kubernetes中的应用故障排查
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.3" data-path = "../appendix/material-share.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/material-share.html" >
< b > 8.3.< / b >
Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.4" data-path = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
< b > 8.4.< / b >
Docker最佳实践
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.5" data-path = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
< b > 8.5.< / b >
使用技巧
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.6" data-path = "../appendix/issues.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/issues.html" >
< b > 8.6.< / b >
问题记录
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-changelog.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-changelog.html" >
< b > 8.7.< / b >
Kubernetes版本更新日志
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7.1" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.7-changelog.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.7-changelog.html" >
< b > 8.7.1.< / b >
Kubernetes1.7更新日志
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7.2" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.8-changelog.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.8-changelog.html" >
< b > 8.7.2.< / b >
Kubernetes1.8更新日志
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7.3" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.9-changelog.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.9-changelog.html" >
< b > 8.7.3.< / b >
Kubernetes1.9更新日志
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7.4" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.10-changelog.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.10-changelog.html" >
< b > 8.7.4.< / b >
Kubernetes1.10更新日志
< / a >
2018-07-02 23:19:37 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7.5" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.11-changelog.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.11-changelog.html" >
< b > 8.7.5.< / b >
Kubernetes1.11更新日志
< / a >
2018-09-28 10:59:50 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7.6" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.12-changelog.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.12-changelog.html" >
< b > 8.7.6.< / b >
Kubernetes1.12更新日志
< / a >
2018-12-04 12:57:02 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7.7" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.13-changelog.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-1.13-changelog.html" >
< b > 8.7.7.< / b >
Kubernetes1.13更新日志
< / a >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.8" data-path = "../appendix/summary-and-outlook.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/summary-and-outlook.html" >
< b > 8.8.< / b >
Kubernetes及云原生年度总结及展望
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.8.1" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html" >
< b > 8.8.1.< / b >
Kubernetes与云原生2017年年终总结及2018年展望
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.9" data-path = "../appendix/about-kcsp.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/about-kcsp.html" >
< b > 8.9.< / b >
Kubernetes认证服务提供商（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.10" data-path = "../appendix/about-cka-candidate.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/about-cka-candidate.html" >
< b > 8.10.< / b >
认证Kubernetes管理员（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://www.gitbook.com" target = "blank" class = "gitbook-link" >
本书使用 GitBook 发布
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / div >
< div class = "book-body" >
< div class = "body-inner" >
< div class = "book-header" role = "navigation" >
<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
< i class = "fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin" > < / i >
< a href = ".." > 云原生的未来< / a >
< / h1 >
< / div >
< div class = "page-wrapper" tabindex = "-1" role = "main" >
< div class = "page-inner" >
< div class = "search-plus" id = "book-search-results" >
< div class = "search-noresults" >
< section class = "normal markdown-section" >
2018-09-25 22:13:40 +08:00
< html > < head > < / head > < body > < h1 id = "云原生的未来" > 云 原 生 的 未 来 < / h1 >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< p > 要 想 搞 明 云 原 生 的 未 来 ， 首 先 我 们 要 弄 明 白 云 原 生 是 什 么 。 CNCF给 出 的 定 义 是 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 容 器 化 < / li >
< li > 微 服 务 < / li >
< li > 容 器 可 以 动 态 调 度 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 我 认 为 云 原 生 实 际 上 是 一 种 理 念 或 者 说 是 方 法 论 ， 它 包 括 如 下 四 个 方 面 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 容 器 化 ： 作 为 应 用 包 装 的 载 体 < / li >
< li > 持 续 交 付 ： 利 用 容 器 的 轻 便 的 特 性 ， 构 建 持 续 集 成 和 持 续 发 布 的 流 水 线 < / li >
< li > DevOps： 开 发 与 运 维 之 间 的 协 同 ， 上 升 到 一 种 文 化 的 层 次 ， 能 够 让 应 用 快 速 的 部 署 和 发 布 < / li >
< li > 微 服 务 ： 这 是 应 用 开 发 的 一 种 理 念 ， 将 单 体 应 用 拆 分 为 微 服 务 才 能 更 好 的 实 现 云 原 生 ， 才 能 独 立 的 部 署 、 扩 展 和 更 新 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 一 句 话 解 释 什 么 是 云 原 生 应 用 ： 云 原 生 应 用 就 是 为 了 在 云 上 运 行 而 开 发 的 应 用 < / p >
2018-12-22 21:28:26 +08:00
< figure id = "fig2.10.1" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr4z08j6oj31p20w2n6n.jpg" data-lightbox = "042d40d0-eae7-4dab-a475-c26080ff2825" data-title = "Kubernetes 云原生的操作系统" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr4z08j6oj31p20w2n6n.jpg" alt = "Kubernetes 云原生的操作系统" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - Kubernetes 云 原 生 的 操 作 系 统 < / figcaption > < / figure >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< p > 要 运 行 这 样 的 应 用 必 须 有 一 个 操 作 系 统 ， 就 像 我 们 运 行 PC或 手 机 应 用 一 样 ， 而 Kubernetes就 是 一 个 这 样 的 操 作 系 统 。 < / p >
< p > 我 们 再 来 看 下 操 作 系 统 宝 库 哪 些 层 次 。 < / p >
2018-12-22 21:28:26 +08:00
< figure id = "fig2.10.2" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr52hl4eaj31qy15en74.jpg" data-lightbox = "82f72a07-6b0b-427b-b844-6189b28ed770" data-title = "操作系统层次" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr52hl4eaj31qy15en74.jpg" alt = "操作系统层次" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - 操 作 系 统 层 次 < / figcaption > < / figure >
2018-06-02 11:26:58 +08:00
< ul >
< li > 硬 件 管 理 ： 可 以 管 理 CPU、 内 存 、 网 络 和 存 储 < / li >
< li > 设 备 接 口 、 虚 拟 化 工 具 、 实 用 工 具 < / li >
< li > Shell、 用 户 界 面 < / li >
< li > 各 种 终 端 工 具 ， 如 awk、 sort、 grep、 vim等 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 下 面 是 CNCF给 出 的 云 原 生 景 观 图 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.3" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr53j3aiuj32fs1dc7wi.jpg" data-lightbox = "a0a20a74-0c8e-4da3-9576-02c8f0fe3c4c" data-title = "云原生景观图" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr53j3aiuj32fs1dc7wi.jpg" alt = "云原生景观图" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - 云 原 生 景 观 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 该 图 中 包 括 云 原 生 的 各 种 层 次 的 提 供 者 和 应 用 ， 通 过 该 图 可 以 组 合 出 一 些 列 的 云 原 生 平 台 。 < / p >
< ul >
< li > IaaS云 提 供 商 （ 公 有 云 、 私 有 云 ） < / li >
< li > 配 置 管 理 ， 提 供 最 基 础 的 集 群 配 置 < / li >
< li > 运 行 时 ， 包 括 存 储 和 容 器 运 行 时 、 网 络 等 < / li >
< li > 调 度 和 管 理 层 ， 协 同 和 服 务 发 现 、 服 务 管 理 < / li >
< li > 应 用 层 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 也 可 以 有 平 台 提 供 以 上 所 有 功 能 ， 还 可 以 有 提 供 可 观 测 性 、 分 析 和 扩 展 应 用 。 < / p >
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< p > 看 到 这 个 景 观 图 ， 大 家 觉 得 Kubernetes真 的 还 只 做 了 容 器 编 排 吗 ？ 实 际 上 它 是 制 定 了 一 个 标 准 。 就 像 一 个 系 统 一 样 ， 所 有 的 应 用 和 插 件 都 是 基 于 它 来 构 建 的 。 < / p >
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< h2 id = "kubernetes的现状与未来" > Kubernetes的 现 状 与 未 来 < / h2 >
< p > Kubernetes发 展 已 经 有 3年 多 的 时 间 了 ， 它 已 经 基 本 成 为 了 容 器 编 排 调 度 框 架 的 标 准 。 它 的 各 种 抽 象 与 资 源 定 义 已 经 被 大 家 广 为 接 受 。 其 中 最 基 础 的 调 度 单 元 Pod。 < / p >
< p > 创 建 一 个 自 定 义 资 源 类 型 需 要 满 足 的 条 件 。 < / p >
< p > 这 是 KubeVirt的 架 构 图 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.4" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr54de5oyj31qw14qn2x.jpg" data-lightbox = "28635a7e-0822-43d7-97a8-4568b43313a8" data-title = "KubeVirt架构图" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr54de5oyj31qw14qn2x.jpg" alt = "KubeVirt架构图" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - KubeVirt架 构 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 我 们 看 到 图 中 有 两 个 是 Kubernetes原 生 的 组 件 ， API server和 kubelet， 我 们 创 建 了 virt-controller就 是 为 了 创 建 CRD的 controller， 它 扩 展 了 kube-controller的 功 能 ， 用 于 管 理 虚 拟 机 的 生 命 周 期 ， 同 时 在 每 个 节 点 上 都 用 DaemonSet的 方 式 运 行 一 个 virt-handler， 这 个 handler是 用 于 创 建 虚 拟 机 的 处 理 器 ， 每 个 节 点 上 即 可 用 运 行 虚 拟 机 也 可 以 运 行 容 器 ， 只 要 这 个 节 点 上 有 virt-handler就 可 以 运 行 和 调 度 虚 拟 机 。 < / p >
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< h3 id = "kubernetes做了什么？" > Kubernetes做 了 什 么 ？ < / h3 >
< p > Kubernetes优 秀 的 分 布 式 架 构 设 计 ， 给 我 们 提 供 了 众 多 了 可 扩 展 接 口 ， 可 以 让 我 们 很 方 便 的 扩 展 自 己 的 运 行 时 、 网 络 和 存 储 插 件 ， 同 时 还 可 以 通 过 CRD管 理 我 们 自 己 的 分 布 式 应 用 。 它 的 声 明 式 配 置 方 式 可 以 让 我 们 利 用 Kubernetes的 原 语 快 速 的 编 排 出 一 个 云 原 生 应 用 。 < / p >
< p > Kubernetes的 资 源 隔 离 也 能 保 证 对 集 群 资 源 的 最 大 化 和 最 优 利 用 率 。 < / p >
< p > 下 图 中 展 示 了 Kubernetes中 的 资 源 隔 离 层 次 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.5" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr54ztql2j329q0zwwlf.jpg" data-lightbox = "181ce348-ba13-4a9b-a50f-30535130c572" data-title = "Kubernetes中的资源隔离" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr54ztql2j329q0zwwlf.jpg" alt = "Kubernetes中的资源隔离" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - Kubernetes中 的 资 源 隔 离 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< ul >
< li > 容 器 < / li >
< li > Pod： 命 名 空 间 的 隔 离 ， 共 享 网 络 ， 每 个 Pod都 有 独 立 IP， 使 用 Service Account为 Pod赋 予 账 户 < / li >
< li > Sandbox： 是 对 最 小 资 源 调 度 单 位 的 抽 象 ， 甚 至 可 以 是 虚 拟 机 < / li >
< li > Node： 网 络 隔 离 ， 每 个 节 点 间 网 络 是 隔 离 的 ， 每 个 节 点 都 有 单 独 的 IP地 址 < / li >
< li > Cluster： 元 数 据 的 隔 离 ， 使 用 Federation可 以 将 不 同 的 集 群 联 合 在 一 起 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > Kubernetes中 的 基 本 资 源 类 型 分 成 了 三 类 ： < / p >
< ul >
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< li > 部 署 ： Deploymnt、 ReplicaSet、 StatefulSet、 DaemonSet、 Job、 CronJob< / li >
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< li > 服 务 ： Service、 Ingress< / li >
< li > 存 储 ： PV、 PVC、 ConfigMap、 Secret< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 在 最 近 一 届 的 KubeCon & CloudNativeCon上 Operator已 经 变 得 越 来 越 流 行 。 下 面 是 OpenEBS的 一 个 使 用 Operator的 例 子 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.6" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr56m7z2sj31y010y17y.jpg" data-lightbox = "111eb3be-4738-4f86-836f-f46e3a42fa61" data-title = "OpenEBS 控制平面架构" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr56m7z2sj31y010y17y.jpg" alt = "OpenEBS 控制平面架构" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - OpenEBS 控 制 平 面 架 构 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > OpenEBS是 一 款 容 器 化 存 储 ， 它 基 于 Ceph构 建 ， 容 器 化 存 储 最 大 的 好 处 就 是 复 用 Kubernetes的 资 源 类 型 ， 简 化 存 储 应 用 的 部 署 ， 将 单 体 的 存 储 拆 分 为 “ 微 服 务 化 ” 的 存 储 ， 即 每 个 应 用 在 声 明 PV的 时 候 才 会 创 建 存 储 ， 并 与 PV的 生 命 周 期 一 样 都 是 独 立 于 应 用 的 。 < / p >
< p > OpenEBS的 存 储 也 是 分 控 制 平 面 和 数 据 平 面 的 ， 下 图 是 OpenEBS的 架 构 图 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.7" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr57nm2mnj31xk11qqej.jpg" data-lightbox = "1d593cc3-a251-484f-8a99-a5affe288575" data-title = "OpenEBS 的存储卷管理" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr57nm2mnj31xk11qqej.jpg" alt = "OpenEBS 的存储卷管理" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - OpenEBS 的 存 储 卷 管 理 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 黄 色 部 分 是 OpenEBS的 组 件 （ 除 了 kube-dashboard） ， 它 是 使 用 Kubernetes的 各 种 原 语 和 CRD来 创 建 的 ， 架 构 跟 Kubernetes本 身 也 很 类 似 。 < / p >
< p > 用 户 在 使 用 OpenEBS的 StorageClass创 建 PV的 时 候 ， OpenEBS会 为 每 个 PV创 建 一 个 用 户 管 理 该 PV的 Deployment， 这 个 Deployment再 来 创 建 存 储 副 本 ， 每 个 PV的 存 储 副 本 都 可 以 不 同 ， 这 取 决 的 用 户 如 何 定 义 的 StorageClass。 这 样 就 可 以 将 原 来 的 单 体 存 储 拆 分 为 微 服 务 化 的 存 储 。 < / p >
< p > 上 面 说 到 了 Operator的 一 个 应 用 ， 下 面 再 来 看 一 个 我 们 之 前 在 Kubernetes中 部 署 Hadoop YARN和 Spark的 例 子 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.8" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr58ebf2lj323o11219r.jpg" data-lightbox = "7284be1c-6d87-4b42-ae28-49b601f1a645" data-title = "Hadoop YARN 迁移到 Kubernetes的示例" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr58ebf2lj323o11219r.jpg" alt = "Hadoop YARN 迁移到 Kubernetes的示例" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - Hadoop YARN 迁 移 到 Kubernetes的 示 例 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< figure id = "fig2.10.9" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr59gzzwsj32gg16k4qp.jpg" data-lightbox = "5f1f665e-4448-4681-8118-6f92828c9c13" data-title = "Spark on Yarn with Kubernetes" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr59gzzwsj32gg16k4qp.jpg" alt = "Spark on Yarn with Kubernetes" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - Spark on Yarn with Kubernetes< / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > Kubernetes始 于 12因 素 应 用 的 PaaS平 台 ， 它 是 微 服 务 的 绝 佳 部 署 管 理 平 台 ， 基 于 它 可 以 应 用 多 种 设 计 模 式 。 它 的 未 来 将 变 成 什 么 样 呢 ？ < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.10" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5arzvetj31no12mdre.jpg" data-lightbox = "29ba02ce-4459-4885-b99a-d48375daff24" data-title = "云原生与12因素应用" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5arzvetj31no12mdre.jpg" alt = "云原生与12因素应用" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - 云 原 生 与 12因 素 应 用 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< ul >
< li > Service Mesh： 解 决 微 服 务 治 理 问 题 < / li >
< li > Auto Pilot： 自 动 驾 驭 能 力 ， 服 务 自 动 扩 展 ， 智 能 运 维 < / li >
< li > FaaS/Serverless： 用 户 无 需 再 关 注 底 层 平 台 ， 只 需 要 部 署 服 务 ， 根 据 服 务 的 资 源 消 耗 和 使 用 时 间 付 费 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > < strong > Serverless的 发 展 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 为 了 实 现 上 述 的 各 种 能 力 ， 急 需 解 决 的 就 是 基 于 Kubernetes的 持 续 集 成 和 发 布 问 题 。 < / p >
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< p > 当 前 出 现 了 一 系 列 的 基 于 Kubernetes的 CI/CD工 具 ， 如 Jenkins-x、 Gitkube， 它 提 供 了 从 代 码 提 交 、 自 动 编 译 、 打 包 镜 像 、 配 置 注 入 、 发 布 部 署 到 Kubernetes平 台 的 一 系 列 自 动 化 流 程 。 < / p >
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< p > 甚 至 出 现 了 像 ballerina这 样 的 云 原 生 编 程 语 言 ， 它 的 出 现 就 是 为 了 解 决 应 用 开 发 到 服 务 集 成 之 间 的 鸿 沟 的 。 它 有 以 下 几 个 特 点 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.11" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5c8bwmtj31ou152qc3.jpg" data-lightbox = "9e219ca9-880b-4ec0-8383-fa644d140c46" data-title = "云原生编程语言" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5c8bwmtj31ou152qc3.jpg" alt = "云原生编程语言" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - 云 原 生 编 程 语 言 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< ul >
< li > 使 用 云 原 生 语 义 的 DSL< / li >
< li > 注 解 式 配 置 < / li >
< li > 序 列 图 式 操 作 < / li >
< li > 支 持 微 服 务 的 治 理 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 要 完 成 云 的 集 成 CI/CD， 或 者 用 一 个 词 代 替 来 说 就 是 GitOps的 需 求 越 来 越 强 烈 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.12" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5bulhuhj329m10iwua.jpg" data-lightbox = "ed4f5144-e39b-4f49-9a1a-ba98fd78c8db" data-title = "Gitkube" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5bulhuhj329m10iwua.jpg" alt = "Gitkube" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - Gitkube< / figcaption > < / figure >
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< h3 id = "kubernetes没有做什么" > Kubernetes没 有 做 什 么 < / h3 >
< p > 看 下 这 张 图 中 的 两 个 服 务 ， 它 们 使 用 的 是 kube-proxy里 基 于 iptables的 原 生 的 负 载 均 衡 ， 并 且 服 务 间 的 流 量 也 没 有 任 何 控 制 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.13" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5dsurx6j320i140tpf.jpg" data-lightbox = "c1b1d340-3f3a-4d7c-9ae6-e86fd8947fb4" data-title = "Kuberentes中的流量管理" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5dsurx6j320i140tpf.jpg" alt = "Kuberentes中的流量管理" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - Kuberentes中 的 流 量 管 理 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > Kubernetes缺 少 的 最 重 要 的 一 个 功 能 就 是 微 服 务 的 治 理 ， 微 服 务 比 起 单 体 服 务 来 说 使 得 部 署 和 运 维 起 来 更 加 复 杂 ， 对 于 微 服 务 的 可 观 测 性 也 有 更 高 的 要 求 ， 同 时 CI/CD流 程 Kubernetes本 身 也 没 有 提 供 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "service-mesh" > Service Mesh< / h2 >
< p > Service Mesh是 一 个 专 用 的 基 础 设 施 层 ， 它 能 够 将 微 服 务 的 治 理 层 应 用 层 下 沉 到 基 础 设 施 层 ， 将 原 来 开 发 人 员 很 多 活 给 分 担 出 去 ， 让 开 发 人 员 更 注 重 业 务 逻 辑 和 应 用 的 性 能 本 身 ， 将 服 务 治 理 的 能 力 交 给 平 台 来 解 决 。 使 用 Service Mesh能 够 提 供 安 全 的 服 务 间 通 讯 、 在 服 务 间 通 讯 应 用 各 种 策 略 实 现 灰 度 发 布 、 流 量 切 分 等 功 能 ， 它 还 能 适 配 多 语 言 ， 让 微 服 务 应 用 无 感 知 的 迁 移 到 云 原 生 。 < / p >
< p > 这 是 Istio在 Kubenetes中 创 建 的 各 种 CRD， 这 些 CRD有 些 是 作 为 路 由 策 略 、 有 些 是 做 监 控 指 标 和 权 限 控 制 的 。 < / p >
< p > 这 是 Istio Service Mesh的 架 构 图 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.14" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5exqm7kj320u18mh2t.jpg" data-lightbox = "ac14441a-5072-4b16-9b7d-100ab22ddb78" data-title = "Istio Service Mesh架构图" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5exqm7kj320u18mh2t.jpg" alt = "Istio Service Mesh架构图" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - Istio Service Mesh架 构 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< ul >
< li > Pilot： 提 供 用 户 接 口 ， 用 户 可 以 通 过 该 接 口 配 置 各 种 路 由 规 则 ， Pilot还 可 以 通 过 适 配 器 获 取 平 台 上 各 种 服 务 之 间 的 管 理 ， Evnoy这 个 使 用 Sidecar方 式 部 署 到 每 个 应 用 pod中 的 进 程 会 通 过 Pilot中 的 Envoy API获 得 平 台 上 各 个 服 务 之 间 的 管 理 ， 同 时 也 会 应 用 用 户 配 置 的 路 由 规 则 。 < / li >
< li > Mixer： 获 取 各 种 平 台 属 性 ， 服 务 间 通 讯 时 会 先 访 问 Mixer兼 容 各 平 台 的 属 性 信 息 ， 如 quota、 访 问 控 制 和 策 略 评 估 ， 将 服 务 间 的 访 问 信 息 记 录 后 上 报 到 mixer形 成 遥 测 报 告 。 < / li >
< li > 每 个 Pod上 还 有 SA和 SPIFFE做 权 限 管 控 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > Service Mesh实 际 上 为 了 解 决 社 会 分 工 问 题 ， 它 本 身 是 为 了 解 决 微 服 务 的 治 理 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.15" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5fxzoltj32f81akqr2.jpg" data-lightbox = "7fd78926-d513-41ba-a7b6-074f6551aa4f" data-title = "Service Mesh架构" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5fxzoltj32f81akqr2.jpg" alt = "Service Mesh架构" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - Service Mesh架 构 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > Pilot和 控 制 平 面 是 为 了 运 维 人 员 准 备 的 。 < / p >
< p > 数 据 平 面 是 为 开 发 人 员 准 备 的 。 < / p >
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< p > Isito在 每 个 上 下 游 服 务 之 间 部 署 一 个 Envoy， Envoy中 有 几 个 基 本 的 服 务 发 现 服 务 ， 监 听 器 即 Envoy要 转 发 的 流 量 端 口 ， Endpoint是 要 转 发 的 目 的 地 ， Cluster是 一 系 列 Endpoint用 来 做 负 载 均 衡 ， Route是 定 义 各 种 路 由 规 则 ， 每 个 Envoy进 程 里 可 以 设 置 多 个 Listener。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig2.10.16" > < a href = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5gloob0j31vi18017p.jpg" data-lightbox = "aaf58021-ac86-4523-8d7c-9f54bbee3a75" data-title = "Envoy proxy架构图" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://ws1.sinaimg.cn/large/00704eQkgy1frr5gloob0j31vi18017p.jpg" alt = "Envoy proxy架构图" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 片 - Envoy proxy架 构 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< hr >
< p > 本 文 根 据 < a href = "https://jimmysong.io" target = "_blank" > Jimmy Song< / a > 于 2018年 5月 20日 在 < a href = "http://njsd-china.org/" target = "_blank" > 第 四 届 南 京 全 球 技 术 周 < / a > 上 【 互 联 网 技 术 专 场 】 上 的 题 为 【 云 原 生 应 用 的 下 一 站 】 的 演 讲 的 部 分 内 容 的 文 字 整 理 而 成 。 < / p >
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