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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 主要概念
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.3 集群管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.1.3 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = ".." > 2.2.1 Pod< / a >
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< h1 id = "pod概览" > Pod概 览 < / h1 >
< h2 id = "理解pod" > 理 解 Pod< / h2 >
< p > Pod是 kubernetes中 你 可 以 创 建 和 部 署 的 最 小 也 是 最 简 单 位 。 一 个 Pod代 表 着 集 群 中 运 行 的 一 个 进 程 。 < / p >
< p > Pod中 封 装 着 应 用 的 容 器 （ 有 的 情 况 下 是 好 几 个 容 器 ） ， 存 储 、 独 立 的 网 络 IP， 管 理 容 器 如 何 运 行 的 策 略 选 项 。 Pod代 表 着 部 署 的 一 个 单 位 ： kubernetes中 应 用 的 一 个 实 例 ， 可 能 由 一 个 或 者 多 个 容 器 组 合 在 一 起 共 享 资 源 。 < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > < a href = "https://www.docker.com" target = "_blank" > Docker< / a > 是 kubernetes中 最 常 用 的 容 器 运 行 时 ， 但 是 Pod也 支 持 其 他 容 器 运 行 时 。 < / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > Pods are employed a number of ways in a Kubernetes cluster, including:< / p >
< p > 在 Kubrenetes集 群 中 Pod有 如 下 两 种 使 用 方 式 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > 一 个 Pod中 运 行 一 个 容 器 < / strong > 。 “ 每 个 Pod中 一 个 容 器 ” 的 模 式 是 最 常 见 的 用 法 ； 在 这 种 使 用 方 式 中 ， 你 可 以 把 Pod想 象 成 是 单 个 容 器 的 封 装 ， kuberentes管 理 的 是 Pod而 不 是 直 接 管 理 容 器 。 < / li >
< li > < strong > 在 一 个 Pod中 同 时 运 行 多 个 容 器 < / strong > 。 一 个 Pod中 也 可 以 同 时 封 装 几 个 需 要 紧 密 耦 合 互 相 协 作 的 容 器 ， 它 们 之 间 共 享 资 源 。 这 些 在 同 一 个 Pod中 的 容 器 可 以 互 相 协 作 成 为 一 个 service单 位 — — 一 个 容 器 共 享 文 件 ， 另 一 个 “ sidecar” 容 器 来 更 新 这 些 文 件 。 Pod将 这 些 容 器 的 存 储 资 源 作 为 一 个 实 体 来 管 理 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > < a href = "http://blog.kubernetes.io" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes Blog< / a > 有 关 于 Pod用 例 的 详 细 信 息 ： 查 看 ： < / p >
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< li > < a href = "http://blog.kubernetes.io/2015/06/the-distributed-system-toolkit-patterns.html" target = "_blank" > The Distributed System Toolkit: Patterns for Composite Containers< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "http://blog.kubernetes.io/2016/06/container-design-patterns.html" target = "_blank" > Container Design Patterns< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 每 个 Pod都 是 应 用 的 一 个 实 例 。 如 果 你 想 平 行 扩 展 应 用 的 话 （ 运 行 多 个 实 例 ） ， 你 应 该 运 行 多 个 Pod， 每 个 Pod都 是 一 个 应 用 实 例 。 在 Kubernetes中 ， 这 通 常 被 叫 称 为 是 replication。 < / p >
< h3 id = "pod中如何管理多个容器" > Pod中 如 何 管 理 多 个 容 器 < / h3 >
< p > Pod中 可 以 同 时 运 行 多 个 进 程 （ 作 为 容 器 运 行 ） 协 同 工 作 。 同 一 个 Pod中 的 容 器 会 自 动 的 分 配 到 同 一 个 node 上 。 同 一 个 Pod中 的 容 器 共 享 资 源 、 网 络 环 境 和 依 赖 ， 它 们 总 是 被 同 时 调 度 。 < / p >
< p > 注 意 在 一 个 Pod中 同 时 运 行 多 个 容 器 是 一 种 比 较 高 级 的 用 法 。 只 有 当 你 的 容 器 需 要 紧 密 配 合 协 作 的 时 候 才 考 虑 用 这 种 模 式 。 例 如 ， 你 有 一 个 容 器 作 为 web服 务 器 运 行 ， 需 要 用 到 共 享 的 volume， 有 另 一 个 ” sidecar“ 容 器 来 从 远 端 获 取 资 源 更 新 这 些 文 件 ， 如 下 图 所 示 ： < / p >
< figure id = "fig1.2.2.1.1" > < img src = "../images/pod-overview.png" alt = "pod diagram" > < figcaption > Figure: pod diagram< / figcaption > < / figure >
< p > Pod中 可 以 共 享 两 种 资 源 ： 网 络 和 存 储 。 < / p >
< h4 id = "网络" > 网 络 < / h4 >
< p > 每 个 Pod都 会 被 分 配 一 个 唯 一 的 IP地 址 。 Pod中 的 所 有 容 器 共 享 网 络 空 间 ， 包 括 IP地 址 和 端 口 。 Pod内 部 的 容 器 可 以 使 用 < code > localhost< / code > 互 相 通 信 。 Pod中 的 容 器 与 外 界 通 信 时 ， 必 须 分 配 共 享 网 络 资 源 （ 例 如 使 用 宿 主 机 的 端 口 映 射 ） 。 < / p >
< h4 id = "存储" > 存 储 < / h4 >
< p > 可 以 Pod指 定 多 个 共 享 的 Volume。 Pod中 的 所 有 容 器 都 可 以 访 问 共 享 的 volume。 Volume也 可 以 用 来 持 久 化 Pod中 的 存 储 资 源 ， 以 防 容 器 重 启 后 文 件 丢 失 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "使用pod" > 使 用 Pod< / h2 >
< p > 你 很 少 会 直 接 在 kubernetes中 创 建 单 个 Pod。 因 为 Pod的 生 命 周 期 是 短 暂 的 ， 用 后 即 焚 的 实 体 。 当 Pod被 创 建 后 （ 不 论 是 由 你 直 接 创 建 还 是 被 其 他 Controller） ， 都 会 被 Kuberentes调 度 到 集 群 的 Node上 。 直 到 Pod的 进 程 终 止 、 被 删 掉 、 因 为 缺 少 资 源 而 被 驱 逐 、 或 者 Node故 障 之 前 这 个 Pod都 会 一 直 保 持 在 那 个 Node上 。 < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 注 意 ： 重 启 Pod中 的 容 器 跟 重 启 Pod不 是 一 回 事 。 Pod只 提 供 容 器 的 运 行 环 境 并 保 持 容 器 的 运 行 状 态 ， 重 启 容 器 不 会 造 成 Pod重 启 。 < / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > Pod不 会 自 愈 。 如 果 Pod运 行 的 Node故 障 ， 或 者 是 调 度 器 本 身 故 障 ， 这 个 Pod就 会 被 删 除 。 同 样 的 ， 如 果 Pod所 在 Node缺 少 资 源 或 者 Pod处 于 维 护 状 态 ， Pod也 会 被 驱 逐 。 Kubernetes使 用 更 高 级 的 称 为 Controller的 抽 象 层 ， 来 管 理 Pod实 例 。 虽 然 可 以 直 接 使 用 Pod， 但 是 在 Kubernetes中 通 常 是 使 用 Controller来 管 理 Pod的 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "pod和controller" > Pod和 Controller< / h3 >
< p > Controller可 以 创 建 和 管 理 多 个 Pod， 提 供 副 本 管 理 、 滚 动 升 级 和 集 群 级 别 的 自 愈 能 力 。 例 如 ， 如 果 一 个 Node故 障 ， Controller就 能 自 动 将 该 节 点 上 的 Pod调 度 到 其 他 健 康 的 Node上 。 < / p >
< p > 包 含 一 个 或 者 多 个 Pod的 Controller示 例 ： < / p >
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< p > 通 常 ， Controller会 用 你 提 供 的 Pod Template来 创 建 相 应 的 Pod。 < / p >
< h2 id = "pod-templates" > Pod Templates< / h2 >
< p > Pod模 版 是 包 含 了 其 他 object的 Pod定 义 ， 例 如 < a href = "replicaset.html" > Replication Controllers< / a > ， < a href = "job.html" > Jobs< / a > 和
< a href = "daemonset.html" > DaemonSets< / a > 。 Controller根 据 Pod模 板 来 创 建 实 际 的 Pod。 < / p >
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