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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.3.10 手动集群升级
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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4.5 服务编排管理
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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5.3 Serverless架构
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5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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本书使用 GitBook 发布
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< h1 id = "cronjob" > CronJob< / h1 >
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< p > < em > Cron Job< / em > 管 理 基 于 时 间 的 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/jobs/run-to-completion-finite-workloads/" target = "_blank" > Job< / a > ， 即 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 在 给 定 时 间 点 只 运 行 一 次 < / li >
< li > 周 期 性 地 在 给 定 时 间 点 运 行 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 一 个 CronJob 对 象 类 似 于 < em > crontab< / em > （ cron table） 文 件 中 的 一 行 。 它 根 据 指 定 的 预 定 计 划 周 期 性 地 运 行 一 个 Job， 格 式 可 以 参 考 < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron" target = "_blank" > Cron< / a > 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "前提条件" > 前 提 条 件 < / h3 >
< p > 当 使 用 的 Kubernetes 集 群 ， 版 本 > = 1.4（ 对 ScheduledJob） ， > = 1.5（ 对 CronJob） ， 当 启 动 API Server（ 参 考 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/cluster-management/#turn-on-or-off-an-api-version-for-your-cluster" target = "_blank" > 为 集 群 开 启 或 关 闭 API 版 本 < / a > 获 取 更 多 信 息 ） 时 ， 通 过 传 递 选 项 < code > --runtime-config=batch/v2alpha1=true< / code > 可 以 开 启 batch/v2alpha1 API。 < / p >
< p > 典 型 的 用 法 如 下 所 示 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 在 给 定 的 时 间 点 调 度 Job 运 行 < / li >
< li > 创 建 周 期 性 运 行 的 Job， 例 如 ： 数 据 库 备 份 、 发 送 邮 件 。 < / li >
< / ul >
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< h2 id = "cronjob-spec" > CronJob Spec< / h2 >
< ul >
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< li > < p > < code > .spec.schedule< / code > ： < strong > 调 度 < / strong > ， 必 需 字 段 ， 指 定 任 务 运 行 周 期 ， 格 式 同 < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron" target = "_blank" > Cron< / a > < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > < code > .spec.jobTemplate< / code > ： < strong > Job 模 板 < / strong > ， 必 需 字 段 ， 指 定 需 要 运 行 的 任 务 ， 格 式 同 < a href = "job.html" > Job< / a > < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > < code > .spec.startingDeadlineSeconds< / code > ： < strong > 启 动 Job 的 期 限 （ 秒 级 别 ） < / strong > ， 该 字 段 是 可 选 的 。 如 果 因 为 任 何 原 因 而 错 过 了 被 调 度 的 时 间 ， 那 么 错 过 执 行 时 间 的 Job 将 被 认 为 是 失 败 的 。 如 果 没 有 指 定 ， 则 没 有 期 限 < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > < code > .spec.concurrencyPolicy< / code > ： < strong > 并 发 策 略 < / strong > ， 该 字 段 也 是 可 选 的 。 它 指 定 了 如 何 处 理 被 Cron Job 创 建 的 Job 的 并 发 执 行 。 只 允 许 指 定 下 面 策 略 中 的 一 种 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > Allow< / code > （ 默 认 ） ： 允 许 并 发 运 行 Job< / li >
< li > < code > Forbid< / code > ： 禁 止 并 发 运 行 ， 如 果 前 一 个 还 没 有 完 成 ， 则 直 接 跳 过 下 一 个 < / li >
< li > < code > Replace< / code > ： 取 消 当 前 正 在 运 行 的 Job， 用 一 个 新 的 来 替 换 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 注 意 ， 当 前 策 略 只 能 应 用 于 同 一 个 Cron Job 创 建 的 Job。 如 果 存 在 多 个 Cron Job， 它 们 创 建 的 Job 之 间 总 是 允 许 并 发 运 行 。 < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > < code > .spec.suspend< / code > ： < strong > 挂 起 < / strong > ， 该 字 段 也 是 可 选 的 。 如 果 设 置 为 < code > true< / code > ， 后 续 所 有 执 行 都 会 被 挂 起 。 它 对 已 经 开 始 执 行 的 Job 不 起 作 用 。 默 认 值 为 < code > false< / code > 。 < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > < code > .spec.successfulJobsHistoryLimit< / code > 和 < code > .spec.failedJobsHistoryLimit< / code > ： < strong > 历 史 限 制 < / strong > ， 是 可 选 的 字 段 。 它 们 指 定 了 可 以 保 留 多 少 完 成 和 失 败 的 Job。 < / p >
< p > 默 认 没 有 限 制 ， 所 有 成 功 和 失 败 的 Job 都 会 被 保 留 。 然 而 ， 当 运 行 一 个 Cron Job 时 ， Job 可 以 很 快 就 堆 积 很 多 ， 推 荐 设 置 这 两 个 字 段 的 值 。 设 置 限 制 的 值 为 < code > 0< / code > ， 相 关 类 型 的 Job 完 成 后 将 不 会 被 保 留 。 < / p >
< / li >
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< / ul >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > batch/v2alpha1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > CronJob
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > hello
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > schedule:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " */1 * * * *" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > jobTemplate:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > template:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > hello
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > busybox
< span class = "hljs-attr" > args:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > /bin/sh
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > -c
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
< span class = "hljs-attr" > restartPolicy:< / span > OnFailure
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Bash" > $ kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > cronjob.yaml
cronjob < span class = "hljs-string" > " hello" < / span > created
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 当 然 ， 也 可 以 用 < code > kubectl run< / code > 来 创 建 一 个 CronJob： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl run hello --schedule=< span class = "hljs-string" > " */1 * * * *" < / span > --restart=OnFailure --image=busybox -- /bin/sh -c < span class = "hljs-string" > " date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl get cronjob
NAME SCHEDULE SUSPEND ACTIVE LAST-SCHEDULE
hello */1 * * * * False 0 < none>
$ kubectl get < span class = "hljs-built_in" > jobs< / span >
NAME DESIRED SUCCESSFUL AGE
hello-1202039034 1 1 49s
$ pods=$(kubectl get pods --selector=job-name=hello-1202039034 --output=jsonpath={.items..metadata.name} < span class = "hljs-_" > -a< / span > )
$ kubectl logs < span class = "hljs-variable" > $pods< / span >
Mon Aug 29 21:34:09 UTC 2016
Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 注 意 ， 删 除 cronjob的 时 候 不 会 自 动 删 除 job， 这 些 job可 以 用 kubectl delete job来 删 除 < / span >
$ kubectl delete cronjob hello
cronjob < span class = "hljs-string" > " hello" < / span > deleted
< / code > < / pre >
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< h2 id = "cron-job-限制" > Cron Job 限 制 < / h2 >
< p > Cron Job 在 每 次 调 度 运 行 时 间 内 < em > 大 概 < / em > 会 创 建 一 个 Job 对 象 。 我 们 之 所 以 说 < em > 大 概 < / em > ， 是 因 为 在 特 定 的 环 境 下 可 能 会 创 建 两 个 Job， 或 者 一 个 Job 都 没 创 建 。 我 们 尝 试 少 发 生 这 种 情 况 ， 但 却 不 能 完 全 避 免 。 因 此 ， 创 建 Job 操 作 应 该 是 < em > 幂 等 的 < / em > 。 < / p >
< p > Job 根 据 它 所 创 建 的 Pod 的 并 行 度 ， 负 责 重 试 创 建 Pod， 并 就 决 定 这 一 组 Pod 的 成 功 或 失 败 。 Cron Job 根 本 就 不 会 去 检 查 Pod。 < / p >
< h2 id = "删除-cron-job" > 删 除 Cron Job< / h2 >
< p > 一 旦 不 再 需 要 Cron Job， 简 单 地 可 以 使 用 < code > kubectl< / code > 命 令 删 除 它 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > $ kubectl delete cronjob hello
cronjob " hello" deleted
< / code > < / pre > < p > 这 将 会 终 止 正 在 创 建 的 Job。 然 而 ， 运 行 中 的 Job 将 不 会 被 终 止 ， 不 会 删 除 Job 或 它 们 的 Pod。 为 了 清 理 那 些 Job 和 Pod， 需 要 列 出 该 Cron Job 创 建 的 全 部 Job， 然 后 删 除 它 们 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > $ kubectl get jobs
NAME DESIRED SUCCESSFUL AGE
hello-1201907962 1 1 11m
hello-1202039034 1 1 8m
...
$ kubectl delete jobs hello-1201907962 hello-1202039034 ...
job " hello-1201907962" deleted
job " hello-1202039034" deleted
...
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< / code > < / pre > < p > 一 旦 Job 被 删 除 ， 由 Job 创 建 的 Pod 也 会 被 删 除 。 注 意 ， 所 有 由 名 称 为 “ hello” 的 Cron Job 创 建 的 Job 会 以 前 缀 字 符 串 “ hello-” 进 行 命 名 。 如 果 想 要 删 除 当 前 Namespace 中 的 所 有 Job， 可 以 通 过 命 令 < code > kubectl delete jobs --all< / code > 立 刻 删 除 它 们 。 < / p >
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