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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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< a href = "../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html" >
4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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< a href = "../practice/kubectl-installation.html" >
4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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< a href = "../practice/master-installation.html" >
4.1.5 部署master节点
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< a href = "../practice/node-installation.html" >
4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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< a href = "../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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< a href = "../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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< a href = "../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< a href = "../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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< a href = "../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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< a href = "../practice/services-management-tool.html" >
4.5 服务编排管理
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< a href = "../practice/helm.html" >
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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4.7 更新与升级
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4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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< a href = "../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html" >
4.7.2 升级dashboard
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5. 领域应用
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< a href = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
5.1 微服务架构
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< a href = "../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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< a href = "../usecases/istio.html" >
5.1.1 Istio
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< a href = "../usecases/istio-installation.html" >
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5.1.1.1 安装并试用Istio service mesh
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< a href = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.1.3 安装和拓展Istio service mesh
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5.1.1.4 集成虚拟机
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
5.1.2 Linkerd
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html" >
5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.3.2" data-path = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
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< a href = "../usecases/edge-computing.html" >
5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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< a href = ".." > 2.2 Objects< / a >
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< h1 id = "objects" > Objects< / h1 >
< p > 以 下 列 举 的 内 容 都 是 kubernetes 中 的 Object， 这 些 对 象 都 可 以 在 yaml 文 件 中 作 为 一 种 API 类 型 来 配 置 。 < / p >
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< ul >
< li > Pod< / li >
< li > Node< / li >
< li > Namespace< / li >
< li > Service< / li >
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< li > Volume< / li >
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< li > PersistentVolume< / li >
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< li > Deployment< / li >
< li > Secret< / li >
< li > StatefulSet< / li >
< li > DaemonSet< / li >
< li > ServiceAccount< / li >
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< li > ReplicationController< / li >
< li > ReplicaSet< / li >
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< li > Job< / li >
< li > CronJob< / li >
< li > SecurityContext< / li >
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< li > ResourceQuota< / li >
< li > LimitRange< / li >
< li > HorizontalPodAutoscaling< / li >
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< li > Ingress< / li >
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< li > ConfigMap< / li >
< li > Label< / li >
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< li > ThirdPartyResources< / li >
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< / ul >
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< p > 我 将 它 们 简 单 的 分 类 为 以 下 几 种 资 源 对 象 ： < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th style = "text-align:left" > 类 别 < / th >
< th > 名 称 < / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:left" > 资 源 对 象 < / td >
< td > Pod、 ReplicaSet、 ReplicationController、 Deployment、 StatefulSet、 DaemonSet、 Job、 CronJob、 HorizontalPodAutoscaling< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:left" > 配 置 对 象 < / td >
< td > Node、 Namespace、 Service、 Secret、 ConfigMap、 Ingress、 Label、 ThirdPartyResource、 ServiceAccount< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:left" > 存 储 对 象 < / td >
< td > Volume、 Persistent Volume< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:left" > 策 略 对 象 < / td >
< td > SecurityContext、 ResourceQuota、 LimitRange< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
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< h2 id = "理解-kubernetes-中的对象" > 理 解 kubernetes 中 的 对 象 < / h2 >
< p > 在 Kubernetes 系 统 中 ， < em > Kubernetes 对 象 < / em > 是 持 久 化 的 条 目 。 Kubernetes 使 用 这 些 条 目 去 表 示 整 个 集 群 的 状 态 。 特 别 地 ， 它 们 描 述 了 如 下 信 息 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 什 么 容 器 化 应 用 在 运 行 （ 以 及 在 哪 个 Node 上 ） < / li >
< li > 可 以 被 应 用 使 用 的 资 源 < / li >
< li > 关 于 应 用 如 何 表 现 的 策 略 ， 比 如 重 启 策 略 、 升 级 策 略 ， 以 及 容 错 策 略 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > Kubernetes 对 象 是 “ 目 标 性 记 录 ” — — 一 旦 创 建 对 象 ， Kubernetes 系 统 将 持 续 工 作 以 确 保 对 象 存 在 。 通 过 创 建 对 象 ， 可 以 有 效 地 告 知 Kubernetes 系 统 ， 所 需 要 的 集 群 工 作 负 载 看 起 来 是 什 么 样 子 的 ， 这 就 是 Kubernetes 集 群 的 < strong > 期 望 状 态 < / strong > 。 < / p >
< p > 与 Kubernetes 对 象 工 作 — — 是 否 创 建 、 修 改 ， 或 者 删 除 — — 需 要 使 用 < a href = "https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/api-conventions.md" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes API< / a > 。 当 使 用 < code > kubectl< / code > 命 令 行 接 口 时 ， 比 如 ， CLI 会 使 用 必 要 的 Kubernetes API 调 用 ， 也 可 以 在 程 序 中 直 接 使 用 Kubernetes API。 为 了 实 现 该 目 标 ， Kubernetes 当 前 提 供 了 一 个 < code > golang< / code > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/client-go" target = "_blank" > 客 户 端 库 < / a > ， 其 它 语 言 库 （ 例 如 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/client-python" target = "_blank" > Python< / a > ） 也 正 在 开 发 中 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "对象-spec-与状态" > 对 象 Spec 与 状 态 < / h3 >
< p > 每 个 Kubernetes 对 象 包 含 两 个 嵌 套 的 对 象 字 段 ， 它 们 负 责 管 理 对 象 的 配 置 ： 对 象 < em > spec< / em > 和 对 象 < em > status< / em > 。 < em > spec< / em > 必 须 提 供 ， 它 描 述 了 对 象 的 < em > 期 望 状 态 < / em > — — 希 望 对 象 所 具 有 的 特 征 。 < em > status< / em > 描 述 了 对 象 的 < em > 实 际 状 态 < / em > ， 它 是 由 Kubernetes 系 统 提 供 和 更 新 。 在 任 何 时 刻 ， Kubernetes 控 制 平 面 一 直 处 于 活 跃 状 态 ， 管 理 着 对 象 的 实 际 状 态 以 与 我 们 所 期 望 的 状 态 相 匹 配 。 < / p >
< p > 例 如 ， Kubernetes Deployment 对 象 能 够 表 示 运 行 在 集 群 中 的 应 用 。 当 创 建 Deployment 时 ， 可 能 需 要 设 置 Deployment 的 spec， 以 指 定 该 应 用 需 要 有 3 个 副 本 在 运 行 。 Kubernetes 系 统 读 取 Deployment spec， 启 动 我 们 所 期 望 的 该 应 用 的 3 个 实 例 — — 更 新 状 态 以 与 spec 相 匹 配 。 如 果 那 些 实 例 中 有 失 败 的 （ 一 种 状 态 变 更 ） ， Kubernetes 系 统 通 过 修 正 来 响 应 spec 和 状 态 之 间 的 不 一 致 — — 这 种 情 况 ， 启 动 一 个 新 的 实 例 来 替 换 。 < / p >
< p > 关 于 对 象 spec、 status 和 metadata 更 多 信 息 ， 查 看 < a href = "https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/api-conventions.md" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes API Conventions< / a > 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "描述-kubernetes-对象" > 描 述 Kubernetes 对 象 < / h3 >
< p > 当 创 建 KUbernetes 对 象 时 ， 必 须 提 供 对 象 的 spec， 用 来 描 述 该 对 象 的 期 望 状 态 ， 以 及 关 于 对 象 的 一 些 基 本 信 息 （ 例 如 ， 名 称 ） 。 当 使 用 KUbernetes API 创 建 对 象 时 （ 或 者 直 接 创 建 ， 或 者 基 于 < code > kubectl< / code > ） ， API 请 求 必 须 在 请 求 体 中 包 含 JSON 格 式 的 信 息 。 < strong > 更 常 用 的 是 ， 需 要 在 .yaml 文 件 中 为 kubectl 提 供 这 些 信 息 < / strong > 。 < code > kubectl< / code > 在 执 行 API 请 求 时 ， 将 这 些 信 息 转 换 成 JSON 格 式 。 < / p >
< p > 这 里 有 一 个 < code > .yaml< / code > 示 例 文 件 ， 展 示 了 KUbernetes Deployment 的 必 需 字 段 和 对 象 spec： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > apps/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Deployment
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > nginx-deployment
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > replicas:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 3< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > template:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > nginx:< span class = "hljs-number" > 1.7< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .9< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - containerPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 一 种 创 建 Deployment 的 方 式 ， 类 似 上 面 使 用 < code > .yaml< / code > 文 件 ， 是 使 用 < code > kubectl< / code > 命 令 行 接 口 （ CLI） 中 的 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/kubectl/v1.7/#create" target = "_blank" > < code > kubectl create< / code > < / a > 命 令 ， 传 递 < code > .yaml< / code > 作 为 参 数 。 下 面 是 一 个 示 例 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > docs/user-guide/nginx-deployment.yaml --record
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 输 出 类 似 如 下 这 样 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > deployment < span class = "hljs-string" > " nginx-deployment" < / span > created
< / code > < / pre >
< h3 id = "必需字段" > 必 需 字 段 < / h3 >
< p > 在 想 要 创 建 的 KUbernetes 对 象 对 应 的 < code > .yaml< / code > 文 件 中 ， 需 要 配 置 如 下 的 字 段 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > apiVersion< / code > - 创 建 该 对 象 所 使 用 的 Kubernetes API 的 版 本 < / li >
< li > < code > kind< / code > - 想 要 创 建 的 对 象 的 类 型 < / li >
< li > < code > metadata< / code > - 帮 助 识 别 对 象 唯 一 性 的 数 据 ， 包 括 一 个 < code > name< / code > 字 符 串 、 UID 和 可 选 的 < code > namespace< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
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< p > 也 需 要 提 供 对 象 的 < code > spec< / code > 字 段 。 对 象 < code > spec< / code > 的 精 确 格 式 对 每 个 Kubernetes 对 象 来 说 是 不 同 的 ， 包 含 了 特 定 于 该 对 象 的 嵌 套 字 段 。 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/api/" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes API 参 考 < / a > 能 够 帮 助 我 们 找 到 任 何 我 们 想 创 建 的 对 象 的 spec 格 式 。 < / p >
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