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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.3 集群管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.1.3 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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5.3 Serverless架构
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< a href = ".." > 5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序< / a >
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< h1 id = "运行支持kubernetes原生调度的spark程序" > 运 行 支 持 kubernetes原 生 调 度 的 Spark程 序 < / h1 >
< p > 我 们 之 前 就 在 kubernetes 中 运 行 过 standalone 方 式 的 spark 集 群 ， 见 < / p >
< h2 id = "spark-概念说明" > Spark 概 念 说 明 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "http://spark.apache.org" target = "_blank" > Apache Spark< / a > 是 一 个 围 绕 速 度 、 易 用 性 和 复 杂 分 析 构 建 的 大 数 据 处 理 框 架 。 最 初 在 2009年 由 加 州 大 学 伯 克 利 分 校 的 AMPLab开 发 ， 并 于 2010年 成 为 Apache的 开 源 项 目 之 一 。 < / p >
< p > 在 Spark 中 包 括 如 下 组 件 或 概 念 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > Application< / strong > ： Spark Application 的 概 念 和 Hadoop 中 的 MapReduce 类 似 ， 指 的 是 用 户 编 写 的 Spark 应 用 程 序 ， 包 含 了 一 个 Driver 功 能 的 代 码 和 分 布 在 集 群 中 多 个 节 点 上 运 行 的 Executor 代 码 ； < / li >
< li > < strong > Driver< / strong > ： Spark 中 的 Driver 即 运 行 上 述 Application 的 main() 函 数 并 且 创 建 SparkContext， 其 中 创 建 SparkContext 的 目 的 是 为 了 准 备 Spark应 用 程 序 的 运 行 环 境 。 在 Spark 中 由 SparkContext 负 责 和 ClusterManager 通 信 ， 进 行 资 源 的 申 请 、 任 务 的 分 配 和 监 控 等 ； 当 Executor 部 分 运 行 完 毕 后 ， Driver负 责 将 SparkContext 关 闭 。 通 常 用 SparkContext 代 表 Driver； < / li >
< li > < strong > Executor< / strong > ： Application运 行 在 Worker 节 点 上 的 一 个 进 程 ， 该 进 程 负 责 运 行 Task， 并 且 负 责 将 数 据 存 在 内 存 或 者 磁 盘 上 ， 每 个 Application都 有 各 自 独 立 的 一 批 Executor。 在 Spark on Yarn模 式 下 ， 其 进 程 名 称 为 < code > CoarseGrainedExecutorBackend< / code > ， 类 似 于 Hadoop MapReduce 中 的 YarnChild。 一 个 < code > CoarseGrainedExecutorBackend< / code > 进 程 有 且 仅 有 一 个 executor 对 象 ， 它 负 责 将 Task 包 装 成 taskRunner， 并 从 线 程 池 中 抽 取 出 一 个 空 闲 线 程 运 行 Task。 每 个 < code > CoarseGrainedExecutorBackend< / code > 能 并 行 运 行 Task 的 数 量 就 取 决 于 分 配 给 它 的 CPU 的 个 数 了 ； < / li >
< li > < strong > Cluster Manager< / strong > ： 指 的 是 在 集 群 上 获 取 资 源 的 外 部 服 务 ， 目 前 有 ： < ul >
< li > Standalone： Spark原 生 的 资 源 管 理 ， 由 Master负 责 资 源 的 分 配 ； < / li >
< li > Hadoop Yarn： 由 YARN中 的 ResourceManager负 责 资 源 的 分 配 ； < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > < strong > Worker< / strong > ： 集 群 中 任 何 可 以 运 行 Application代 码 的 节 点 ， 类 似 于 YARN中 的 NodeManager节 点 。 在 Standalone模 式 中 指 的 就 是 通 过 Slave文 件 配 置 的 Worker节 点 ， 在 Spark on Yarn模 式 中 指 的 就 是 NodeManager节 点 ； < / li >
< li > < strong > 作 业 （ Job） < / strong > ： 包 含 多 个 Task组 成 的 并 行 计 算 ， 往 往 由 Spark Action催 生 ， 一 个 JOB包 含 多 个 RDD及 作 用 于 相 应 RDD上 的 各 种 Operation； < / li >
< li > < strong > 阶 段 （ Stage） < / strong > ： 每 个 Job会 被 拆 分 很 多 组 Task， 每 组 任 务 被 称 为 Stage， 也 可 称 TaskSet， 一 个 作 业 分 为 多 个 阶 段 ， 每 一 个 stage的 分 割 点 是 action。 比 如 一 个 job是 ： （ transformation1 -> transformation1 -> action1 -> transformation3 -> action2） ， 这 个 job就 会 被 分 为 两 个 stage， 分 割 点 是 action1和 action2。 < / li >
< li > < p > < strong > 任 务 （ Task） < / strong > ： 被 送 到 某 个 Executor上 的 工 作 任 务 ； < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > < strong > Context< / strong > ： 启 动 spark application的 时 候 创 建 ， 作 为 Spark 运 行 时 环 境 。 < / p >
< / li >
< li > < strong > Dynamic Allocation（ 动 态 资 源 分 配 ） < / strong > ： 一 个 配 置 选 项 ， 可 以 将 其 打 开 。 从 Spark1.2之 后 ， 对 于 On Yarn模 式 ， 已 经 支 持 动 态 资 源 分 配 （ Dynamic Resource Allocation） ， 这 样 ， 就 可 以 根 据 Application的 负 载 （ Task情 况 ） ， 动 态 的 增 加 和 减 少 executors， 这 种 策 略 非 常 适 合 在 YARN上 使 用 spark-sql做 数 据 开 发 和 分 析 ， 以 及 将 spark-sql作 为 长 服 务 来 使 用 的 场 景 。 Executor 的 动 态 分 配 需 要 在 cluster mode 下 启 用 " external shuffle service" 。 < / li >
< li > < strong > 动 态 资 源 分 配 策 略 < / strong > ： 开 启 动 态 分 配 策 略 后 ， application会 在 task因 没 有 足 够 资 源 被 挂 起 的 时 候 去 动 态 申 请 资 源 ， 这 意 味 着 该 application现 有 的 executor无 法 满 足 所 有 task并 行 运 行 。 spark一 轮 一 轮 的 申 请 资 源 ， 当 有 task挂 起 或 等 待 < code > spark.dynamicAllocation.schedulerBacklogTimeout< / code > (默 认 1s)时 间 的 时 候 ， 会 开 始 动 态 资 源 分 配 ； 之 后 会 每 隔 < code > spark.dynamicAllocation.sustainedSchedulerBacklogTimeout< / code > (默 认 1s)时 间 申 请 一 次 ， 直 到 申 请 到 足 够 的 资 源 。 每 次 申 请 的 资 源 量 是 指 数 增 长 的 ， 即 1,2,4,8等 。 之 所 以 采 用 指 数 增 长 ， 出 于 两 方 面 考 虑 ： 其 一 ， 开 始 申 请 的 少 是 考 虑 到 可 能 application会 马 上 得 到 满 足 ； 其 次 要 成 倍 增 加 ， 是 为 了 防 止 application需 要 很 多 资 源 ， 而 该 方 式 可 以 在 很 少 次 数 的 申 请 之 后 得 到 满 足 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "架构设计" > 架 构 设 计 < / h2 >
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< p > 关 于 spark standalone 的 局 限 性 与 kubernetes native spark 架 构 之 间 的 区 别 请 参 考 Anirudh Ramanathan 在 2016年 10月 8日 提 交 的 issue < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/34377" target = "_blank" > Support Spark natively in Kubernetes #34377< / a > 。 < / p >
< p > 简 而 言 之 ， spark standalone on kubernetes 有 如 下 几 个 缺 点 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 无 法 对 于 多 租 户 做 隔 离 ， 每 个 用 户 都 想 给 pod 申 请 node 节 点 可 用 的 最 大 的 资 源 。 < / li >
< li > Spark 的 master／ worker 本 来 不 是 设 计 成 使 用 kubernetes 的 资 源 调 度 ， 这 样 会 存 在 两 层 的 资 源 调 度 问 题 ， 不 利 于 与 kuberentes 集 成 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 而 kubernetes native spark 集 群 中 ， spark 可 以 调 用 kubernetes API 获 取 集 群 资 源 和 调 度 。 要 实 现 kubernetes native spark 需 要 为 spark 提 供 一 个 集 群 外 部 的 manager 可 以 用 来 跟 kubernetes API 交 互 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "安装指南" > 安 装 指 南 < / h2 >
< p > 我 们 可 以 直 接 使 用 官 方 已 编 译 好 的 docker 镜 像 来 部 署 。 < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > 组 件 < / th >
< th > 镜 像 < / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > Spark Driver Image< / td >
< td > < code > kubespark/spark-driver:v2.1.0-kubernetes-0.3.1< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Spark Executor Image< / td >
< td > < code > kubespark/spark-executor:v2.1.0-kubernetes-0.3.1< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Spark Initialization Image< / td >
< td > < code > kubespark/spark-init:v2.1.0-kubernetes-0.3.1< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Spark Staging Server Image< / td >
< td > < code > kubespark/spark-resource-staging-server:v2.1.0-kubernetes-0.3.1< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > PySpark Driver Image< / td >
< td > < code > kubespark/driver-py:v2.1.0-kubernetes-0.3.1< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > PySpark Executor Image< / td >
< td > < code > kubespark/executor-py:v2.1.0-kubernetes-0.3.1< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
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< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "http://lxw1234.com/archives/2015/12/593.htm" target = "_blank" > Spark动 态 资 源 分 配 -Dynamic Resource Allocation< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://apache-spark-on-k8s.github.io/userdocs/running-on-kubernetes.html" target = "_blank" > Running Spark on Kubernetes< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-18278" target = "_blank" > Apache Spark Jira Issue - 18278 - SPIP: Support native submission of spark jobs to a kubernetes cluster< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/34377" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes Github Issue - 34377 Support Spark natively in Kubernetes< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/examples/spark" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes example spark< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/rootsongjc/spark-on-kubernetes" target = "_blank" > https://github.com/rootsongjc/spark-on-kubernetes< / a > < / p >
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