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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 主要概念
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.3 集群管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.1.3 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/support-spark-natively-in-kubernetes.html" >
5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
< / a >
2017-08-21 18:44:34 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
2017-08-30 16:52:33 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.3" data-path = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
< / a >
2017-08-21 18:44:34 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6" data-path = "../develop/" >
< a href = "../develop/" >
6. 开发指南
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.1" data-path = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
< a href = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
6.1 开发环境搭建
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.2" data-path = "../develop/testing.html" >
< a href = "../develop/testing.html" >
6.2 单元测试和集成测试
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.3" data-path = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
< a href = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
6.3 client-go示例
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.4" data-path = "../develop/contribute.html" >
< a href = "../develop/contribute.html" >
6.4 社区贡献
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7" data-path = "../appendix/" >
< a href = "../appendix/" >
7. 附录
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.1" data-path = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
7.1 Docker最佳实践
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.2" data-path = "../appendix/issues.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/issues.html" >
7.2 问题记录
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.3" data-path = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
7.3 使用技巧
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< / ul >
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< li class = "divider" > < / li >
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本書使用 GitBook 釋出
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< a href = ".." > 3.3.3 TLS bootstrap< / a >
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< h2 id = "tls-bootstrap" > TLS Bootstrap< / h2 >
< p > 本 文 档 介 绍 如 何 为 kubelet 设 置 TLS 客 户 端 证 书 引 导 （ bootstrap） 。 < / p >
< p > Kubernetes 1.4 引 入 了 一 个 用 于 从 集 群 级 证 书 颁 发 机 构 （ CA） 请 求 证 书 的 API。 此 API 的 原 始 目 的 是 为 kubelet 提 供 TLS 客 户 端 证 书 。 可 以 在 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/20439" target = "_blank" > 这 里 < / a > 找 到 该 提 议 ， 在 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/features/issues/43" target = "_blank" > feature #43< / a > 追 踪 该 功 能 的 进 度 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "kube-apiserver-配置" > kube-apiserver 配 置 < / h2 >
< p > 您 必 须 提 供 一 个 token 文 件 ， 该 文 件 中 指 定 了 至 少 一 个 分 配 给 kubelet 特 定 bootstrap 组 的 “ bootstrap token” 。 < / p >
< p > 该 组 将 作 为 controller manager 配 置 中 的 默 认 批 准 控 制 器 而 用 于 审 批 。 随 着 此 功 能 的 成 熟 ， 您 应 该 确 保 token 被 绑 定 到 基 于 角 色 的 访 问 控 制 （ RBAC） 策 略 上 ， 该 策 略 严 格 限 制 了 与 证 书 配 置 相 关 的 客 户 端 请 求 （ 使 用 bootstrap token） 。 使 用 RBAC， 将 token 范 围 划 分 为 组 可 以 带 来 很 大 的 灵 活 性 （ 例 如 ， 当 您 配 置 完 成 节 点 后 ， 您 可 以 禁 用 特 定 引 导 组 的 访 问 ） 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "token-认证文件" > Token 认 证 文 件 < / h3 >
< p > Token 可 以 是 任 意 的 ， 但 应 该 可 以 表 示 为 从 安 全 随 机 数 生 成 器 （ 例 如 大 多 数 现 代 操 作 系 统 中 的 /dev/urandom） 导 出 的 至 少 128位 熵 。 生 成 token 有 很 多 中 方 式 。 例 如 ： < / p >
< p > < code > head -c 16 /dev/urandom | od -An -t x | tr -d ' ' < / code > < / p >
< p > 产 生 的 token 类 似 于 这 样 ： < code > 02b50b05283e98dd0fd71db496ef01e8< / code > 。 < / p >
< p > Token 文 件 应 该 类 似 于 以 下 示 例 ， 其 中 前 三 个 值 可 以 是 任 何 值 ， 引 用 的 组 名 称 应 如 下 所 示 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > 02b50b05283e98dd0fd71db496ef01e8,kubelet-bootstrap,10001," system:kubelet-bootstrap"
< / code > < / pre > < p > 在 kube-apiserver 命 令 中 添 加 < code > --token-auth-file=FILENAME< / code > 标 志 （ 可 能 在 您 的 systemd unit 文 件 中 ） 来 启 用 token 文 件 。 < / p >
< p > 查 看 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authentication/#static-token-file" target = "_blank" > 该 文 档 < / a > 获 取 更 多 详 细 信 息 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "客户端证书-ca-包" > 客 户 端 证 书 CA 包 < / h3 >
< p > 在 kube-apiserver 命 令 中 添 加 < code > --client-ca-file=FILENAME< / code > 标 志 启 用 客 户 端 证 书 认 证 ， 指 定 包 含 签 名 证 书 的 证 书 颁 发 机 构 包 （ 例 如 < code > --client-ca-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem< / code > ） 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "kube-controller-manager-配置" > kube-controller-manager 配 置 < / h3 >
< p > 请 求 证 书 的 API 向 Kubernetes controller manager 中 添 加 证 书 颁 发 控 制 循 环 。 使 用 磁 盘 上 的 < a href = "https://blog.cloudflare.com/introducing-cfssl/" target = "_blank" > cfssl< / a > 本 地 签 名 文 件 的 形 式 。 目 前 ， 所 有 发 型 的 证 书 均 为 一 年 有 效 期 和 并 具 有 一 系 列 关 键 用 途 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "签名文件" > 签 名 文 件 < / h3 >
< p > 您 必 须 提 供 证 书 颁 发 机 构 ， 这 样 才 能 提 供 颁 发 证 书 所 需 的 密 码 资 料 。 < / p >
< p > kube-apiserver 通 过 指 定 的 < code > --client-ca-file=FILENAME< / code > 标 志 来 认 证 和 采 信 该 CA。 CA 的 管 理 超 出 了 本 文 档 的 范 围 ， 但 建 议 您 为 Kubernetes 生 成 专 用 的 CA。 < / p >
< p > 假 定 证 书 和 密 钥 都 是 PEM 编 码 的 。 < / p >
< p > Kube-controller-manager 标 志 为 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > --cluster-signing-cert-file=" /etc/path/to/kubernetes/ca/ca.crt" --cluster-signing-key-file=" /etc/path/to/kubernetes/ca/ca.key"
< / code > < / pre > < h3 id = "审批控制器" > 审 批 控 制 器 < / h3 >
< p > 在 kubernetes 1.7 版 本 中 ， 实 验 性 的 “ 组 自 动 批 准 ” 控 制 器 被 弃 用 ， 新 的 < code > csrapproving< / code > 控 制 器 将 作 为 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/kube-controller-manager" target = "_blank" > kube-controller-manager< / a > 的 一 部 分 ， 被 默 认 启 用 。 < / p >
< p > 控 制 器 使 用 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/#checking-api-access" target = "_blank" > < code > SubjectAccessReview< / code > API< / a > 来 确 定 给 定 用 户 是 否 已 被 授 权 允 许 请 求 CSR， 然 后 根 据 授 权 结 果 进 行 批 准 。 为 了 防 止 与 其 他 批 准 者 冲 突 ， 内 置 审 批 者 没 有 明 确 地 拒 绝 CSR， 只 是 忽 略 未 经 授 权 的 请 求 。 < / p >
< p > 控 制 器 将 CSR 分 为 三 个 子 资 源 ： < / p >
< ol >
< li > < code > nodeclient< / code > ： 用 户 的 客 户 端 认 证 请 求 < code > O=system:nodes< / code > ， < code > CN=system:node:(node name)< / code > 。 < / li >
< li > < code > selfnodeclient< / code > ： 更 新 具 有 相 同 < code > O< / code > 和 < code > CN< / code > 的 客 户 端 证 书 的 节 点 。 < / li >
< li > < code > selfnodeserver< / code > ： 更 新 服 务 证 书 的 节 点 （ ALPHA， 需 要 feature gate） 。 < / li >
< / ol >
< p > 当 前 ， 确 定 CSR 是 否 为 < code > selfnodeserver< / code > 请 求 的 检 查 与 kubelet 的 凭 据 轮 换 实 现 （ Alpha 功 能 ） 相 关 联 。 因 此 ， < code > selfnodeserver< / code > 的 定 义 将 来 可 能 会 改 变 ， 并 且 需 要 Controller Manager 上 的 < code > RotateKubeletServerCertificate< / code > feature gate。 该 功 能 的 进 展 可 以 在 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/features/issues/267" target = "_blank" > kubernetes/feature/#267< / a > 上 追 踪 。 < / p >
< pre > < code > --feature-gates=RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true
< / code > < / pre > < p > 以 下 RBAC < code > ClusterRoles< / code > 代 表 < code > nodeClient< / code > 、 < code > selfnodeclient< / code > 和 < code > selfnodeserver< / code > 功 能 。 在 以 后 的 版 本 中 可 能 会 自 动 创 建 类 似 的 角 色 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Yaml" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # A ClusterRole which instructs the CSR approver to approve a user requesting< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # node client credentials.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ClusterRole
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > approve-node-client-csr
< span class = "hljs-attr" > rules:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - apiGroups:< / span > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " certificates.k8s.io" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " certificatesigningrequests/nodeclient" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-attr" > verbs:< / span > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " create" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # A ClusterRole which instructs the CSR approver to approve a node renewing its< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # own client credentials.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ClusterRole
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > approve-node-client-renewal-csr
< span class = "hljs-attr" > rules:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - apiGroups:< / span > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " certificates.k8s.io" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " certificatesigningrequests/selfnodeclient" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-attr" > verbs:< / span > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " create" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # A ClusterRole which instructs the CSR approver to approve a node requesting a< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # serving cert matching its client cert.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ClusterRole
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > approve-node-server-renewal-csr
< span class = "hljs-attr" > rules:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - apiGroups:< / span > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " certificates.k8s.io" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " certificatesigningrequests/selfnodeserver" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-attr" > verbs:< / span > [< span class = "hljs-string" > " create" < / span > ]
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这 些 权 力 可 以 授 予 给 凭 证 ， 如 bootstrap token。 例 如 ， 要 复 制 由 已 被 移 除 的 自 动 批 准 标 志 提 供 的 行 为 ， 由 单 个 组 批 准 所 有 的 CSR： < / p >
< pre > < code > # REMOVED: This flag no longer works as of 1.7.
--insecure-experimental-approve-all-kubelet-csrs-for-group=" kubelet-bootstrap-token"
< / code > < / pre > < p > 管 理 员 将 创 建 一 个 < code > ClusterRoleBinding< / code > 来 定 位 该 组 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Yaml" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Approve all CSRs for the group " kubelet-bootstrap-token" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ClusterRoleBinding
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > auto-approve-csrs-for-group
< span class = "hljs-attr" > subjects:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - kind:< / span > Group
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > kubelet-bootstrap-token
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiGroup:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io
< span class = "hljs-attr" > roleRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ClusterRole
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > approve-node-client-csr
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiGroup:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 要 让 节 点 更 新 自 己 的 凭 据 ， 管 理 员 可 以 构 造 一 个 < code > ClusterRoleBinding< / code > 来 定 位 该 节 点 的 凭 据 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ClusterRoleBinding
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > node1-client-cert-renewal
< span class = "hljs-attr" > subjects:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - kind:< / span > User
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > system:node:node< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -1< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Let " node-1" renew its client certificate.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiGroup:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io
< span class = "hljs-attr" > roleRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ClusterRole
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > approve-node-client-renewal-csr
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiGroup:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 删 除 该 绑 定 将 会 阻 止 节 点 更 新 客 户 端 凭 据 ， 一 旦 其 证 书 到 期 ， 实 际 上 就 会 将 其 从 集 群 中 删 除 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "kubelet-配置" > kubelet 配 置 < / h2 >
< p > 要 向 kube-apiserver 请 求 客 户 端 证 书 ， kubelet 首 先 需 要 一 个 包 含 bootstrap 身 份 验 证 token 的 kubeconfig 文 件 路 径 。 您 可 以 使 用 < code > kubectl config set-cluster< / code > ， < code > set-credentials< / code > 和 < code > set-context< / code > 来 构 建 此 kubeconfig 文 件 。 为 < code > kubectl config set-credentials< / code > 提 供 < code > kubelet-bootstrap< / code > 的 名 称 ， 并 包 含 < code > --token = < token-value> < / code > ， 如 下 所 示 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl config < span class = "hljs-built_in" > set< / span > -credentials kubelet-bootstrap --token=< span class = "hljs-variable" > ${BOOTSTRAP_TOKEN}< / span > --kubeconfig=bootstrap.kubeconfig
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 启 动 kubelet 时 ， 如 果 < code > --kubeconfig< / code > 指 定 的 文 件 不 存 在 ， 则 使 用 bootstrap kubeconfig 向 API server 请 求 客 户 端 证 书 。 在 批 准 < code > kubelet< / code > 的 证 书 请 求 和 回 执 时 ， 将 包 含 了 生 成 的 密 钥 和 证 书 的 kubeconfig 文 件 写 入 由 < code > -kubeconfig< / code > 指 定 的 路 径 。 证 书 和 密 钥 文 件 将 被 放 置 在 由 < code > --cert-dir< / code > 指 定 的 目 录 中 。 < / p >
< p > 启 动 kubelet 时 启 用 bootstrap 用 到 的 标 志 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > --experimental-bootstrap-kubeconfig=" /path/to/bootstrap/kubeconfig"
< / code > < / pre > < p > 此 外 ， 在 1.7中 ， kubelet 实 现 了 < strong > Alpha< / strong > 功 能 ， 使 其 客 户 端 和 /或 服 务 器 都 能 轮 转 提 供 证 书 。 < / p >
< p > 可 以 分 别 通 过 kubelet 中 的 < code > RotateKubeletClientCertificate< / code > 和 < code > RotateKubeletServerCertificate< / code > 功 能 标 志 启 用 此 功 能 ， 但 在 未 来 版 本 中 可 能 会 以 向 后 兼 容 的 方 式 发 生 变 化 。 < / p >
< pre > < code > --feature-gates=RotateKubeletClientCertificate=true,RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true
< / code > < / pre > < p > < code > RotateKubeletClientCertificate< / code > 可 以 让 kubelet 在 其 现 有 凭 据 到 期 时 通 过 创 建 新 的 CSR 来 轮 换 其 客 户 端 证 书 。 < code > RotateKubeletServerCertificate< / code > 可 以 让 kubelet 在 其 引 导 客 户 端 凭 据 后 还 可 以 请 求 服 务 证 书 ， 并 轮 换 该 证 书 。 服 务 证 书 目 前 不 要 求 DNS 或 IP SANs。 < / p >
< h2 id = "kubectl-审批" > kubectl 审 批 < / h2 >
< p > 签 名 控 制 器 不 会 立 即 签 署 所 有 证 书 请 求 。 相 反 ， 它 会 一 直 等 待 直 到 适 当 特 权 的 用 户 被 标 记 为 “ 已 批 准 ” 状 态 。 这 最 终 将 是 由 外 部 审 批 控 制 器 来 处 理 的 自 动 化 过 程 ， 但 是 对 于 alpha 版 本 的 API 来 说 ， 可 以 由 集 群 管 理 员 通 过 kubectl 命 令 手 动 完 成 。 < / p >
< p > 管 理 员 可 以 使 用 < code > kubectl get csr< / code > 命 令 列 出 所 有 的 CSR， 使 用 < code > kubectl describe csr < name> < / code > 命 令 描 述 某 个 CSR的 详 细 信 息 。 在 1.6 版 本 以 前 ， < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/30163" target = "_blank" > 没 有 直 接 的 批 准 /拒 绝 命 令 < / a > ， 因 此 审 批 者 需 要 直 接 更 新 Status 信 息 （ < a href = "https://github.com/gtank/csrctl" target = "_blank" > 查 看 如 何 实 现 < / a > ） 。 此 后 的 Kubernetes 版 本 中 提 供 了 < code > kubectl certificate approve < name> < / code > 和 < code > kubectl certificate deny < name> < / code > 命 令 。 < / p >
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