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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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< h1 id = "ip-伪装代理" > IP 伪 装 代 理 < / h1 >
< p > 本 文 将 讲 述 如 何 配 置 和 启 用 ip-masq-agent。 < / p >
< h2 id = "创建-ip-masq-agent" > 创 建 ip-masq-agent< / h2 >
< p > 要 创 建 ip-masq-agent， 运 行 下 面 的 kubectl 命 令 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-incubator/ip-masq-agent/master/ip-masq-agent.yaml
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 关 于 ip-masq-agent 的 更 多 信 息 请 参 考 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/ip-masq-agent" target = "_blank" > 该 文 档 < / a > 。 < / p >
< p > 在 大 多 数 情 况 下 ， 默 认 的 一 套 规 则 应 该 是 足 够 的 ； 但 是 ， 如 果 内 置 的 规 则 不 适 用 于 您 的 集 群 ， 您 可 以 创 建 并 应 用 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configmap/" target = "_blank" > ConfigMap< / a > 来 自 定 义 受 影 响 的 IP 范 围 。 例 如 ， 为 了 仅 允 许 ip-masq-agent 考 虑 10.0.0.0/8， 您 可 以 在 名 为 “ config” 的 文 件 中 创 建 以 下 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configmap" target = "_blank" > ConfigMap< / a > 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > nonMasqueradeCIDRs:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 10.0< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .0< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .0< / span > /< span class = "hljs-number" > 8< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resyncInterval:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 60< / span > s
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 注 意 < / strong > ： 重 要 的 是 ， 该 文 件 被 命 名 为 config， 因 为 默 认 情 况 下 ， 该 文 件 将 被 用 作 ip-masq-agent 查 找 的 关 键 字 。 < / p >
< p > 运 行 下 列 命 令 将 ConfigMap 添 加 到 您 的 集 群 中 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl create configmap ip-masq-agent --from-file=config --namespace=kube-system
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这 将 会 更 新 < em > /etc/config/ip-masq-agent< / em > 文 件 ， 并 每 隔 < em > resyscInterval< / em > 时 间 段 检 查 一 遍 该 文 件 ， 将 配 置 应 用 到 集 群 的 节 点 中 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-http" > iptables -t nat -L IP-MASQ-AGENT
Chain IP-MASQ-AGENT (1 references)
target prot opt source destination
RETURN all -- anywhere 169.254.0.0/16 /* ip-masq-agent: cluster-local traffic should not be subject to MASQUERADE */ ADDRTYPE match dst-type !LOCAL
RETURN all -- anywhere 10.0.0.0/8 /* ip-masq-agent: cluster-local
MASQUERADE all -- anywhere anywhere /* ip-masq-agent: outbound traffic should be subject to MASQUERADE (this match must come after cluster-local CIDR matches) */ ADDRTYPE match dst-type !LOCAL
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 默 认 情 况 下 ， 本 地 链 路 范 围 （ 169.254.0.0/16） 也 由 ip-masq 代 理 处 理 ， 该 代 理 设 置 相 应 的 iptables 规 则 。 想 要 让 ip-masq-agent 忽 略 本 地 链 路 ， 您 可 以 在 ConfigMap 中 将 masqLinkLocal 设 置 为 true。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > nonMasqueradeCIDRs:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 10.0< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .0< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .0< / span > /< span class = "hljs-number" > 8< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resyncInterval:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 60< / span > s
< span class = "hljs-attr" > masqLinkLocal:< / span > < span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "ip-伪装代理用户指南" > IP 伪 装 代 理 用 户 指 南 < / h2 >
< p > ip-masq-agent 用 户 配 置 iptables 规 则 将 Pod 的 IP 地 址 隐 藏 在 集 群 node 节 点 的 IP 地 址 后 面 。 这 通 常 在 将 流 量 发 送 到 群 集 的 pod < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" target = "_blank" > CIDR< / a > 范 围 之 外 的 目 的 地 时 执 行 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "关键术语" > 关 键 术 语 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < p > < strong > NAT（ 网 络 地 址 转 换 ） < / strong > < / p >
< p > 是 一 种 通 过 修 改 IP 头 中 的 源 和 /或 目 标 地 址 信 息 来 将 一 个 IP 地 址 重 映 射 到 另 一 个 IP 地 址 的 方 法 。 通 常 由 执 行 IP 路 由 的 设 备 完 成 。 < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > < strong > Masquerading（ 伪 装 ） < / strong > < / p >
< p > NAT 的 一 种 形 式 ， 通 常 用 于 执 行 多 个 地 址 转 换 ， 其 中 多 个 源 IP 地 址 被 掩 盖 在 单 个 地 址 之 后 ， 通 常 是 由 某 设 备 进 行 IP 路 由 。 在 kubernetes 中 ， 这 是 Node 的 IP 地 址 。 < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > < strong > CIDR（ 无 类 域 内 路 由 选 择 ） < / strong > < / p >
< p > 基 于 可 变 长 度 子 网 掩 码 ， 允 许 指 定 任 意 长 度 的 前 缀 。 CIDR 引 入 了 一 种 新 的 IP 地 址 表 示 方 法 ， 现 在 通 常 被 称 为 < strong > CIDR 表 示 法 < / strong > ， 将 地 址 或 路 由 前 缀 的 比 特 位 数 作 为 后 缀 ， 例 如 192.168.2.0/24。 < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > < strong > 本 地 链 路 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 本 地 链 路 地 址 是 仅 能 在 主 机 连 接 的 网 段 或 广 播 域 内 进 行 有 效 通 信 的 网 络 地 址 。 IPv4 的 链 路 本 地 地 址 在 CIDR 表 示 法 定 义 的 地 址 块 是 169.254.0.0/16。 < / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
< p > Ip-masq-agent 在 将 流 量 发 送 到 集 群 node 节 点 的 IP 和 Cluster IP 范 围 之 外 的 目 的 地 时 ， 会 配 置 iptables 规 则 来 处 理 伪 装 的 node/pod IP 地 址 。 这 基 本 上 将 pod 的 IP 地 址 隐 藏 在 了 集 群 node 节 点 的 IP 地 址 后 面 。 在 某 些 环 境 中 ， 到 “ 外 部 ” 地 址 的 流 量 必 须 来 自 已 知 的 机 器 地 址 。 例 如 ， 在 Google Cloud 中 ， 到 互 联 网 的 任 何 流 量 必 须 来 自 虚 拟 机 的 IP。 当 使 用 容 器 时 ， 如 在 GKE中 ， Pod IP 将 被 拒 绝 作 为 出 口 。 为 了 避 免 这 种 情 况 ， 我 们 必 须 将 Pod IP 隐 藏 在 VM 自 己 的 IP 地 址 之 后 — — 通 常 被 称 为 “ 伪 装 ” 。 默 认 情 况 下 ， 配 置 代 理 将 < a href = "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918" target = "_blank" > RFC 1918< / a > 指 定 的 三 个 专 用 IP 范 围 视 为 非 伪 装 < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" target = "_blank" > CIDR< / a > 。 范 围 包 括 10.0.0.0/8、 172.16.0.0/12 和 192.168.0.0/16。 默 认 情 况 下 ， 代 理 还 将 本 地 链 路 （ 169.254.0.0/16） 视 为 非 伪 装 CIDR。 代 理 配 置 为 每 隔 60秒 从 < em > /etc/config/ip-masq-agent< / em > 位 置 重 新 加 载 其 配 置 ， 这 也 是 可 配 置 的 。 < / p >
< figure id = "fig1.3.3.6.1" > < img src = "../images/ip-masq.png" alt = "IP伪装代理示意图" > < figcaption > Figure: IP伪 装 代 理 示 意 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< p > 代 理 的 配 置 文 件 必 须 使 用 yaml 或 json 语 法 ， 并 且 包 含 以 下 三 个 可 选 的 key： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > nonMasqueradeCIDRs< / strong > ： 使 用 < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" target = "_blank" > CIDR< / a > 表 示 法 指 定 的 非 伪 装 范 围 的 字 符 串 列 表 。 < / li >
< li > < strong > masqLinkLocal< / strong > ： 一 个 布 尔 值 （ true/false） ， 表 示 是 否 将 流 量 伪 装 成 本 地 链 路 前 缀 169.254.0.0/16。 默 认 为 false。 < / li >
< li > < strong > resyncInterval< / strong > ： 代 理 尝 试 从 磁 盘 重 新 加 载 配 置 的 时 间 间 隔 。 例 如 ’ 30s’ 其 中 ‘ s’ 是 秒 ， ’ ms’ 是 毫 秒 等 … < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 到 10.0.0.0/8、 172.16.0.0/12 和 192.168.0.0/16 范 围 的 流 量 将 不 会 被 伪 装 。 任 何 其 他 流 量 （ 假 定 是 互 联 网 ） 将 被 伪 装 。 这 里 有 个 例 子 ， 来 自 pod 的 本 地 目 的 地 址 可 以 是 其 节 点 的 IP 地 址 、 其 他 节 点 的 地 址 或 Cluster IP 范 围 中 的 一 个 IP 地 址 。 其 他 任 何 流 量 都 将 默 认 伪 装 。 以 下 条 目 显 示 ip-masq-agent 应 用 的 默 认 规 则 集 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-http" > iptables -t nat -L IP-MASQ-AGENT
RETURN all -- anywhere 169.254.0.0/16 /* ip-masq-agent: cluster-local traffic should not be subject to MASQUERADE */ ADDRTYPE match dst-type !LOCAL
RETURN all -- anywhere 10.0.0.0/8 /* ip-masq-agent: cluster-local traffic should not be subject to MASQUERADE */ ADDRTYPE match dst-type !LOCAL
RETURN all -- anywhere 172.16.0.0/12 /* ip-masq-agent: cluster-local traffic should not be subject to MASQUERADE */ ADDRTYPE match dst-type !LOCAL
RETURN all -- anywhere 192.168.0.0/16 /* ip-masq-agent: cluster-local traffic should not be subject to MASQUERADE */ ADDRTYPE match dst-type !LOCAL
MASQUERADE all -- anywhere anywhere /* ip-masq-agent: outbound traffic should be subject to MASQUERADE (this match must come after cluster-local CIDR matches) */ ADDRTYPE match dst-type !LOCAL
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 默 认 情 况 下 ， 在 GCE/GKE 中 将 启 动 kubernetes 1.7.0 版 本 ， ip-masq-agent 已 经 在 集 群 中 运 行 。 如 果 您 在 其 他 环 境 中 运 行 kubernetes， 那 么 您 可 以 将 ip-masq-agent 以 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/daemonset/" target = "_blank" > DaemonSet< / a > 的 方 式 在 集 群 中 运 行 。 < / p >
< p > 原 文 地 址 ： < a href = "https://k8smeetup.github.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/ip-masq-agent/" target = "_blank" > https://k8smeetup.github.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/ip-masq-agent/< / a > < / p >
2017-09-19 21:38:03 +08:00
< p > 译 者 ： < a href = "https://github.com/rootsongjc" target = "_blank" > rootsongjc< / a > < / p >
< footer class = "page-footer-ex" > < span class = "page-footer-ex-copyright" > © All Rights Reserved < / span >                     < span class = "page-footer-ex-footer-update" > updated 2017-09-07 14:09:13 < / span > < / footer >
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