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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.15.1 ConfigMap的热更新
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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2.2.20 Annotation
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.3.7 使用kubeconfig或token进行用户身份认证
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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4.5 集群与应用监控
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4.5.1 Heapster
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4.5.1.1 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.5.2 Prometheus
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4.5.2.1 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.6 服务编排管理
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4.6.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.6.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.7 持续集成与发布
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4.7.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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4.7.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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4.8 更新与升级
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4.8.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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4.8.2 升级dashboard
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5. 领域应用
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装并试用Istio service mesh
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.1.3 安装和拓展Istio service mesh
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5.1.1.4 集成虚拟机
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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5.3 Serverless架构
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5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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< a href = ".." > 4.5.2 Prometheus< / a >
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< h1 id = "prometheus" > Prometheus< / h1 >
< p > < a href = "https://prometheus.io" target = "_blank" > Prometheus< / a > 是 由 SoundCloud 开 源 监 控 告 警 解 决 方 案 ， 从 2012 年 开 始 编 写 代 码 ， 再 到 2015 年 github 上 开 源 以 来 ， 已 经 吸 引 了 9k+ 关 注 ， 以 及 很 多 大 公 司 的 使 用 ； 2016 年 Prometheus 成 为 继 k8s 后 ， 第 二 名 CNCF(< a href = "https://cncf.io/" target = "_blank" > Cloud Native Computing Foundation< / a > ) 成 员 。 < / p >
< p > 作 为 新 一 代 开 源 解 决 方 案 ， 很 多 理 念 与 Google SRE 运 维 之 道 不 谋 而 合 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "主要功能" > 主 要 功 能 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > 多 维 < a href = "https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/data_model/" target = "_blank" > 数 据 模 型 < / a > （ 时 序 由 metric 名 字 和 k/v 的 labels 构 成 ） 。 < / li >
< li > 灵 活 的 查 询 语 句 （ < a href = "https://prometheus.io/docs/querying/basics/" target = "_blank" > PromQL< / a > ） 。 < / li >
< li > 无 依 赖 存 储 ， 支 持 local 和 remote 不 同 模 型 。 < / li >
< li > 采 用 http 协 议 ， 使 用 pull 模 式 ， 拉 取 数 据 ， 简 单 易 懂 。 < / li >
< li > 监 控 目 标 ， 可 以 采 用 服 务 发 现 或 静 态 配 置 的 方 式 。 < / li >
< li > 支 持 多 种 统 计 数 据 模 型 ， 图 形 化 友 好 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "核心组件" > 核 心 组 件 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus" target = "_blank" > Prometheus Server< / a > ， 主 要 用 于 抓 取 数 据 和 存 储 时 序 数 据 ， 另 外 还 提 供 查 询 和 Alert Rule 配 置 管 理 。 < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://prometheus.io/docs/instrumenting/clientlibs/" target = "_blank" > client libraries< / a > ， 用 于 对 接 Prometheus Server, 可 以 查 询 和 上 报 数 据 。 < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/prometheus/pushgateway" target = "_blank" > push gateway< / a > ， 用 于 批 量 ， 短 期 的 监 控 数 据 的 汇 总 节 点 ， 主 要 用 于 业 务 数 据 汇 报 等 。 < / li >
< li > 各 种 汇 报 数 据 的 < a href = "https://prometheus.io/docs/instrumenting/exporters/" target = "_blank" > exporters< / a > ， 例 如 汇 报 机 器 数 据 的 node_exporter, 汇 报 MongoDB 信 息 的 < a href = "https://github.com/dcu/mongodb_exporter" target = "_blank" > MongoDB exporter< / a > 等 等 。 < / li >
< li > 用 于 告 警 通 知 管 理 的 < a href = "https://github.com/prometheus/alertmanager" target = "_blank" > alertmanager< / a > 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "基础架构" > 基 础 架 构 < / h2 >
< p > 一 图 胜 千 言 ， 先 来 张 官 方 的 架 构 图 < / p >
< figure id = "fig1.5.5.2.1" > < img src = "https://prometheus.io/assets/architecture.svg" alt = "Prometheus 架构图" > < figcaption > 图 片 - Prometheus 架 构 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< p > 从 这 个 架 构 图 ， 也 可 以 看 出 Prometheus 的 主 要 模 块 包 含 ， Server, Exporters, Pushgateway, PromQL, Alertmanager, WebUI 等 。 < / p >
< p > 它 大 致 使 用 逻 辑 是 这 样 ： < / p >
< ol >
< li > Prometheus server 定 期 从 静 态 配 置 的 targets 或 者 服 务 发 现 的 targets 拉 取 数 据 。 < / li >
< li > 当 新 拉 取 的 数 据 大 于 配 置 内 存 缓 存 区 的 时 候 ， Prometheus 会 将 数 据 持 久 化 到 磁 盘 （ 如 果 使 用 remote storage 将 持 久 化 到 云 端 ） 。 < / li >
< li > Prometheus 可 以 配 置 rules， 然 后 定 时 查 询 数 据 ， 当 条 件 触 发 的 时 候 ， 会 将 alert 推 送 到 配 置 的 Alertmanager。 < / li >
< li > Alertmanager 收 到 警 告 的 时 候 ， 可 以 根 据 配 置 ， 聚 合 ， 去 重 ， 降 噪 ， 最 后 发 送 警 告 。 < / li >
< li > 可 以 使 用 API， Prometheus Console 或 者 Grafana 查 询 和 聚 合 数 据 。 < / li >
< / ol >
< h2 id = "注意" > 注 意 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > Prometheus 的 数 据 是 基 于 时 序 的 float64 的 值 ， 如 果 你 的 数 据 值 有 更 多 类 型 ， 无 法 满 足 。 < / li >
< li > Prometheus 不 适 合 做 审 计 计 费 ， 因 为 它 的 数 据 是 按 一 定 时 间 采 集 的 ， 关 注 的 更 多 是 系 统 的 运 行 瞬 时 状 态 以 及 趋 势 ， 即 使 有 少 量 数 据 没 有 采 集 也 能 容 忍 ， 但 是 审 计 计 费 需 要 记 录 每 个 请 求 ， 并 且 数 据 长 期 存 储 ， 这 个 和 Prometheus 无 法 满 足 ， 可 能 需 要 采 用 专 门 的 审 计 系 统 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 以 上 介 绍 来 自 < a href = "https://github.com/songjiayang/prometheus_practice/" target = "_blank" > https://github.com/songjiayang/prometheus_practice/< / a > < / p >
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