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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 主要概念
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.3 集群管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.1.3 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark on Kubernetes
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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< a href = ".." > 2. 概念原理< / a >
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< h1 id = "kubernetes架构" > Kubernetes架 构 < / h1 >
< p > Kubernetes最 初 源 于 谷 歌 内 部 的 Borg， 提 供 了 面 向 应 用 的 容 器 集 群 部 署 和 管 理 系 统 。 Kubernetes的 目 标 旨 在 消 除 编 排 物 理 /虚 拟 计 算 ， 网 络 和 存 储 基 础 设 施 的 负 担 ， 并 使 应 用 程 序 运 营 商 和 开 发 人 员 完 全 将 重 点 放 在 以 容 器 为 中 心 的 原 语 上 进 行 自 助 运 营 。 Kubernetes 也 提 供 稳 定 、 兼 容 的 基 础 （ 平 台 ） ， 用 于 构 建 定 制 化 的 workflows 和 更 高 级 的 自 动 化 任 务 。
Kubernetes 具 备 完 善 的 集 群 管 理 能 力 ， 包 括 多 层 次 的 安 全 防 护 和 准 入 机 制 、 多 租 户 应 用 支 撑 能 力 、 透 明 的 服 务 注 册 和 服 务 发 现 机 制 、 内 建 负 载 均 衡 器 、 故 障 发 现 和 自 我 修 复 能 力 、 服 务 滚 动 升 级 和 在 线 扩 容 、 可 扩 展 的 资 源 自 动 调 度 机 制 、 多 粒 度 的 资 源 配 额 管 理 能 力 。
Kubernetes 还 提 供 完 善 的 管 理 工 具 ， 涵 盖 开 发 、 部 署 测 试 、 运 维 监 控 等 各 个 环 节 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "borg简介" > Borg简 介 < / h2 >
< p > Borg是 谷 歌 内 部 的 大 规 模 集 群 管 理 系 统 ， 负 责 对 谷 歌 内 部 很 多 核 心 服 务 的 调 度 和 管 理 。 Borg的 目 的 是 让 用 户 能 够 不 必 操 心 资 源 管 理 的 问 题 ， 让 他 们 专 注 于 自 己 的 核 心 业 务 ， 并 且 做 到 跨 多 个 数 据 中 心 的 资 源 利 用 率 最 大 化 。 < / p >
< p > Borg主 要 由 BorgMaster、 Borglet、 borgcfg和 Scheduler组 成 ， 如 下 图 所 示 < / p >
< figure id = "fig1.2.1" > < img src = "../images/borg.png" alt = "Borg架构" > < figcaption > Figure: Borg架 构 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< ul >
< li > BorgMaster是 整 个 集 群 的 大 脑 ， 负 责 维 护 整 个 集 群 的 状 态 ， 并 将 数 据 持 久 化 到 Paxos存 储 中 ； < / li >
< li > Scheduer负 责 任 务 的 调 度 ， 根 据 应 用 的 特 点 将 其 调 度 到 具 体 的 机 器 上 去 ； < / li >
< li > Borglet负 责 真 正 运 行 任 务 （ 在 容 器 中 ） ； < / li >
< li > borgcfg是 Borg的 命 令 行 工 具 ， 用 于 跟 Borg系 统 交 互 ， 一 般 通 过 一 个 配 置 文 件 来 提 交 任 务 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "kubernetes架构" > Kubernetes架 构 < / h2 >
< p > Kubernetes借 鉴 了 Borg的 设 计 理 念 ， 比 如 Pod、 Service、 Labels和 单 Pod单 IP等 。 Kubernetes的 整 体 架 构 跟 Borg非 常 像 ， 如 下 图 所 示 < / p >
< figure id = "fig1.2.2" > < img src = "../images/architecture.png" alt = "Kubernetes架构" > < figcaption > Figure: Kubernetes架 构 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< p > Kubernetes主 要 由 以 下 几 个 核 心 组 件 组 成 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > etcd保 存 了 整 个 集 群 的 状 态 ； < / li >
< li > apiserver提 供 了 资 源 操 作 的 唯 一 入 口 ， 并 提 供 认 证 、 授 权 、 访 问 控 制 、 API注 册 和 发 现 等 机 制 ； < / li >
< li > controller manager负 责 维 护 集 群 的 状 态 ， 比 如 故 障 检 测 、 自 动 扩 展 、 滚 动 更 新 等 ； < / li >
< li > scheduler负 责 资 源 的 调 度 ， 按 照 预 定 的 调 度 策 略 将 Pod调 度 到 相 应 的 机 器 上 ； < / li >
< li > kubelet负 责 维 护 容 器 的 生 命 周 期 ， 同 时 也 负 责 Volume（ CVI） 和 网 络 （ CNI） 的 管 理 ； < / li >
< li > Container runtime负 责 镜 像 管 理 以 及 Pod和 容 器 的 真 正 运 行 （ CRI） ； < / li >
< li > kube-proxy负 责 为 Service提 供 cluster内 部 的 服 务 发 现 和 负 载 均 衡 ； < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 除 了 核 心 组 件 ， 还 有 一 些 推 荐 的 Add-ons： < / p >
< ul >
< li > kube-dns负 责 为 整 个 集 群 提 供 DNS服 务 < / li >
< li > Ingress Controller为 服 务 提 供 外 网 入 口 < / li >
< li > Heapster提 供 资 源 监 控 < / li >
< li > Dashboard提 供 GUI< / li >
< li > Federation提 供 跨 可 用 区 的 集 群 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "kubernetes架构示意图" > Kubernetes架 构 示 意 图 < / h2 >
< h3 id = "整体架构" > 整 体 架 构 < / h3 >
< figure id = "fig1.2.3" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-whole-arch.png" alt = "kubernetes整体架构示意图" > < figcaption > Figure: kubernetes整 体 架 构 示 意 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< h3 id = "master架构" > Master架 构 < / h3 >
< figure id = "fig1.2.4" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-master-arch.png" alt = "Kubernetes master架构示意图" > < figcaption > Figure: Kubernetes master架 构 示 意 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< h3 id = "node架构" > Node架 构 < / h3 >
< figure id = "fig1.2.5" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-node-arch.png" alt = "kubernetes node架构示意图" > < figcaption > Figure: kubernetes node架 构 示 意 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< h3 id = "分层架构" > 分 层 架 构 < / h3 >
< p > Kubernetes设 计 理 念 和 功 能 其 实 就 是 一 个 类 似 Linux的 分 层 架 构 ， 如 下 图 所 示 < / p >
< figure id = "fig1.2.6" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-layers-arch.jpg" alt = "Kubernetes分层架构示意图" > < figcaption > Figure: Kubernetes分 层 架 构 示 意 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< ul >
< li > 核 心 层 ： Kubernetes最 核 心 的 功 能 ， 对 外 提 供 API构 建 高 层 的 应 用 ， 对 内 提 供 插 件 式 应 用 执 行 环 境 < / li >
< li > 应 用 层 ： 部 署 （ 无 状 态 应 用 、 有 状 态 应 用 、 批 处 理 任 务 、 集 群 应 用 等 ） 和 路 由 （ 服 务 发 现 、 DNS解 析 等 ） < / li >
< li > 管 理 层 ： 系 统 度 量 （ 如 基 础 设 施 、 容 器 和 网 络 的 度 量 ） ， 自 动 化 （ 如 自 动 扩 展 、 动 态 Provision等 ） 以 及 策 略 管 理 （ RBAC、 Quota、 PSP、 NetworkPolicy等 ） < / li >
< li > 接 口 层 ： kubectl命 令 行 工 具 、 客 户 端 SDK以 及 集 群 联 邦 < / li >
< li > 生 态 系 统 ： 在 接 口 层 之 上 的 庞 大 容 器 集 群 管 理 调 度 的 生 态 系 统 ， 可 以 划 分 为 两 个 范 畴 < ul >
< li > Kubernetes外 部 ： 日 志 、 监 控 、 配 置 管 理 、 CI、 CD、 Workflow、 FaaS、 OTS应 用 、 ChatOps等 < / li >
< li > Kubernetes内 部 ： CRI、 CNI、 CVI、 镜 像 仓 库 、 Cloud Provider、 集 群 自 身 的 配 置 和 管 理 等 < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< blockquote >
< p > 关 于 分 层 架 构 ， 可 以 关 注 下 Kubernetes社 区 正 在 推 进 的 < a href = "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XkjVm4bOeiVkj-Xt1LgoGiqWsBfNozJ51dyI-ljzt1o" target = "_blank" > Kbernetes architectual roadmap< / a > 和 < a href = "https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GpELyzXOGEPY0Y1ft26yMNV19ROKt8eMN67vDSSHglk/edit" target = "_blank" > slide< / a > 。 < / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "参考文档" > 参 考 文 档 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/architecture.md" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes design and architecture< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2898444" target = "_blank" > http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2898444< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/zh-CN//pubs/archive/43438.pdf" target = "_blank" > http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/zh-CN//pubs/archive/43438.pdf< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "http://thenewstack.io/kubernetes-an-overview" target = "_blank" > http://thenewstack.io/kubernetes-an-overview< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XkjVm4bOeiVkj-Xt1LgoGiqWsBfNozJ51dyI-ljzt1o" target = "_blank" > Kbernetes architectual roadmap< / a > 和 < a href = "https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GpELyzXOGEPY0Y1ft26yMNV19ROKt8eMN67vDSSHglk/edit" target = "_blank" > slide< / a > < / li >
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