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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.2.5 使用Helm安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.3.10 手动集群升级
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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4.5 服务编排管理
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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5.3 Serverless架构
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5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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本书使用 GitBook 发布
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< h2 id = "问题记录" > 问 题 记 录 < / h2 >
< p > 安 装 、 使 用 kubernetes的 过 程 中 遇 到 的 所 有 问 题 的 记 录 。 < / p >
< p > 推 荐 直 接 在 Kubernetes的 GitHub上 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/new" target = "_blank" > 提 issue< / a > ， 在 此 记 录 所 提 交 的 issue。 < / p >
< h2 id = "1failed-to-start-containermanager-failed-to-initialise-top-level-qos-containers-43856" > 1.< a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/43856" target = "_blank" > Failed to start ContainerManager failed to initialise top level QOS containers #43856< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 重 启 kubelet时 报 错 ， 目 前 的 解 决 方 法 是 ： < / p >
< p > 1.在 docker.service配 置 中 增 加 的 < code > --exec-opt native.cgroupdriver=systemd< / code > 配 置 。 < / p >
< p > 2.手 动 删 除 slice（ 貌 似 不 管 用 ） < / p >
< p > 3.重 启 主 机 ， 这 招 最 管 用 😄 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > i < span class = "hljs-keyword" > in< / span > $(systemctl list-unit-files — no-legend — no-pager < span class = "hljs-_" > -l< / span > | grep — color=never -o .*.slice | grep kubepod);< span class = "hljs-keyword" > do< / span > systemctl stop < span class = "hljs-variable" > $i< / span > ;< span class = "hljs-keyword" > done< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 上 面 的 几 种 方 法 在 该 bug修 复 前 只 有 重 启 主 机 管 用 ， 该 bug已 于 2017年 4月 27日 修 复 ， merge到 了 master分 支 ， 见 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/44940" target = "_blank" > https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/44940< / a > < / p >
< h2 id = "2high-availability-of-kube-apiserver-19816" > 2.< a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/19816" target = "_blank" > High Availability of Kube-apiserver #19816< / a > < / h2 >
< p > API server的 HA如 何 实 现 ？ 或 者 说 这 个 master节 点 上 的 服 务 < code > api-server< / code > 、 < code > scheduler< / code > 、 < code > controller< / code > 如 何 实 现 HA？ 目 前 的 解 决 方 案 是 什 么 ？ < / p >
< p > 目 前 的 解 决 方 案 是 api-server是 无 状 态 的 可 以 启 动 多 个 ， 然 后 在 前 端 再 加 一 个 nginx或 者 ha-proxy。 而 scheduler和 controller都 是 直 接 用 容 器 的 方 式 启 动 的 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "3kubelet启动时failed-to-start-containermanager-systemd-version-does-not-support-ability-to-start-a-slice-as-transient-unit" > 3.Kubelet启 动 时 Failed to start ContainerManager systemd version does not support ability to start a slice as transient unit< / h2 >
< p > CentOS系 统 版 本 7.2.1511< / p >
< p > kubelet启 动 时 报 错 systemd版 本 不 支 持 start a slice as transient unit。 < / p >
< p > 尝 试 升 级 CentOS版 本 到 7.3， 看 看 是 否 可 以 修 复 该 问 题 。 < / p >
< p > 与 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubeadm/issues/228" target = "_blank" > kubeadm init waiting for the control plane to become ready on CentOS 7.2 with kubeadm 1.6.1 #228< / a > 类 似 。 < / p >
< p > 另 外 有 一 个 使 用 systemd管 理 kubelet的 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/kubelet-systemd.md" target = "_blank" > proposal< / a > 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "4kube-proxy报错kube-proxy2241-e0502-155513889842----2241-conntrackgo42-conntrack-returned-error-error-looking-for-path-of-conntrack-exec-conntrack-executable-file-not-found-in-path" > 4.kube-proxy报 错 kube-proxy[2241]: E0502 15:55:13.889842 2241 conntrack.go:42] conntrack returned error: error looking for path of conntrack: exec: " conntrack" : executable file not found in $PATH< / h2 >
< p > < strong > 导 致 的 现 象 < / strong > < / p >
< p > kubedns启 动 成 功 ， 运 行 正 常 ， 但 是 service之 间 无 法 解 析 ， kubernetes中 的 DNS解 析 异 常 < / p >
< p > < strong > 解 决 方 法 < / strong > < / p >
< p > CentOS中 安 装 < code > conntrack-tools< / code > 包 后 重 启 kubernetes集 群 即 可 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "5-pod-stucks-in-terminating-if-it-has-a-privileged-container-but-has-been-scheduled-to-a-node-which-doesnt-allow-privilege-issue42568" > 5. < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/42568" target = "_blank" > Pod stucks in terminating if it has a privileged container but has been scheduled to a node which doesn' t allow privilege issue#42568< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 当 pod被 调 度 到 无 法 权 限 不 足 的 node上 时 ， pod一 直 处 于 pending状 态 ， 且 无 法 删 除 pod， 删 除 时 一 直 处 于 terminating状 态 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > kubelet中 的 报 错 信 息 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code > Error validating pod kube-keepalived-vip-1p62d_default(5d79ccc0-3173-11e7-bfbd-8af1e3a7c5bd) from api, ignoring: spec.containers[0].securityContext.privileged: Forbidden: disallowed by cluster policy
< / code > < / pre > < h2 id = "6pvc中对storage的容量设置不生效" > 6.PVC中 对 Storage的 容 量 设 置 不 生 效 < / h2 >
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< p > < a href = "../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html" > 使 用 glusterfs做 持 久 化 存 储 < / a > 文 档 中 我 们 构 建 了 PV和 PVC， 当 时 给 < code > glusterfs-nginx< / code > 的 PVC设 置 了 8G的 存 储 限 额 ， < code > nginx-dm< / code > 这 个 Deployment使 用 了 该 PVC， 进 入 该 Deployment中 的 Pod执 行 测 试 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code > dd if=/dev/zero of=test bs=1G count=10
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< / code > < / pre > < figure id = "fig1.8.2.1" > < img src = "../images/pvc-storage-limit.jpg" alt = "pvc-storage-limit" > < figcaption > 图 片 - pvc-storage-limit< / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 从 截 图 中 可 以 看 到 创 建 了 9个 size为 1G的 block后 无 法 继 续 创 建 了 ， 已 经 超 出 了 8G的 限 额 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "7-使用-headless-service-的时候-kubedns-解析不生效" > 7. 使 用 Headless service 的 时 候 kubedns 解 析 不 生 效 < / h2 >
< p > kubelet 的 配 置 文 件 < code > /etc/kubernetes/kubelet< / code > 中 的 配 置 中 将 集 群 DNS 的 domain name 配 置 成 了 < code > – – cluster-domain=cluster.local.< / code > ， 虽 然 对 于 service 的 名 字 能 够 正 常 的 完 成 DNS 解 析 ， 但 是 对 于 headless service 中 的 pod 名 字 解 析 不 了 ， 查 看 pod 的 < code > /etc/resolv.conf< / code > 文 件 可 以 看 到 以 下 内 容 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > nameserver 10.0.254.2
search default.svc.cluster.local. svc.cluster.local. cluster.local. tendcloud.com
options ndots:5
< / code > < / pre > < p > 修 改 < code > /etc/kubernetes/kubelet< / code > 文 件 中 的 < code > – – cluster-domain=cluster.local.< / code > 将 local 后 面 的 点 去 掉 后 重 启 所 有 的 kubelet， 这 样 新 创 建 的 pod 中 的 < code > /etc/resolv.conf< / code > 文 件 的 DNS 配 置 和 解 析 就 正 常 了 。 < / p >
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< h2 id = "8-kubernetes-集成-ceph-存储-rbd-命令组装问题" > 8. kubernetes 集 成 ceph 存 储 rbd 命 令 组 装 问 题 < / h2 >
< p > kubernetes 使 用 ceph 创 建 PVC 的 时 候 会 有 如 下 报 错 信 息 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > Events:
FirstSeen LastSeen Count From SubObjectPath Type Reason Message
--------- -------- ----- ---- ------------- -------- ------ -------
1h 12s 441 {persistentvolume-controller } Warning ProvisioningFailed Failed to provision volume with StorageClass < span class = "hljs-string" > " ceph-web" < / span > : failed to create rbd image: executable file not found < span class = "hljs-keyword" > in< / span > < span class = "hljs-variable" > $PATH< / span > , < span class = "hljs-built_in" > command< / span > output:
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 检 查 < code > kube-controller-manager< / code > 的 日 志 将 看 到 如 下 错 误 信 息 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > Sep 4 15:25:36 bj-xg-oam-kubernetes-001 kube-controller-manager: W0904 15:25:36.032128 13211 rbd_util.go:364] failed to create rbd image, output
Sep 4 15:25:36 bj-xg-oam-kubernetes-001 kube-controller-manager: W0904 15:25:36.032201 13211 rbd_util.go:364] failed to create rbd image, output
Sep 4 15:25:36 bj-xg-oam-kubernetes-001 kube-controller-manager: W0904 15:25:36.032252 13211 rbd_util.go:364] failed to create rbd image, output
Sep 4 15:25:36 bj-xg-oam-kubernetes-001 kube-controller-manager: E0904 15:25:36.032276 13211 rbd.go:317] rbd: create volume failed, err: failed to create rbd image: fork/exec /usr/bin/rbd: invalid argument, command output:
< / code > < / pre > < p > 该 问 题 尚 未 解 决 ， 参 考 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/38923" target = "_blank" > Error creating rbd image: executable file not found in $PATH#38923< / a > < / p >
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< h2 id = "9-helm-error-no-available-release-name-found" > 9. Helm: Error: no available release name found< / h2 >
< p > 在 开 启 了 RBAC的 kubernetes集 群 中 ， 当 使 用 helm部 署 应 用 ， 执 行 < code > helm install< / code > 的 时 候 ， 会 报 着 个 错 误 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > Error: no available release name found
Error: the server does not allow access to the requested resource (get configmaps)
< / code > < / pre > < p > 这 是 因 为 我 们 使 用 的 < code > 2.3.1< / code > 版 本 的 helm init的 时 候 没 有 为 tiller创 建 < code > serviceaccount< / code > 和 < code > clusterrolebiding< / code > 的 缘 故 导 致 的 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl create serviceaccount --namespace kube-system tiller
kubectl create clusterrolebinding tiller-cluster-rule --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=kube-system:tiller
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # helm init -i sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/kubernetes-helm-tiller:v2.3.1< / span >
kubectl patch deploy --namespace kube-system tiller-deploy -p < span class = "hljs-string" > ' {" spec" :{" template" :{" spec" :{" serviceAccount" :" tiller" }}}}' < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 参 考 < / strong > < / p >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43499971/helm-error-no-available-release-name-found" target = "_blank" > Helm: Error: no available release name found - StackOverflow< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/issues/2224" target = "_blank" > Helm 2.2.3 not working properly with kubeadm 1.6.1 default RBAC rules #2224< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
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< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
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< p > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/" target = "_blank" > Persistent Volume< / a > < / p >
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< p > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/resources.md" target = "_blank" > Resource Design Proposals< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "" > Helm: Error: no available release name found< / a > < / p >
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