2020-12-25 20:38:09 +08:00
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< title > Istio 支持虚拟机的历史 · Kubernetes Handbook - Kubernetes中文指南/云原生应用架构实践手册 by Jimmy Song(宋净超)< / title >
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< a href = "https://jimmysong.io" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > 回到主页< / a >
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< a href = "https://jimmysong.io/awesome-cloud-native" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > 云原生开源项目大全< / a >
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< a href = "https://cloudnative.to" target = "_blank" class = "custom-link" > 云原生社区< / a >
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< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li class = "header" > 前言< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.1" data-path = "../" >
< a href = "../" >
< b > 1.1.< / b >
序言
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 云原生< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.1" data-path = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-definition.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-definition.html" >
< b > 2.1.< / b >
云原生（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.2" data-path = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-philosophy.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-philosophy.html" >
< b > 2.2.< / b >
云原生的设计哲学
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.3" data-path = "../cloud-native/quick-start.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/quick-start.html" >
< b > 2.3.< / b >
云原生新手入门指南
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.4" data-path = "../cloud-native/play-with-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/play-with-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 2.4.< / b >
Play with Kubernetes
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.5" data-path = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-local-quick-start.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-local-quick-start.html" >
< b > 2.5.< / b >
快速部署一个云原生本地实验环境
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.6" data-path = "../cloud-native/setup-kubernetes-with-rancher-and-aliyun.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/setup-kubernetes-with-rancher-and-aliyun.html" >
< b > 2.6.< / b >
使用 Rancher 在阿里云上部署 Kubenretes 集群
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.7" data-path = "../cloud-native/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html" >
< b > 2.7.< / b >
Kubernetes 与云原生应用概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.8" data-path = "../cloud-native/from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html" >
< b > 2.8.< / b >
云原生应用之路 —— 从 Kubernetes 到 Cloud Native
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9" data-path = "../cloud-native/define-cloud-native-app.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/define-cloud-native-app.html" >
< b > 2.9.< / b >
定义云原生应用
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9.1" data-path = "../cloud-native/oam.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/oam.html" >
< b > 2.9.1.< / b >
OAM
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< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9.1.1" data-path = "../cloud-native/workload.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/workload.html" >
< b > 2.9.1.1.< / b >
Workload
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9.1.2" data-path = "../cloud-native/component.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/component.html" >
< b > 2.9.1.2.< / b >
Component
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9.1.3" data-path = "../cloud-native/trait.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/trait.html" >
< b > 2.9.1.3.< / b >
Trait
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9.1.4" data-path = "../cloud-native/application-scope.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/application-scope.html" >
< b > 2.9.1.4.< / b >
Application Scope
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9.1.5" data-path = "../cloud-native/application-configuration.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/application-configuration.html" >
< b > 2.9.1.5.< / b >
Application Configuration
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< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.9.2" data-path = "../cloud-native/crossplane.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/crossplane.html" >
< b > 2.9.2.< / b >
Crossplane
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.10" data-path = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-languages.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-languages.html" >
< b > 2.10.< / b >
云原生编程语言
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.10.1" data-path = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-ballerina.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-ballerina.html" >
< b > 2.10.1.< / b >
云原生编程语言 Ballerina
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.10.2" data-path = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-pulumi.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-pulumi.html" >
< b > 2.10.2.< / b >
云原生编程语言 Pulumi
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "2.11" data-path = "../cloud-native/the-future-of-cloud-native.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/the-future-of-cloud-native.html" >
< b > 2.11.< / b >
云原生的未来
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 概念与原理< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1" data-path = "../concepts/" >
< a href = "../concepts/" >
< b > 3.1.< / b >
Kubernetes 架构
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.1" data-path = "../concepts/concepts.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/concepts.html" >
< b > 3.1.1.< / b >
设计理念
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.2" data-path = "../concepts/etcd.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/etcd.html" >
< b > 3.1.2.< / b >
Etcd 解析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.3" data-path = "../concepts/open-interfaces.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/open-interfaces.html" >
< b > 3.1.3.< / b >
开放接口
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.3.1" data-path = "../concepts/cri.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cri.html" >
< b > 3.1.3.1.< / b >
CRI - Container Runtime Interface（ ）
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.3.2" data-path = "../concepts/cni.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cni.html" >
< b > 3.1.3.2.< / b >
CNI - Container Network Interface（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.1.3.3" data-path = "../concepts/csi.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/csi.html" >
< b > 3.1.3.3.< / b >
CSI - Container Storage Interface（ ）
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2" data-path = "../concepts/networking.html" >
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< b > 3.2.< / b >
Kubernetes 中的网络
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2.1" data-path = "../concepts/flannel.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/flannel.html" >
< b > 3.2.1.< / b >
Kubernetes 中的网络解析 —— 以 flannel 为例
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2.2" data-path = "../concepts/calico.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/calico.html" >
< b > 3.2.2.< / b >
Kubernetes 中的网络解析 —— 以 calico 为例
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2.3" data-path = "../concepts/cilium.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cilium.html" >
< b > 3.2.3.< / b >
具备 API 感知的网络和安全性管理开源软件 Cilium
< / a >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.2.3.1" data-path = "../concepts/cilium-concepts.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cilium-concepts.html" >
< b > 3.2.3.1.< / b >
Cilium 架构设计与概念解析
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< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.3" data-path = "../concepts/objects.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/objects.html" >
< b > 3.3.< / b >
资源对象与基本概念解析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4" data-path = "../concepts/pod-state-and-lifecycle.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-state-and-lifecycle.html" >
< b > 3.4.< / b >
Pod 状态与生命周期管理
< / a >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.1" data-path = "../concepts/pod-overview.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-overview.html" >
< b > 3.4.1.< / b >
Pod 概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.2" data-path = "../concepts/pod.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod.html" >
< b > 3.4.2.< / b >
Pod 解析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.3" data-path = "../concepts/init-containers.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/init-containers.html" >
< b > 3.4.3.< / b >
Init 容器
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.4" data-path = "../concepts/pause-container.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pause-container.html" >
< b > 3.4.4.< / b >
Pause 容器
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.5" data-path = "../concepts/pod-security-policy.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-security-policy.html" >
< b > 3.4.5.< / b >
Pod 安全策略
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.6" data-path = "../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html" >
< b > 3.4.6.< / b >
Pod 的生命周期
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.7" data-path = "../concepts/pod-hook.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-hook.html" >
< b > 3.4.7.< / b >
Pod Hook
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.8" data-path = "../concepts/pod-preset.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-preset.html" >
< b > 3.4.8.< / b >
Pod Preset
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.4.9" data-path = "../concepts/pod-disruption-budget.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/pod-disruption-budget.html" >
< b > 3.4.9.< / b >
Pod 中断与 PDB（
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5" data-path = "../concepts/cluster.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cluster.html" >
< b > 3.5.< / b >
集群资源管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.1" data-path = "../concepts/node.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/node.html" >
< b > 3.5.1.< / b >
Node
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.2" data-path = "../concepts/namespace.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/namespace.html" >
< b > 3.5.2.< / b >
Namespace
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.3" data-path = "../concepts/label.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/label.html" >
< b > 3.5.3.< / b >
Label
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.4" data-path = "../concepts/annotation.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/annotation.html" >
< b > 3.5.4.< / b >
Annotation
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.5" data-path = "../concepts/taint-and-toleration.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/taint-and-toleration.html" >
< b > 3.5.5.< / b >
Taint 和 Toleration（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.5.6" data-path = "../concepts/garbage-collection.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/garbage-collection.html" >
< b > 3.5.6.< / b >
垃圾收集
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< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6" data-path = "../concepts/controllers.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/controllers.html" >
< b > 3.6.< / b >
控制器
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< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.1" data-path = "../concepts/deployment.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/deployment.html" >
< b > 3.6.1.< / b >
Deployment
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.2" data-path = "../concepts/statefulset.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/statefulset.html" >
< b > 3.6.2.< / b >
StatefulSet
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.3" data-path = "../concepts/daemonset.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/daemonset.html" >
< b > 3.6.3.< / b >
DaemonSet
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.4" data-path = "../concepts/replicaset.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/replicaset.html" >
< b > 3.6.4.< / b >
ReplicationController 和 ReplicaSet
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.5" data-path = "../concepts/job.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/job.html" >
< b > 3.6.5.< / b >
Job
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.6" data-path = "../concepts/cronjob.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/cronjob.html" >
< b > 3.6.6.< / b >
CronJob
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.7" data-path = "../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html" >
< b > 3.6.7.< / b >
Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.7.1" data-path = "../concepts/custom-metrics-hpa.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/custom-metrics-hpa.html" >
< b > 3.6.7.1.< / b >
自定义指标 HPA
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.6.8" data-path = "../concepts/admission-controller.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/admission-controller.html" >
< b > 3.6.8.< / b >
准入控制器（ ）
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7" data-path = "../concepts/service-discovery.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/service-discovery.html" >
< b > 3.7.< / b >
服务发现
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7.1" data-path = "../concepts/service.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/service.html" >
< b > 3.7.1.< / b >
Service
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7.2" data-path = "../concepts/ingress.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/ingress.html" >
< b > 3.7.2.< / b >
Ingress
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< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7.2.1" data-path = "../concepts/traefik-ingress-controller.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/traefik-ingress-controller.html" >
< b > 3.7.2.1.< / b >
Traefik Ingress Controller
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7.3" data-path = "../concepts/kubernetes-service-api.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/kubernetes-service-api.html" >
< b > 3.7.3.< / b >
Kubernetes Service API
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< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.7.3.1" data-path = "../concepts/service-api-overview.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/service-api-overview.html" >
< b > 3.7.3.1.< / b >
Service API 简介
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2020-12-25 20:38:09 +08:00
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.8" data-path = "../concepts/authentication-and-permission.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/authentication-and-permission.html" >
< b > 3.8.< / b >
身份与权限控制
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.8.1" data-path = "../concepts/serviceaccount.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/serviceaccount.html" >
< b > 3.8.1.< / b >
ServiceAccount
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.8.2" data-path = "../concepts/rbac.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/rbac.html" >
< b > 3.8.2.< / b >
RBAC—— 基于角色的访问控制
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.8.3" data-path = "../concepts/network-policy.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/network-policy.html" >
< b > 3.8.3.< / b >
NetworkPolicy
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9" data-path = "../concepts/storage.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/storage.html" >
< b > 3.9.< / b >
存储
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.1" data-path = "../concepts/secret.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/secret.html" >
< b > 3.9.1.< / b >
Secret
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.2" data-path = "../concepts/configmap.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/configmap.html" >
< b > 3.9.2.< / b >
ConfigMap
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.2.1" data-path = "../concepts/configmap-hot-update.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/configmap-hot-update.html" >
< b > 3.9.2.1.< / b >
ConfigMap 的热更新
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.3" data-path = "../concepts/volume.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/volume.html" >
< b > 3.9.3.< / b >
Volume
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.4" data-path = "../concepts/persistent-volume.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/persistent-volume.html" >
< b > 3.9.4.< / b >
Persistent Volume（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.5" data-path = "../concepts/storageclass.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/storageclass.html" >
< b > 3.9.5.< / b >
Storage Class
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.9.6" data-path = "../concepts/local-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/local-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 3.9.6.< / b >
本地持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10" data-path = "../concepts/extension.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/extension.html" >
< b > 3.10.< / b >
集群扩展
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.1" data-path = "../concepts/custom-resource.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/custom-resource.html" >
< b > 3.10.1.< / b >
使用自定义资源扩展 API
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.2" data-path = "../concepts/crd.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/crd.html" >
< b > 3.10.2.< / b >
使用 CRD 扩展 Kubernetes API
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.3" data-path = "../concepts/aggregated-api-server.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/aggregated-api-server.html" >
< b > 3.10.3.< / b >
Aggregated API Server
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.4" data-path = "../concepts/apiservice.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/apiservice.html" >
< b > 3.10.4.< / b >
APIService
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.5" data-path = "../concepts/service-catalog.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/service-catalog.html" >
< b > 3.10.5.< / b >
Service Catalog
< / a >
2021-02-09 20:56:37 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.10.6" data-path = "../concepts/multicluster.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/multicluster.html" >
< b > 3.10.6.< / b >
多集群管理
< / a >
2020-12-25 20:38:09 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.11" data-path = "../concepts/scheduling.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/scheduling.html" >
< b > 3.11.< / b >
资源调度
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.11.1" data-path = "../concepts/qos.html" >
< a href = "../concepts/qos.html" >
< b > 3.11.1.< / b >
QoS（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 用户指南< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.1" data-path = "../guide/" >
< a href = "../guide/" >
< b > 4.1.< / b >
用户指南
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2" data-path = "../guide/resource-configuration.html" >
< a href = "../guide/resource-configuration.html" >
< b > 4.2.< / b >
资源对象配置
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2.1" data-path = "../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html" >
< a href = "../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html" >
< b > 4.2.1.< / b >
配置 Pod 的 liveness 和 readiness 探针
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2.2" data-path = "../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html" >
< a href = "../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html" >
< b > 4.2.2.< / b >
配置 Pod 的 Service Account
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2.3" data-path = "../guide/secret-configuration.html" >
< a href = "../guide/secret-configuration.html" >
< b > 4.2.3.< / b >
Secret 配置
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.2.4" data-path = "../guide/resource-quota-management.html" >
< a href = "../guide/resource-quota-management.html" >
< b > 4.2.4.< / b >
管理 namespace 中的资源配额
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3" data-path = "../guide/command-usage.html" >
< a href = "../guide/command-usage.html" >
< b > 4.3.< / b >
命令使用
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3.1" data-path = "../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html" >
< a href = "../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html" >
< b > 4.3.1.< / b >
Docker 用户过渡到 kubectl 命令行指南
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3.2" data-path = "../guide/using-kubectl.html" >
< a href = "../guide/using-kubectl.html" >
< b > 4.3.2.< / b >
kubectl 命令概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3.3" data-path = "../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html" >
< b > 4.3.3.< / b >
kubectl 命令技巧大全
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3.4" data-path = "../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html" >
< a href = "../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html" >
< b > 4.3.4.< / b >
使用 etcdctl 访问 kubernetes 数据
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4" data-path = "../guide/cluster-security-management.html" >
< a href = "../guide/cluster-security-management.html" >
< b > 4.4.< / b >
集群安全性管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.1" data-path = "../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.4.1.< / b >
管理集群中的 TLS
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.2" data-path = "../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html" >
< b > 4.4.2.< / b >
kubelet 的认证授权
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.3" data-path = "../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html" >
< a href = "../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html" >
< b > 4.4.3.< / b >
TLS Bootstrap
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.4" data-path = "../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html" >
< b > 4.4.4.< / b >
创建用户认证授权的 kubeconfig 文件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.5" data-path = "../guide/ip-masq-agent.html" >
< a href = "../guide/ip-masq-agent.html" >
< b > 4.4.5.< / b >
IP 伪装代理
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.6" data-path = "../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html" >
< a href = "../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html" >
< b > 4.4.6.< / b >
使用 kubeconfig 或 token 进行用户身份认证
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.7" data-path = "../guide/authentication.html" >
< a href = "../guide/authentication.html" >
< b > 4.4.7.< / b >
Kubernetes 中的用户与身份认证授权
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4.8" data-path = "../guide/kubernetes-security-best-practice.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubernetes-security-best-practice.html" >
< b > 4.4.8.< / b >
Kubernetes 集群安全性配置最佳实践
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5" data-path = "../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.5.< / b >
访问 Kubernetes 集群
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.1" data-path = "../guide/access-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/access-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.5.1.< / b >
访问集群
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.2" data-path = "../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html" >
< a href = "../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html" >
< b > 4.5.2.< / b >
使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.3" data-path = "../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html" >
< a href = "../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html" >
< b > 4.5.3.< / b >
通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.4" data-path = "../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.5.4.< / b >
使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.5" data-path = "../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html" >
< b > 4.5.5.< / b >
从外部访问 Kubernetes 中的 Pod
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.6" data-path = "../guide/cabin-mobile-dashboard-for-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "../guide/cabin-mobile-dashboard-for-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 4.5.6.< / b >
Cabin - Kubernetes 手机客户端
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.7" data-path = "../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html" >
< b > 4.5.7.< / b >
Lens - Kubernetes IDE/桌面客户端
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5.8" data-path = "../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html" >
< a href = "../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html" >
< b > 4.5.8.< / b >
Kubernator - 更底层的 Kubernetes UI
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.6" data-path = "../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html" >
< a href = "../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html" >
< b > 4.6.< / b >
在 Kubernetes 中开发部署应用
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.6.1" data-path = "../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 4.6.1.< / b >
适用于 kubernetes 的应用开发部署流程
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.6.2" data-path = "../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 4.6.2.< / b >
迁移传统应用到 Kubernetes 中 —— 以 Hadoop YARN 为例
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.6.3" data-path = "../guide/using-statefulset.html" >
< a href = "../guide/using-statefulset.html" >
< b > 4.6.3.< / b >
使用 StatefulSet 部署用状态应用
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 最佳实践< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.1" data-path = "../practice/" >
< a href = "../practice/" >
< b > 5.1.< / b >
最佳实践概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2" data-path = "../practice/install-kubernetes-on-centos.html" >
< a href = "../practice/install-kubernetes-on-centos.html" >
< b > 5.2.< / b >
在 CentOS 上部署 Kubernetes 集群
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.1" data-path = "../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html" >
< a href = "../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html" >
< b > 5.2.1.< / b >
创建 TLS 证书和秘钥
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.2" data-path = "../practice/create-kubeconfig.html" >
< a href = "../practice/create-kubeconfig.html" >
< b > 5.2.2.< / b >
创建 kubeconfig 文件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.3" data-path = "../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.3.< / b >
创建高可用 etcd 集群
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.4" data-path = "../practice/kubectl-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/kubectl-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.4.< / b >
安装 kubectl 命令行工具
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.5" data-path = "../practice/master-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/master-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.5.< / b >
部署 master 节点
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.6" data-path = "../practice/flannel-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/flannel-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.6.< / b >
安装 flannel 网络插件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.7" data-path = "../practice/node-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/node-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.7.< / b >
部署 node 节点
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.8" data-path = "../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.8.< / b >
安装 kubedns 插件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.9" data-path = "../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.9.< / b >
安装 dashboard 插件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.10" data-path = "../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.10.< / b >
安装 heapster 插件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2.11" data-path = "../practice/efk-addon-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/efk-addon-installation.html" >
< b > 5.2.11.< / b >
安装 EFK 插件
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.3" data-path = "../practice/install-kubernetes-with-kubeadm.html" >
< a href = "../practice/install-kubernetes-with-kubeadm.html" >
< b > 5.3.< / b >
生产级的 Kubernetes 简化管理工具 kubeadm
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.3.1" data-path = "../practice/install-kubernetes-on-ubuntu-server-16.04-with-kubeadm.html" >
< a href = "../practice/install-kubernetes-on-ubuntu-server-16.04-with-kubeadm.html" >
< b > 5.3.1.< / b >
使用 kubeadm 在 Ubuntu Server 16.04 上快速构建测试集群
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4" data-path = "../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html" >
< a href = "../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html" >
< b > 5.4.< / b >
服务发现与负载均衡
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.1" data-path = "../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html" >
< b > 5.4.1.< / b >
安装 Traefik ingress
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.2" data-path = "../practice/distributed-load-test.html" >
< a href = "../practice/distributed-load-test.html" >
< b > 5.4.2.< / b >
分布式负载测试
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.3" data-path = "../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html" >
< a href = "../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html" >
< b > 5.4.3.< / b >
网络和集群性能测试
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.4" data-path = "../practice/edge-node-configuration.html" >
< a href = "../practice/edge-node-configuration.html" >
< b > 5.4.4.< / b >
边缘节点配置
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.5" data-path = "../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
< b > 5.4.5.< / b >
安装 Nginx ingress
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.6" data-path = "../practice/dns-installation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/dns-installation.html" >
< b > 5.4.6.< / b >
安装配置 DNS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.6.1" data-path = "../practice/configuring-dns.html" >
< a href = "../practice/configuring-dns.html" >
< b > 5.4.6.1.< / b >
安装配置 Kube-dns
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4.6.2" data-path = "../practice/coredns.html" >
< a href = "../practice/coredns.html" >
< b > 5.4.6.2.< / b >
安装配置 CoreDNS
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5" data-path = "../practice/operation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/operation.html" >
< b > 5.5.< / b >
运维管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.1" data-path = "../practice/master-ha.html" >
< a href = "../practice/master-ha.html" >
< b > 5.5.1.< / b >
Master 节点高可用
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.2" data-path = "../practice/service-rolling-update.html" >
< a href = "../practice/service-rolling-update.html" >
< b > 5.5.2.< / b >
服务滚动升级
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.3" data-path = "../practice/app-log-collection.html" >
< a href = "../practice/app-log-collection.html" >
< b > 5.5.3.< / b >
应用日志收集
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.4" data-path = "../practice/configuration-best-practice.html" >
< a href = "../practice/configuration-best-practice.html" >
< b > 5.5.4.< / b >
配置最佳实践
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.5" data-path = "../practice/monitor.html" >
< a href = "../practice/monitor.html" >
< b > 5.5.5.< / b >
集群及应用监控
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.6" data-path = "../practice/data-persistence-problem.html" >
< a href = "../practice/data-persistence-problem.html" >
< b > 5.5.6.< / b >
数据持久化问题
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.7" data-path = "../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
< a href = "../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
< b > 5.5.7.< / b >
管理容器的计算资源
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.5.8" data-path = "../practice/federation.html" >
< a href = "../practice/federation.html" >
< b > 5.5.8.< / b >
集群联邦
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6" data-path = "../practice/storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.< / b >
存储管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.1" data-path = "../practice/glusterfs.html" >
< a href = "../practice/glusterfs.html" >
< b > 5.6.1.< / b >
GlusterFS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.1.1" data-path = "../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.1.1.< / b >
使用 GlusterFS 做持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.1.2" data-path = "../practice/using-heketi-gluster-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-heketi-gluster-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.1.2.< / b >
使用 Heketi 作为 Kubernetes 的持久存储 GlusterFS 的 external provisioner
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.1.3" data-path = "../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
< a href = "../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
< b > 5.6.1.3.< / b >
在 OpenShift 中使用 GlusterFS 做持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.2" data-path = "../practice/glusterd-2.0.html" >
< a href = "../practice/glusterd-2.0.html" >
< b > 5.6.2.< / b >
GlusterD-2.0
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.3" data-path = "../practice/ceph.html" >
< a href = "../practice/ceph.html" >
< b > 5.6.3.< / b >
Ceph
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.3.1" data-path = "../practice/ceph-helm-install-guide-zh.html" >
< a href = "../practice/ceph-helm-install-guide-zh.html" >
< b > 5.6.3.1.< / b >
用 Helm 托管安装 Ceph 集群并提供后端存储
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.3.2" data-path = "../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.3.2.< / b >
使用 Ceph 做持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.3.3" data-path = "../practice/rbd-provisioner.html" >
< a href = "../practice/rbd-provisioner.html" >
< b > 5.6.3.3.< / b >
使用 rbd-provisioner 提供 rbd 持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.4" data-path = "../practice/openebs.html" >
< a href = "../practice/openebs.html" >
< b > 5.6.4.< / b >
OpenEBS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.4.1" data-path = "../practice/using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.4.1.< / b >
使用 OpenEBS 做持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.5" data-path = "../practice/rook.html" >
< a href = "../practice/rook.html" >
< b > 5.6.5.< / b >
Rook
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.6" data-path = "../practice/nfs.html" >
< a href = "../practice/nfs.html" >
< b > 5.6.6.< / b >
NFS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6.6.1" data-path = "../practice/using-nfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-nfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< b > 5.6.6.1.< / b >
利用 NFS 动态提供 Kubernetes 后端存储卷
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7" data-path = "../practice/monitoring.html" >
< a href = "../practice/monitoring.html" >
< b > 5.7.< / b >
集群与应用监控
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.1" data-path = "../practice/heapster.html" >
< a href = "../practice/heapster.html" >
< b > 5.7.1.< / b >
Heapster
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.1.1" data-path = "../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
< b > 5.7.1.1.< / b >
使用 Heapster 获取集群和对象的 metric 数据
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.2" data-path = "../practice/prometheus.html" >
< a href = "../practice/prometheus.html" >
< b > 5.7.2.< / b >
Prometheus
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.2.1" data-path = "../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
< a href = "../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
< b > 5.7.2.1.< / b >
使用 Prometheus 监控 kubernetes 集群
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.2.2" data-path = "../practice/promql.html" >
< a href = "../practice/promql.html" >
< b > 5.7.2.2.< / b >
Prometheus 查询语言 PromQL 使用说明
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7.3" data-path = "../practice/vistio-visualize-your-istio-mesh.html" >
< a href = "../practice/vistio-visualize-your-istio-mesh.html" >
< b > 5.7.3.< / b >
使用 Vistio 监控 Istio 服务网格中的流量
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.8" data-path = "../practice/distributed-tracing.html" >
< a href = "../practice/distributed-tracing.html" >
< b > 5.8.< / b >
分布式跟踪
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.8.1" data-path = "../practice/opentracing.html" >
< a href = "../practice/opentracing.html" >
< b > 5.8.1.< / b >
OpenTracing
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.9" data-path = "../practice/services-management-tool.html" >
< a href = "../practice/services-management-tool.html" >
< b > 5.9.< / b >
服务编排管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.9.1" data-path = "../practice/helm.html" >
< a href = "../practice/helm.html" >
< b > 5.9.1.< / b >
使用 Helm 管理 Kubernetes 应用
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.9.2" data-path = "../practice/create-private-charts-repo.html" >
< a href = "../practice/create-private-charts-repo.html" >
< b > 5.9.2.< / b >
构建私有 Chart 仓库
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10" data-path = "../practice/ci-cd.html" >
< a href = "../practice/ci-cd.html" >
< b > 5.10.< / b >
持续集成与发布
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10.1" data-path = "../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html" >
< a href = "../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html" >
< b > 5.10.1.< / b >
使用 Jenkins 进行持续集成与发布
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10.2" data-path = "../practice/drone-ci-cd.html" >
< a href = "../practice/drone-ci-cd.html" >
< b > 5.10.2.< / b >
使用 Drone 进行持续集成与发布
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.11" data-path = "../practice/update-and-upgrade.html" >
< a href = "../practice/update-and-upgrade.html" >
< b > 5.11.< / b >
更新与升级
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.11.1" data-path = "../practice/manually-upgrade.html" >
< a href = "../practice/manually-upgrade.html" >
< b > 5.11.1.< / b >
手动升级 Kubernetes 集群
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.11.2" data-path = "../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html" >
< a href = "../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html" >
< b > 5.11.2.< / b >
升级 dashboard
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.12" data-path = "../practice/controller-extended.html" >
< a href = "../practice/controller-extended.html" >
< b > 5.12.< / b >
扩展控制器
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.12.1" data-path = "../practice/openkruise.html" >
< a href = "../practice/openkruise.html" >
< b > 5.12.1.< / b >
OpenKruise
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.12.1.1" data-path = "../practice/in-place-update.html" >
< a href = "../practice/in-place-update.html" >
< b > 5.12.1.1.< / b >
原地升级
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 领域应用< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.1" data-path = "./" >
< a href = "./" >
< b > 6.1.< / b >
领域应用概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.2" data-path = "microservices.html" >
< a href = "microservices.html" >
< b > 6.2.< / b >
微服务架构
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.2.1" data-path = "service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
< a href = "service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
< b > 6.2.1.< / b >
微服务中的服务发现
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.2.2" data-path = "microservices-for-java-developers.html" >
< a href = "microservices-for-java-developers.html" >
< b > 6.2.2.< / b >
使用 Java 构建微服务并发布到 Kubernetes 平台
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.2.2.1" data-path = "spring-boot-quick-start-guide.html" >
< a href = "spring-boot-quick-start-guide.html" >
< b > 6.2.2.1.< / b >
Spring Boot 快速开始指南
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3" data-path = "observability.html" >
< a href = "observability.html" >
< b > 6.3.< / b >
可观察性
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4" data-path = "service-mesh.html" >
< a href = "service-mesh.html" >
< b > 6.4.< / b >
Service Mesh 服务网格
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.1" data-path = "the-enterprise-path-to-service-mesh-architectures.html" >
< a href = "the-enterprise-path-to-service-mesh-architectures.html" >
< b > 6.4.1.< / b >
企业级服务网格架构
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.1.1" data-path = "service-mesh-fundamental.html" >
< a href = "service-mesh-fundamental.html" >
< b > 6.4.1.1.< / b >
Service Mesh 基础
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.1.2" data-path = "comparing-service-mesh-technologies.html" >
< a href = "comparing-service-mesh-technologies.html" >
< b > 6.4.1.2.< / b >
Service Mesh 技术对比
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.1.3" data-path = "service-mesh-adoption-and-evolution.html" >
< a href = "service-mesh-adoption-and-evolution.html" >
< b > 6.4.1.3.< / b >
采纳和演进
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.1.4" data-path = "service-mesh-customization-and-integration.html" >
< a href = "service-mesh-customization-and-integration.html" >
< b > 6.4.1.4.< / b >
定制和集成
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.1.5" data-path = "service-mesh-conclusion.html" >
< a href = "service-mesh-conclusion.html" >
< b > 6.4.1.5.< / b >
总结
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.2" data-path = "istio.html" >
< a href = "istio.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.< / b >
Istio
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.2.1" data-path = "istio-installation.html" >
< a href = "istio-installation.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.1.< / b >
2021-02-27 20:28:29 +08:00
安装并试用 Istio
2020-12-25 20:38:09 +08:00
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.2.2" data-path = "sidecar-spec-in-istio.html" >
< a href = "sidecar-spec-in-istio.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.2.< / b >
Istio 中 sidecar 的注入规范及示例
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.2.3" data-path = "istio-community-tips.html" >
< a href = "istio-community-tips.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.3.< / b >
如何参与 Istio 社区及注意事项
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.2.4" data-path = "istio-tutorials-collection.html" >
< a href = "istio-tutorials-collection.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.4.< / b >
Istio 免费学习资源汇总
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.2.5" data-path = "understand-sidecar-injection-and-traffic-hijack-in-istio-service-mesh.html" >
< a href = "understand-sidecar-injection-and-traffic-hijack-in-istio-service-mesh.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.5.< / b >
Sidecar 的注入与流量劫持
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.2.6" data-path = "envoy-sidecar-routing-of-istio-service-mesh-deep-dive.html" >
< a href = "envoy-sidecar-routing-of-istio-service-mesh-deep-dive.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.6.< / b >
Envoy Sidecar 代理的路由转发
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.2.7" data-path = "how-to-integrate-istio-with-vm.html" >
< a href = "how-to-integrate-istio-with-vm.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.7.< / b >
Istio 如何支持虚拟机
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter active" data-level = "6.4.2.8" data-path = "istio-vm-support.html" >
< a href = "istio-vm-support.html" >
< b > 6.4.2.8.< / b >
Istio 支持虚拟机的历史
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.3" data-path = "linkerd.html" >
< a href = "linkerd.html" >
< b > 6.4.3.< / b >
Linkerd
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.3.1" data-path = "linkerd-user-guide.html" >
< a href = "linkerd-user-guide.html" >
< b > 6.4.3.1.< / b >
Linkerd 使用指南
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.4" data-path = "conduit.html" >
< a href = "conduit.html" >
< b > 6.4.4.< / b >
Conduit
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.4.1" data-path = "conduit-overview.html" >
< a href = "conduit-overview.html" >
< b > 6.4.4.1.< / b >
Condiut 概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.4.2" data-path = "conduit-installation.html" >
< a href = "conduit-installation.html" >
< b > 6.4.4.2.< / b >
安装 Conduit
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.5" data-path = "envoy.html" >
< a href = "envoy.html" >
< b > 6.4.5.< / b >
Envoy
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.5.1" data-path = "envoy-terminology.html" >
< a href = "envoy-terminology.html" >
< b > 6.4.5.1.< / b >
Envoy 的架构与基本术语
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.5.2" data-path = "envoy-front-proxy.html" >
< a href = "envoy-front-proxy.html" >
< b > 6.4.5.2.< / b >
Envoy 作为前端代理
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.5.3" data-path = "envoy-mesh-in-kubernetes-tutorial.html" >
< a href = "envoy-mesh-in-kubernetes-tutorial.html" >
< b > 6.4.5.3.< / b >
Envoy mesh 教程
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4.6" data-path = "mosn.html" >
< a href = "mosn.html" >
< b > 6.4.6.< / b >
MOSN
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.5" data-path = "big-data.html" >
< a href = "big-data.html" >
< b > 6.5.< / b >
大数据
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.5.1" data-path = "spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
< b > 6.5.1.< / b >
Spark standalone on Kubernetes
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.5.2" data-path = "running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
< a href = "running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
< b > 6.5.2.< / b >
运行支持 Kubernetes 原生调度的 Spark 程序
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.6" data-path = "serverless.html" >
< a href = "serverless.html" >
< b > 6.6.< / b >
Serverless 架构
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.6.1" data-path = "understanding-serverless.html" >
< a href = "understanding-serverless.html" >
< b > 6.6.1.< / b >
理解 Serverless
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.6.2" data-path = "faas.html" >
< a href = "faas.html" >
< b > 6.6.2.< / b >
FaaS（ ）
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.6.2.1" data-path = "openfaas-quick-start.html" >
< a href = "openfaas-quick-start.html" >
< b > 6.6.2.1.< / b >
OpenFaaS 快速入门指南
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.6.3" data-path = "knative.html" >
< a href = "knative.html" >
< b > 6.6.3.< / b >
Knative
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.7" data-path = "edge-computing.html" >
< a href = "edge-computing.html" >
< b > 6.7.< / b >
边缘计算
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.8" data-path = "ai.html" >
< a href = "ai.html" >
< b > 6.8.< / b >
人工智能
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 开发指南< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.1" data-path = "../develop/" >
< a href = "../develop/" >
< b > 7.1.< / b >
开发指南概览
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.2" data-path = "../develop/sigs-and-working-group.html" >
< a href = "../develop/sigs-and-working-group.html" >
< b > 7.2.< / b >
SIG 和工作组
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.3" data-path = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
< a href = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
< b > 7.3.< / b >
开发环境搭建
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.3.1" data-path = "../develop/using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html" >
< a href = "../develop/using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html" >
< b > 7.3.1.< / b >
本地分布式开发环境搭建（使用 Vagrant 和 Virtualbox）
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.4" data-path = "../develop/testing.html" >
< a href = "../develop/testing.html" >
< b > 7.4.< / b >
单元测试和集成测试
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.5" data-path = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
< a href = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
< b > 7.5.< / b >
client-go 示例
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.6" data-path = "../develop/operator.html" >
< a href = "../develop/operator.html" >
< b > 7.6.< / b >
Operator
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.6.1" data-path = "../develop/operator-sdk.html" >
< a href = "../develop/operator-sdk.html" >
< b > 7.6.1.< / b >
operator-sdk
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.7" data-path = "../develop/kubebuilder.html" >
< a href = "../develop/kubebuilder.html" >
< b > 7.7.< / b >
kubebuilder
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.7.1" data-path = "../develop/kubebuilder-example.html" >
< a href = "../develop/kubebuilder-example.html" >
< b > 7.7.1.< / b >
使用 kubebuilder 创建 operator 示例
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.8" data-path = "../develop/advance-developer.html" >
< a href = "../develop/advance-developer.html" >
< b > 7.8.< / b >
高级开发指南
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.9" data-path = "../develop/contribute.html" >
< a href = "../develop/contribute.html" >
< b > 7.9.< / b >
社区贡献
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.10" data-path = "../develop/minikube.html" >
< a href = "../develop/minikube.html" >
< b > 7.10.< / b >
Minikube
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > CNCF（ ） < / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.1" data-path = "../cloud-native/cncf.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cncf.html" >
< b > 8.1.< / b >
CNCF - 云原生计算基金会简介
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.2" data-path = "../cloud-native/cncf-charter.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cncf-charter.html" >
< b > 8.2.< / b >
CNCF 章程
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.3" data-path = "../cloud-native/cncf-sig.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cncf-sig.html" >
< b > 8.3.< / b >
CNCF 特别兴趣小组（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.4" data-path = "../cloud-native/cncf-sandbox-criteria.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cncf-sandbox-criteria.html" >
< b > 8.4.< / b >
开源项目加入 CNCF Sandbox 的要求
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.5" data-path = "../cloud-native/cncf-project-governing.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cncf-project-governing.html" >
< b > 8.5.< / b >
CNCF 中的项目治理
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.6" data-path = "../cloud-native/cncf-ambassador.html" >
< a href = "../cloud-native/cncf-ambassador.html" >
< b > 8.6.< / b >
CNCF Ambassador
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "header" > 附录< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.1" data-path = "../appendix/" >
< a href = "../appendix/" >
< b > 9.1.< / b >
附录说明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.2" data-path = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
< b > 9.2.< / b >
Kubernetes 中的应用故障排查
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.3" data-path = "../appendix/material-share.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/material-share.html" >
< b > 9.3.< / b >
Kubernetes 相关资讯和情报链接
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.4" data-path = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
< b > 9.4.< / b >
Docker 最佳实践
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.5" data-path = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
< b > 9.5.< / b >
使用技巧
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.6" data-path = "../appendix/issues.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/issues.html" >
< b > 9.6.< / b >
问题记录
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.7" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-changelog.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-changelog.html" >
< b > 9.7.< / b >
Kubernetes 版本更新日志
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.8" data-path = "../appendix/summary-and-outlook.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/summary-and-outlook.html" >
< b > 9.8.< / b >
Kubernetes 及云原生年度总结及展望
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.8.1" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html" >
< b > 9.8.1.< / b >
Kubernetes 与云原生 2017 年年终总结及 2018 年展望
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.8.2" data-path = "../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2018-and-outlook-for-2019.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2018-and-outlook-for-2019.html" >
< b > 9.8.2.< / b >
Kubernetes 与云原生 2018 年年终总结及 2019 年展望
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.9" data-path = "../appendix/cncf-annual-report.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/cncf-annual-report.html" >
< b > 9.9.< / b >
CNCF 年度报告解读
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.9.1" data-path = "../appendix/cncf-annual-report-2018.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/cncf-annual-report-2018.html" >
< b > 9.9.1.< / b >
CNCF 2018 年年度报告解读
< / a >
2021-01-09 21:48:01 +08:00
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.9.2" data-path = "../appendix/cncf-annual-report-2020.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/cncf-annual-report-2020.html" >
< b > 9.9.2.< / b >
CNCF 2020 年年度报告解读
< / a >
2020-12-25 20:38:09 +08:00
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.10" data-path = "../appendix/about-kcsp.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/about-kcsp.html" >
< b > 9.10.< / b >
Kubernetes 认证服务提供商（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.11" data-path = "../appendix/about-cka-candidate.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/about-cka-candidate.html" >
< b > 9.11.< / b >
认证 Kubernetes 管理员（ ）
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://www.gitbook.com" target = "blank" class = "gitbook-link" >
本书使用 GitBook 发布
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / div >
< div class = "book-body" >
< div class = "body-inner" >
< div class = "book-header" role = "navigation" >
<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
< i class = "fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin" > < / i >
< a href = ".." > Istio 支持虚拟机的历史< / a >
< / h1 >
< / div >
< div class = "page-wrapper" tabindex = "-1" role = "main" >
< div class = "page-inner" >
< div class = "search-plus" id = "book-search-results" >
< div class = "search-noresults" >
< section class = "normal markdown-section" >
< h1 id = "istio-支持虚拟机的历史" > Istio 支 持 虚 拟 机 的 历 史 < / h1 >
< p > Istio 1.8 新 增 了 WorkloadGroup 及 < a href = "https://istio.io/latest/blog/2020/dns-proxy/" target = "_blank" > 智 能 DNS 代 理 < / a > ， 这 使 得 如 虚 拟 机 这 样 的 非 Kubernetes 工 作 负 载 可 以 在 Istio 中 成 为 像 Pod 一 样 的 一 等 公 民 。 < / p >
< p > 不 论 有 没 有 为 虚 拟 机 安 装 sidecar， 虚 拟 机 通 常 情 况 下 无 法 直 接 访 问 Kubernetes 集 群 中 的 DNS 服 务 器 以 解 析 Kubernetes 服 务 的 Cluster IP 的 （ 虽 然 你 也 许 可 以 通 过 一 些 黑 客 的 手 段 做 到 ） ， 这 是 在 Istio 中 集 成 虚 拟 的 最 后 一 块 短 板 ， 终 于 在 Istio 1.8 中 完 成 了 突 破 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "为什么要支持虚拟机？" > 为 什 么 要 支 持 虚 拟 机 ？ < / h2 >
< p > 在 我 们 将 应 用 在 迁 移 到 云 原 生 架 构 ， 不 断 容 器 化 的 过 程 中 ， 将 经 历 三 个 阶 段 ， 如 下 图 所 示 。 < / p >
2021-02-28 10:23:54 +08:00
< figure id = "fig6.4.2.8.1" > < a href = "../images/0081Kckwly1gm0d6t775lj31s80k8go8.jpg" data-lightbox = "64d5def2-6a28-4e53-adf7-8ee711626548" data-title = "云原生应用的三个阶段" > < img src = "../images/0081Kckwly1gm0d6t775lj31s80k8go8.jpg" alt = "云原生应用的三个阶段" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 6.4.2.8.1： 云 原 生 应 用 的 三 个 阶 段 < / figcaption > < / figure >
2020-12-25 20:38:09 +08:00
< ul >
< li > 阶 段 一 ： 应 用 全 部 部 署 在 虚 拟 机 上 < / li >
< li > 阶 段 二 ： 应 用 既 部 署 在 虚 拟 机 上 也 部 署 在 容 器 里 ， 正 在 从 虚 拟 机 向 容 器 中 迁 移 ， 并 使 用 Kubernetes 管 理 容 器 < / li >
< li > 阶 段 三 ： 所 有 的 应 用 优 先 部 署 在 容 器 里 ， 使 用 Kubernetes 管 理 容 器 ， 使 用 Istio 管 理 应 用 间 的 通 信 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 上 图 仅 是 对 以 上 三 个 阶 段 的 最 简 化 描 述 ， 实 际 上 还 会 有 多 混 合 云 、 多 机 房 、 多 集 群 等 情 况 ， 且 阶 段 三 只 是 个 理 想 化 的 阶 段 ， 容 器 和 虚 拟 机 将 是 长 期 共 存 的 ， 但 是 容 器 化 趋 势 不 变 。 < / p >
< p > 在 阶 段 二 中 ， 人 们 通 常 会 将 新 业 务 和 少 量 应 用 率 先 实 现 容 器 化 ， 并 部 署 到 Kubernetes 中 ， 在 应 用 尚 未 完 全 实 现 容 器 化 的 时 候 ， 处 于 过 度 状 态 时 会 遇 到 很 多 问 题 ， 如 何 让 应 用 与 部 署 在 虚 拟 机 中 的 服 务 交 互 ？ 虚 拟 机 如 何 访 问 容 器 中 的 服 务 ？ 在 服 务 迁 移 的 过 程 中 如 何 保 证 稳 定 无 缝 ？ 是 否 可 以 将 容 器 和 虚 拟 机 纳 入 一 个 统 一 的 控 制 平 面 来 管 理 ？ Istio 从 开 源 初 期 就 考 虑 并 着 手 解 决 这 一 问 题 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "istio-支持虚拟机的历史" > Istio 支 持 虚 拟 机 的 历 史 < / h2 >
< p > Istio 对 于 虚 拟 机 的 支 持 是 个 漫 长 的 过 程 ， 堪 称 是 一 部 奥 德 赛 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "istio-mesh-扩张" > Istio mesh 扩 张 < / h3 >
< p > Istio 从 0.2 版 本 开 始 通 过 < a href = "https://istio.io/v0.2/docs/setup/kubernetes/mesh-expansion.html" target = "_blank" > Istio Mesh Expansion< / a > 将 虚 拟 机 加 入 的 Mesh 中 ， 但 是 需 要 满 足 以 下 前 提 条 件 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 虚 拟 机 必 须 可 以 通 过 IP 地 址 直 接 访 问 到 应 用 的 Pod， 这 就 要 求 容 器 与 VM 之 间 通 过 VPC 或 者 VPN 建 立 扁 平 网 络 ， 虚 拟 机 不 需 要 访 问 Cluster IP， 直 接 对 服 务 的 Endpoint 端 点 访 问 即 可 。 < / li >
< li > 虚 拟 机 必 须 可 以 访 问 到 Istio 的 控 制 平 面 服 务 （ Pilot、 Mixer、 CA， 现 在 已 正 整 合 为 Istiod） ， 可 以 通 过 在 Istio Mesh 中 部 署 负 载 均 衡 器 将 控 制 平 面 端 点 暴 露 给 虚 拟 机 。 < / li >
< li > （ 可 选 ） 虚 拟 机 可 以 访 问 到 Mesh 内 部 的 （ 部 署 在 Kubernetes 中 ） 的 DNS server。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 集 成 虚 拟 机 的 步 骤 如 下 ： < / p >
< ol >
< li > 为 Istio 控 制 平 面 服 务 及 Kubernetes 集 群 的 DNS 服 务 创 建 Internal 负 载 均 衡 器 ； < / li >
< li > 生 成 Istio Service CIDR、 Service Account token、 安 全 证 书 、 Istio 控 制 平 面 服 务 的 IP（ 通 过 Internal 负 载 均 衡 器 暴 露 出 来 的 IP） 的 配 置 文 件 并 发 送 给 虚 拟 机 ； < / li >
< li > （ 可 选 ） 在 虚 拟 机 中 安 装 、 配 置 并 启 动 Istio 的 组 件 、 dnsmaq（ 用 于 DNS 发 现 ） ， 此 时 虚 拟 机 可 以 使 用 FQDN 访 问 mesh 中 的 服 务 了 ， 这 一 步 是 为 了 保 证 虚 拟 机 可 以 正 确 解 析 出 mesh 中 服 务 的 Cluster IP； < / li >
< li > 若 要 在 虚 拟 机 中 运 行 服 务 ， 需 要 配 置 sidecar， 新 增 需 要 拦 截 的 inbound 端 口 ， 然 后 重 启 istio， 还 需 要 运 行 istioctl 为 服 务 注 册 < / li >
< / ol >
< p > 下 图 展 示 的 从 集 成 虚 拟 机 到 在 mesh 中 访 问 虚 拟 机 中 服 务 的 详 细 流 程 。 < / p >
2021-02-28 10:23:54 +08:00
< figure id = "fig6.4.2.8.2" > < a href = "../images/0081Kckwly1gm0d6rogojj30u00yhdil.jpg" data-lightbox = "1225ed05-2118-4ae5-9c44-5a80e036918e" data-title = "图一：从集成虚拟机到在 mesh 中访问虚拟机中服务的详细流程" > < img src = "../images/0081Kckwly1gm0d6rogojj30u00yhdil.jpg" alt = "图一：从集成虚拟机到在 mesh 中访问虚拟机中服务的详细流程" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 6.4.2.8.2： 图 一 ： 从 集 成 虚 拟 机 到 在 mesh 中 访 问 虚 拟 机 中 服 务 的 详 细 流 程 < / figcaption > < / figure >
2020-12-25 20:38:09 +08:00
< ol >
< li > DNS 被 虚 拟 机 中 部 署 的 < code > dnsmasq< / code > 劫 持 ， 这 使 得 它 可 以 正 确 的 获 取 Istio 服 务 、 Kubernetes 内 置 DNS 的 端 点 IP； < / li >
< li > 访 问 Kubernetes 的 内 置 DNS 服 务 （ 该 服 务 已 通 过 Internal 负 载 均 衡 器 暴 露 到 集 群 外 ， 可 以 直 接 访 问 ） ； < / li >
< li > 返 回 < code > productpage.bookinfo.svc.cluster.local< / code > 被 解 析 出 来 的 Cluster IP， 注 意 该 IP 地 址 无 法 直 接 访 问 ， 但 是 如 果 无 法 被 DNS 解 析 的 话 将 导 致 VM 对 该 服 务 的 请 求 失 败 ； < / li >
< li > 虚 拟 机 对 mesh 中 服 务 的 访 问 被 sidecar proxy 劫 持 ； < / li >
< li > 因 为 proxy 已 连 接 Istio 控 制 平 面 ， 可 通 过 xDS 查 询 到 该 服 务 的 端 点 ， 因 此 流 量 将 被 转 发 到 其 中 的 一 个 端 点 。 关 于 这 一 步 的 详 细 过 程 请 参 考 < a href = "https://www.servicemesher.com/istio-handbook/concepts/sidecar-traffic-route.html" target = "_blank" > Istio Handbook 中 的 sidecar 流 量 路 由 机 制 分 析 一 节 < / a > ； < / li >
< li > 要 想 在 mesh 中 访 问 VM 中 的 服 务 ， 需 要 使 用 < code > istioctl register< / code > 命 令 手 动 将 VM 中 的 服 务 添 加 到 mesh 中 ， 这 本 质 上 是 将 VM 中 的 服 务 ， 注 册 到 Kubernetes 中 的 service 和 endpoint； < / li >
< li > mesh 中 的 服 务 可 以 使 用 VM 注 册 的 服 务 名 称 （ FQDN， 例 如 < code > mysql.vm.svc.cluster.local< / code > ） 来 访 问 ； < / li >
< / ol >
< p > 以 上 Istio 对 虚 拟 机 支 持 的 方 式 一 直 延 续 到 Istio 1.0， 在 Istio 1.1 的 时 候 引 入 了 新 的 API < a href = "https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/service-entry/" target = "_blank" > ServiceEntry< / a > ， 使 用 它 可 以 在 Istio 的 内 部 服 务 注 册 表 中 添 加 额 外 的 条 目 ， 这 样 mesh 中 的 服 务 就 可 以 访 问 /路 由 到 这 些 手 动 指 定 的 服 务 了 ， 不 再 需 要 运 行 < code > istioctl register< / code > 命 令 ， 而 且 该 命 令 在 Istio 1.9 中 将 被 废 弃 。 < / p >
< p > Istio 1.5 中 增 加 了 < code > istioctl experimental add-to-mesh< / code > 命 令 ， 可 以 将 虚 拟 机 中 的 服 务 添 加 到 mesh 中 ， 其 功 能 与 < code > istioctl register< / code > 一 样 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "新增资源抽象" > 新 增 资 源 抽 象 < / h3 >
< p > Istio 从 < a href = "https://istio.io/latest/news/releases/1.6.x/announcing-1.6/" target = "_blank" > 1.6 版 本 < / a > 开 始 在 < a href = "https://istio.io/latest/news/releases/1.6.x/announcing-1.6/change-notes/" target = "_blank" > 流 量 管 理 < / a > 中 引 入 了 新 的 资 源 类 型 < a href = "https://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-entry/" target = "_blank" > WorkloadEntry< / a > ， 用 以 将 虚 拟 机 进 行 抽 象 ， 使 得 虚 拟 机 在 加 入 mesh 后 可 以 作 为 与 Kubernetes 中 的 Pod 等 同 的 负 载 ， 具 备 流 量 管 理 、 安 全 管 理 、 可 视 化 等 能 力 。 通 过 < code > WorkloadEntry< / code > 可 以 简 化 虚 拟 机 的 网 格 化 配 置 过 程 。 < code > WorkloadEntry< / code > 对 象 可 以 根 据 服 务 条 目 中 指 定 的 标 签 选 择 器 选 择 多 个 工 作 负 载 条 目 和 Kubernetes pod。 < / p >
< p > Istio 1.8 中 增 加 了 < a href = "http://istio.io/latest/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-group/" target = "_blank" > < code > WorkloadGroup< / code > < / a > 的 资 源 对 象 ， 它 提 供 了 一 个 规 范 ， 可 以 同 时 包 括 虚 拟 机 和 Kubernetes 工 作 负 载 ， 旨 在 模 仿 现 有 的 用 于 Kubernetes 工 作 负 载 的 sidecar 注 入 和 部 署 规 范 模 型 来 引 导 Istio 代 理 。 < / p >
< p > 下 面 是 虚 拟 机 与 Kubernetes 中 负 载 的 资 源 抽 象 层 级 对 比 。 < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > 对 比 项 < / th >
< th > Kubernetes< / th >
< th > 虚 拟 机 < / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > 基 础 调 度 单 位 < / td >
< td > Pod< / td >
< td > WorkloadEntry< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 编 排 组 合 < / td >
< td > Deployment< / td >
< td > WorkloadGroup< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 服 务 注 册 与 发 现 < / td >
< td > Service< / td >
< td > ServiceEntry< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > 从 上 面 的 图 表 中 我 们 可 以 看 到 ， 对 于 虚 拟 机 工 作 负 载 是 可 以 与 Kubernetes 中 的 负 载 一 一 对 对 应 的 。 < / p >
< p > 此 时 看 似 一 切 都 比 较 完 美 了 ， 但 是 直 接 将 Kubernetes 集 群 中 的 DNS server 暴 露 出 来 会 带 来 很 大 的 < a href = "https://blog.aquasec.com/dns-spoofing-kubernetes-clusters" target = "_blank" > 安 全 风 险 < / a > ， 因 此 我 们 一 般 手 动 将 虚 拟 机 需 要 访 问 的 服 务 的 域 名 和 Cluster IP 对 写 到 本 机 的 < code > /etc/hosts< / code > 中 ， 但 是 对 于 一 个 节 点 数 量 庞 大 的 分 布 式 集 群 来 说 ， 这 种 做 法 又 有 些 不 现 实 。 < / p >
< p > 通 过 配 置 虚 拟 机 本 地 < code > /etc/hosts< / code > 访 问 mesh 内 服 务 的 流 程 ， 如 下 图 所 示 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig6.4.2.8.3" > < a href = "../images/0081Kckwly1gm0d6qx2o0j30sq0v440v.jpg" data-lightbox = "782fd2c0-af9b-4039-b061-046b45fabc90" data-title = "图二：通过配置虚拟机本地 /etc/hosts 访问 mesh 内服务的流程" > < img src = "../images/0081Kckwly1gm0d6qx2o0j30sq0v440v.jpg" alt = "图二：通过配置虚拟机本地 /etc/hosts 访问 mesh 内服务的流程" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 6.4.2.8.3： 图 二 ： 通 过 配 置 虚 拟 机 本 地 /etc/hosts 访 问 mesh 内 服 务 的 流 程 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< ol >
< li > 将 虚 拟 机 中 的 服 务 注 册 到 mesh 中 ； < / li >
< li > 将 要 访 问 的 服 务 的 域 名 、 Cluster IP 对 手 动 写 入 虚 拟 机 本 地 的 < code > /etc/hosts< / code > 文 件 中 ； < / li >
< li > 虚 拟 机 获 得 访 问 服 务 的 Cluster IP； < / li >
< li > 流 量 被 sidecar proxy 拦 截 并 解 析 出 要 访 问 的 服 务 的 端 点 地 址 ； < / li >
< li > 访 问 服 务 的 指 定 端 点 ； < / li >
< / ol >
< p > 在 Kubernetes 中 我 们 一 般 使 用 Service 对 象 来 实 现 服 务 的 注 册 和 发 现 ， 每 个 服 务 都 有 一 个 独 立 的 DNS 名 称 ， 应 用 程 序 可 以 使 用 服 务 名 称 来 互 相 调 用 。 我 们 可 以 使 用 ServiceEntry 将 虚 拟 机 中 的 服 务 注 册 到 Istio 的 服 务 注 册 表 中 ， 但 是 在 Kubernetes 集 群 中 的 DNS server 无 法 对 mesh 外 部 暴 露 的 情 况 下 ， 虚 拟 机 无 法 访 问 Kubernetes 集 群 中 的 DNS 服 务 以 获 取 服 务 的 Cluster IP， 从 而 导 致 虚 拟 机 访 问 mesh 中 的 服 务 失 败 。 如 果 能 在 虚 拟 机 中 增 加 一 个 sidecar 可 以 透 明 地 拦 截 DNS 请 求 ， 可 获 取 mesh 内 所 有 服 务 的 ClusterIP， 类 似 于 图 一 中 的 < code > dnsmasq< / code > 的 角 色 ， 这 样 不 就 可 以 解 决 问 题 了 吗 ？ < / p >
< h3 id = "智能-dns-代理" > 智 能 DNS 代 理 < / h3 >
< p > Istio 1.8 中 引 入 了 < a href = "https://cloudnative.to/blog/istio-dns-proxy/" target = "_blank" > 智 能 DNS 代 理 < / a > ， 虚 拟 机 访 问 mesh 内 服 务 无 需 再 配 置 < code > /ect/hosts< / code > ， 如 下 图 所 示 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig6.4.2.8.4" > < a href = "../images/0081Kckwly1gm0d6sgfpxj30oi0rsjt5.jpg" data-lightbox = "f112acba-f393-4998-b040-cd9a47ada1d3" data-title = "图三：引入了智能 DNS 代理后虚拟机访问 mesh 内服务的流程" > < img src = "../images/0081Kckwly1gm0d6sgfpxj30oi0rsjt5.jpg" alt = "图三：引入了智能 DNS 代理后虚拟机访问 mesh 内服务的流程" > < / a > < figcaption > 图 6.4.2.8.4： 图 三 ： 引 入 了 智 能 DNS 代 理 后 虚 拟 机 访 问 mesh 内 服 务 的 流 程 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > DNS proxy 是 用 Go 编 写 的 Istio sidecar 代 理 。 Sidecar 上 的 Istio agent 将 附 带 一 个 由 Istiod 动 态 编 程 的 缓 存 DNS 代 理 。 来 自 应 用 程 序 的 DNS 查 询 会 被 pod 或 VM 中 的 Istio 代 理 透 明 地 拦 截 和 服 务 ， 该 代 理 会 智 能 地 响 应 DNS 查 询 请 求 ， 可 以 实 现 虚 拟 机 到 服 务 网 格 的 无 缝 多 集 群 访 问 。 < / p >
< p > 至 此 ， Istio 1.8 中 引 入 的 WordloadGroup 及 智 能 DNS 代 理 ， 补 足 了 Istio 对 虚 拟 机 支 持 的 最 后 一 块 短 板 ， 使 得 部 署 在 虚 拟 机 中 的 遗 留 应 用 可 以 跟 Kubernetes 中 的 Pod 一 样 完 全 等 同 看 待 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "总结" > 总 结 < / h2 >
< p > 在 这 部 Istio 支 持 虚 拟 机 的 奥 德 赛 中 ， 我 们 可 以 看 到 ： 从 最 初 的 将 mesh 中 的 DNS server 暴 露 给 外 部 ， 在 虚 拟 机 中 安 装 配 置 < code > dnsmasq< / code > ， 到 最 后 的 使 用 智 能 DNS 代 理 ， 并 使 用 < code > WorkloadEntry< / code > 、 < code > WorkloadGroup< / code > 和 < code > ServiceEntry< / code > 等 资 源 抽 象 ， 逐 步 实 现 了 虚 拟 机 和 pod 的 统 一 管 理 。 本 文 仅 仅 是 针 对 单 集 群 的 情 况 ， 在 实 际 的 生 产 中 使 用 还 远 远 不 够 ， 我 们 还 需 要 处 理 安 全 、 多 集 群 、 多 租 户 等 诸 多 问 题 ， 欢 迎 关 注 Tetrate 的 旗 舰 产 品 < a href = "https://www.tetrate.io/tetrate-service-bridge/" target = "_blank" > Tetrate Service Bridge< / a > 了 解 更 多 关 于 Istio 应 用 在 生 产 上 的 最 佳 实 践 。 < / p >
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