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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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< a href = "../practice/kubectl-installation.html" >
4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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< a href = "../practice/master-installation.html" >
4.1.5 部署master节点
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< a href = "../practice/node-installation.html" >
4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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< a href = "../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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< a href = "../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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< a href = "../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< a href = "../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< a href = "../practice/cephfs.html" >
4.4.2 CephFS
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< a href = "../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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< a href = "../practice/services-management-tool.html" >
4.5 服务编排管理
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< a href = "../practice/helm.html" >
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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< a href = "../practice/drone-ci-cd.html" >
4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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4.7 更新与升级
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4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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< a href = "../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html" >
4.7.2 升级dashboard
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< a href = "../usecases/" >
5. 领域应用
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< a href = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
5.1 微服务架构
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< a href = "../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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< a href = "../usecases/istio.html" >
5.1.1 Istio
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< a href = "../usecases/istio-installation.html" >
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5.1.1.1 安装并试用Istio service mesh
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< a href = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.1.3 安装和拓展Istio service mesh
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5.1.1.4 集成虚拟机
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
5.1.2 Linkerd
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html" >
5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.3.2" data-path = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
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< a href = "../usecases/edge-computing.html" >
5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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< a href = ".." > 2.2.9 DaemonSet< / a >
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< h1 id = "daemonset" > DaemonSet< / h1 >
< h2 id = "什么是-daemonset？" > 什 么 是 DaemonSet？ < / h2 >
< p > < em > DaemonSet< / em > 确 保 全 部 （ 或 者 一 些 ） Node 上 运 行 一 个 Pod 的 副 本 。 当 有 Node 加 入 集 群 时 ， 也 会 为 他 们 新 增 一 个 Pod 。 当 有 Node 从 集 群 移 除 时 ， 这 些 Pod 也 会 被 回 收 。 删 除 DaemonSet 将 会 删 除 它 创 建 的 所 有 Pod。 < / p >
< p > 使 用 DaemonSet 的 一 些 典 型 用 法 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 运 行 集 群 存 储 daemon， 例 如 在 每 个 Node 上 运 行 < code > glusterd< / code > 、 < code > ceph< / code > 。 < / li >
< li > 在 每 个 Node 上 运 行 日 志 收 集 daemon， 例 如 < code > fluentd< / code > 、 < code > logstash< / code > 。 < / li >
< li > 在 每 个 Node 上 运 行 监 控 daemon， 例 如 < a href = "https://github.com/prometheus/node_exporter" target = "_blank" > Prometheus Node Exporter< / a > 、 < code > collectd< / code > 、 Datadog 代 理 、 New Relic 代 理 ， 或 Ganglia < code > gmond< / code > 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 一 个 简 单 的 用 法 是 ， 在 所 有 的 Node 上 都 存 在 一 个 DaemonSet， 将 被 作 为 每 种 类 型 的 daemon 使 用 。
一 个 稍 微 复 杂 的 用 法 可 能 是 ， 对 单 独 的 每 种 类 型 的 daemon 使 用 多 个 DaemonSet， 但 具 有 不 同 的 标 志 ， 和 /或 对 不 同 硬 件 类 型 具 有 不 同 的 内 存 、 CPU要 求 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "编写-daemonset-spec" > 编 写 DaemonSet Spec< / h2 >
< h3 id = "必需字段" > 必 需 字 段 < / h3 >
< p > 和 其 它 所 有 Kubernetes 配 置 一 样 ， DaemonSet 需 要 < code > apiVersion< / code > 、 < code > kind< / code > 和 < code > metadata< / code > 字 段 。 有 关 配 置 文 件 的 通 用 信 息 ， 详 见 文 档 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/deploying-applications/" target = "_blank" > 部 署 应 用 < / a > 、 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/configuring-containers/" target = "_blank" > 配 置 容 器 < / a > 和 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/tools/kubectl/object-management-overview/" target = "_blank" > 资 源 管 理 < / a > 。 < / p >
< p > DaemonSet 也 需 要 一 个 < a href = "https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status" target = "_blank" > < code > .spec< / code > < / a > 配 置 段 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "pod-模板" > Pod 模 板 < / h3 >
< p > < code > .spec< / code > 唯 一 必 需 的 字 段 是 < code > .spec.template< / code > 。 < / p >
< p > < code > .spec.template< / code > 是 一 个 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/replication-controller/#pod-template" target = "_blank" > Pod 模 板 < / a > 。
它 与 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/pods" target = "_blank" > Pod< / a > 具 有 相 同 的 schema， 除 了 它 是 嵌 套 的 ， 而 且 不 具 有 < code > apiVersion< / code > 或 < code > kind< / code > 字 段 。 < / p >
< p > Pod 除 了 必 须 字 段 外 ， 在 DaemonSet 中 的 Pod 模 板 必 须 指 定 合 理 的 标 签 （ 查 看 < a href = "#pod-selector" > pod selector< / a > ） 。 < / p >
< p > 在 DaemonSet 中 的 Pod 模 板 必 需 具 有 一 个 值 为 < code > Always< / code > 的 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/pod-states" target = "_blank" > < code > RestartPolicy< / code > < / a > ， 或 者 未 指 定 它 的 值 ， 默 认 是 < code > Always< / code > 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "pod-selector" > Pod Selector< / h3 >
< p > < code > .spec.selector< / code > 字 段 表 示 Pod Selector， 它 与 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/jobs/run-to-completion-finite-workloads/" target = "_blank" > Job< / a > 或 其 它 资 源 的 < code > .sper.selector< / code > 的 原 理 是 相 同 的 。 < / p >
< p > < code > spec.selector< / code > 表 示 一 个 对 象 ， 它 由 如 下 两 个 字 段 组 成 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > matchLabels< / code > - 与 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicationcontroller/" target = "_blank" > ReplicationController< / a > 的 < code > .spec.selector< / code > 的 原 理 相 同 。 < / li >
< li > < code > matchExpressions< / code > - 允 许 构 建 更 加 复 杂 的 Selector， 可 以 通 过 指 定 key、 value 列 表 ， 以 及 与 key 和 value 列 表 的 相 关 的 操 作 符 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 当 上 述 两 个 字 段 都 指 定 时 ， 结 果 表 示 的 是 AND 关 系 。 < / p >
< p > 如 果 指 定 了 < code > .spec.selector< / code > ， 必 须 与 < code > .spec.template.metadata.labels< / code > 相 匹 配 。 如 果 没 有 指 定 ， 它 们 默 认 是 等 价 的 。 如 果 与 它 们 配 置 的 不 匹 配 ， 则 会 被 API 拒 绝 。 < / p >
< p > 如 果 Pod 的 label 与 selector 匹 配 ， 或 者 直 接 基 于 其 它 的 DaemonSet、 或 者 Controller（ 例 如 ReplicationController） ， 也 不 可 以 创 建 任 何 Pod。
否 则 DaemonSet Controller 将 认 为 那 些 Pod 是 它 创 建 的 。 Kubernetes 不 会 阻 止 这 样 做 。 一 个 场 景 是 ， 可 能 希 望 在 一 个 具 有 不 同 值 的 、 用 来 测 试 用 的 Node 上 手 动 创 建 Pod。 < / p >
< h3 id = "仅在相同的-node-上运行-pod" > 仅 在 相 同 的 Node 上 运 行 Pod< / h3 >
< p > 如 果 指 定 了 < code > .spec.template.spec.nodeSelector< / code > ， DaemonSet Controller 将 在 能 够 匹 配 上 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/assign-pod-node/" target = "_blank" > Node Selector< / a > 的 Node 上 创 建 Pod。
类 似 这 种 情 况 ， 可 以 指 定 < code > .spec.template.spec.affinity< / code > ， 然 后 DaemonSet Controller 将 在 能 够 匹 配 上 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/assign-pod-node/" target = "_blank" > Node Affinity< / a > 的 Node 上 创 建 Pod。
如 果 根 本 就 没 有 指 定 ， 则 DaemonSet Controller 将 在 所 有 Node 上 创 建 Pod。 < / p >
< h2 id = "如果调度-daemon-pod" > 如 果 调 度 Daemon Pod< / h2 >
< p > 正 常 情 况 下 ， Pod 运 行 在 哪 个 机 器 上 是 由 Kubernetes 调 度 器 进 行 选 择 的 。 然 而 ， 由 Daemon Controller 创 建 的 Pod 已 经 确 定 了 在 哪 个 机 器 上 （ Pod 创 建 时 指 定 了 < code > .spec.nodeName< / code > ） ， 因 此 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > DaemonSet Controller 并 不 关 心 一 个 Node 的 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/node/#manual-node-administration" target = "_blank" > < code > unschedulable< / code > < / a > 字 段 。 < / li >
< li > DaemonSet Controller 可 以 创 建 Pod， 即 使 调 度 器 还 没 有 被 启 动 ， 这 对 集 群 启 动 是 非 常 有 帮 助 的 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > Daemon Pod 关 心 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/assign-pod-node/#taints-and-tolerations-beta-feature" target = "_blank" > Taint 和 Toleration< / a > ， 它 们 会 为 没 有 指 定 < code > tolerationSeconds< / code > 的 < code > node.alpha.kubernetes.io/notReady< / code > 和 < code > node.alpha.kubernetes.io/unreachable< / code > 的 Taint， 而 创 建 具 有 < code > NoExecute< / code > 的 Toleration。 这 确 保 了 当 alpha 特 性 的 < code > TaintBasedEvictions< / code > 被 启 用 ， 当 Node 出 现 故 障 ， 比 如 网 络 分 区 ， 这 时 它 们 将 不 会 被 清 除 掉 （ 当 < code > TaintBasedEvictions< / code > 特 性 没 有 启 用 ， 在 这 些 场 景 下 也 不 会 被 清 除 ， 但 会 因 为 NodeController 的 硬 编 码 行 为 而 被 清 除 ， Toleration 是 不 会 的 ） 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "与-daemon-pod-通信" > 与 Daemon Pod 通 信 < / h2 >
< p > 与 DaemonSet 中 的 Pod 进 行 通 信 ， 几 种 可 能 的 模 式 如 下 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > Push< / strong > ： 配 置 DaemonSet 中 的 Pod 向 其 它 Service 发 送 更 新 ， 例 如 统 计 数 据 库 。 它 们 没 有 客 户 端 。 < / li >
< li > < strong > NodeIP 和 已 知 端 口 < / strong > ： DaemonSet 中 的 Pod 可 以 使 用 < code > hostPort< / code > ， 从 而 可 以 通 过 Node IP 访 问 到 Pod。 客 户 端 能 通 过 某 种 方 法 知 道 Node IP 列 表 ， 并 且 基 于 此 也 可 以 知 道 端 口 。 < / li >
< li > < strong > DNS< / strong > ： 创 建 具 有 相 同 Pod Selector 的 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/services/#headless-services" target = "_blank" > Headless Service< / a > ， 然 后 通 过 使 用 < code > endpoints< / code > 资 源 或 从 DNS 检 索 到 多 个 A 记 录 来 发 现 DaemonSet。 < / li >
< li > < strong > Service< / strong > ： 创 建 具 有 相 同 Pod Selector 的 Service， 并 使 用 该 Service 访 问 到 某 个 随 机 Node 上 的 daemon。 （ 没 有 办 法 访 问 到 特 定 Node） < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "更新-daemonset" > 更 新 DaemonSet< / h2 >
< p > 如 果 修 改 了 Node Label， DaemonSet 将 立 刻 向 新 匹 配 上 的 Node 添 加 Pod， 同 时 删 除 新 近 无 法 匹 配 上 的 Node 上 的 Pod。 < / p >
< p > 可 以 修 改 DaemonSet 创 建 的 Pod。 然 而 ， 不 允 许 对 Pod 的 所 有 字 段 进 行 更 新 。 当 下 次 Node（ 即 使 具 有 相 同 的 名 称 ） 被 创 建 时 ， DaemonSet Controller 还 会 使 用 最 初 的 模 板 。 < / p >
< p > 可 以 删 除 一 个 DaemonSet。 如 果 使 用 < code > kubectl< / code > 并 指 定 < code > --cascade=false< / code > 选 项 ， 则 Pod 将 被 保 留 在 Node 上 。 然 后 可 以 创 建 具 有 不 同 模 板 的 新 DaemonSet。 具 有 不 同 模 板 的 新 DaemonSet 将 鞥 能 够 通 过 Label 匹 配 识 别 所 有 已 经 存 在 的 Pod。 它 不 会 修 改 或 删 除 它 们 ， 即 使 是 错 误 匹 配 了 Pod 模 板 。 通 过 删 除 Pod 或 者 删 除 Node， 可 以 强 制 创 建 新 的 Pod。 < / p >
< p > 在 Kubernetes 1.6 或 以 后 版 本 ， 可 以 在 DaemonSet 上 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/manage-daemon/update-daemon-set/" target = "_blank" > 执 行 滚 动 升 级 < / a > 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "init-脚本" > init 脚 本 < / h3 >
< p > 很 可 能 通 过 直 接 在 一 个 Node 上 启 动 daemon 进 程 （ 例 如 ， 使 用 < code > init< / code > 、 < code > upstartd< / code > 、 或 < code > systemd< / code > ） 。 这 非 常 好 ， 然 而 基 于 DaemonSet 来 运 行 这 些 进 程 有 如 下 一 些 好 处 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 像 对 待 应 用 程 序 一 样 ， 具 备 为 daemon 提 供 监 控 和 管 理 日 志 的 能 力 。 < / li >
< li > 为 daemon 和 应 用 城 西 使 用 相 同 的 配 置 语 言 和 工 具 （ 如 Pod 模 板 、 < code > kubectl< / code > ） 。 < / li >
< li > Kubernetes 未 来 版 本 可 能 会 支 持 对 DaemonSet 创 建 Pod 与 Node升 级 工 作 流 进 行 集 成 。 < / li >
< li > 在 资 源 受 限 的 容 器 中 运 行 daemon， 能 够 增 加 daemon 和 应 用 容 器 的 隔 离 性 。 然 而 这 也 实 现 了 在 容 器 中 运 行 daemon， 但 却 不 能 在 Pod 中 运 行 （ 例 如 ， 直 接 基 于 Docker 启 动 ） 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "裸-pod" > 裸 Pod< / h3 >
< p > 可 能 要 直 接 创 建 Pod， 同 时 指 定 其 运 行 在 特 定 的 Node 上 。
然 而 ， DaemonSet 替 换 了 由 于 任 何 原 因 被 删 除 或 终 止 的 Pod， 例 如 Node 失 败 、 例 行 节 点 维 护 ， 比 如 内 和 升 级 。 由 于 这 个 原 因 ， 我 们 应 该 使 用 DaemonSet 而 不 是 单 独 创 建 Pod。 < / p >
< h3 id = "静态-pod" > 静 态 Pod< / h3 >
< p > 很 可 能 ， 通 过 在 一 个 指 定 目 录 下 编 写 文 件 来 创 建 Pod， 该 目 录 受 Kubelet 所 监 视 。 这 些 Pod 被 称 为 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/static-pod/" target = "_blank" > 静 态 Pod< / a > 。
不 像 DaemonSet， 静 态 Pod 不 受 kubectl 和 其 它 Kubernetes API 客 户 端 管 理 。 静 态 Pod 不 依 赖 于 apiserver， 这 使 得 它 们 在 集 群 启 动 的 情 况 下 非 常 有 用 。
而 且 ， 未 来 静 态 Pod 可 能 会 被 废 弃 掉 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "replication-controller" > Replication Controller< / h3 >
< p > DaemonSet 与 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/replication-controller" target = "_blank" > Replication Controller< / a > 非 常 类 似 ， 它 们 都 能 创 建 Pod， 这 些 Pod 都 具 有 不 期 望 被 终 止 的 进 程 （ 例 如 ， Web 服 务 器 、 存 储 服 务 器 ） 。
为 无 状 态 的 Service 使 用 Replication Controller， 像 frontend， 实 现 对 副 本 的 数 量 进 行 扩 缩 容 、 平 滑 升 级 ， 比 之 于 精 确 控 制 Pod 运 行 在 某 个 主 机 上 要 重 要 得 多 。 需 要 Pod 副 本 总 是 运 行 在 全 部 或 特 定 主 机 上 ， 并 需 要 先 于 其 他 Pod 启 动 ， 当 这 被 认 为 非 常 重 要 时 ， 应 该 使 用 Daemon Controller。 < / p >
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