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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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< a href = "create-tls-and-secret-key.html" >
4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.1.3" data-path = "etcd-cluster-installation.html" >
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< a href = "etcd-cluster-installation.html" >
4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.1.4" data-path = "kubectl-installation.html" >
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< a href = "kubectl-installation.html" >
4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.1.5" data-path = "master-installation.html" >
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< a href = "master-installation.html" >
4.1.5 部署master节点
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< a href = "node-installation.html" >
4.1.6 部署node节点
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< a href = "kubedns-addon-installation.html" >
4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.1.8" data-path = "dashboard-addon-installation.html" >
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< a href = "dashboard-addon-installation.html" >
4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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< a href = "heapster-addon-installation.html" >
4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.1.10" data-path = "efk-addon-installation.html" >
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< a href = "efk-addon-installation.html" >
4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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< a href = "service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html" >
4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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< a href = "traefik-ingress-installation.html" >
4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.2" data-path = "distributed-load-test.html" >
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.3" data-path = "network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html" >
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< a href = "network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html" >
4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.4" data-path = "edge-node-configuration.html" >
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< a href = "edge-node-configuration.html" >
4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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< a href = "nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.3.2" data-path = "app-log-collection.html" >
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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< a href = "configuration-best-practice.html" >
4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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< a href = "monitor.html" >
4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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< a href = "data-persistence-problem.html" >
4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.3.6" data-path = "manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
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< a href = "manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.3.7" data-path = "using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
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< a href = "using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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< a href = "using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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< a href = "glusterfs.html" >
4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< a href = "storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.4.2" data-path = "cephfs.html" >
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< a href = "cephfs.html" >
4.4.2 CephFS
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< a href = "using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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< a href = "services-management-tool.html" >
4.5 服务编排管理
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< a href = "helm.html" >
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.5.2" data-path = "create-private-charts-repo.html" >
< a href = "create-private-charts-repo.html" >
4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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< a href = "ci-cd.html" >
4.6 持续集成与发布
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< a href = "jenkins-ci-cd.html" >
4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.6.2" data-path = "drone-ci-cd.html" >
< a href = "drone-ci-cd.html" >
4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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< a href = "update-and-upgrade.html" >
4.7 更新与升级
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< a href = "manually-upgrade.html" >
4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.7.2" data-path = "dashboard-upgrade.html" >
< a href = "dashboard-upgrade.html" >
4.7.2 升级dashboard
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< a href = "../usecases/" >
5. 领域应用
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< a href = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
5.1 微服务架构
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< a href = "../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.2" data-path = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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< a href = "../usecases/istio.html" >
5.1.1 Istio
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< a href = "../usecases/istio-installation.html" >
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5.1.1.1 安装并试用Istio service mesh
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< a href = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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< a href = "../usecases/install-and-expand-istio-mesh.html" >
5.1.1.3 安装和拓展Istio service mesh
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< a href = "../usecases/integrating-vms.html" >
5.1.1.4 集成虚拟机
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
5.1.2 Linkerd
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.2.2.1" data-path = "../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html" >
5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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< a href = "../usecases/big-data.html" >
5.2 大数据
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< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.3.2" data-path = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
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< a href = "../usecases/edge-computing.html" >
5.4 边缘计算
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< a href = "../develop/" >
6. 开发指南
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< a href = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
6.1 开发环境搭建
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< a href = "../develop/testing.html" >
6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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< a href = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
6.3 client-go示例
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< a href = "../develop/contribute.html" >
6.4 社区贡献
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< a href = "../develop/minikube.html" >
6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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< a href = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
7.1 Docker最佳实践
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< a href = "../appendix/issues.html" >
7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.8.4" data-path = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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< h1 id = "安装heapster插件" > 安 装 heapster插 件 < / h1 >
< p > 到 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster/releases" target = "_blank" > heapster release 页 面 < / a > 下 载 最 新 版 本 的 heapster。 < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > wget https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster/archive/v1.3.0.zip
unzip v1.3.0.zip
mv v1.3.0.zip heapster-1.3.0
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 文 件 目 录 ： < code > heapster-1.3.0/deploy/kube-config/influxdb< / code > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ < span class = "hljs-built_in" > cd< / span > heapster-1.3.0/deploy/kube-config/influxdb
$ ls *.yaml
grafana-deployment.yaml grafana-service.yaml heapster-deployment.yaml heapster-service.yaml influxdb-deployment.yaml influxdb-service.yaml heapster-rbac.yaml
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 我 们 自 己 创 建 了 heapster的 rbac配 置 < code > heapster-rbac.yaml< / code > 。 < / p >
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< p > 已 经 修 改 好 的 yaml 文 件 见 ： < a href = "https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-handbook/blob/master/manifests/heapster/" target = "_blank" > ../manifests/heapster< / a > < / p >
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< h2 id = "配置-grafana-deployment" > 配 置 grafana-deployment< / h2 >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ diff grafana-deployment.yaml.orig grafana-deployment.yaml
16c16
< image: gcr.io/google_containers/heapster-grafana-amd64:v4.0.2
---
> image: sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/heapster-grafana-amd64:v4.0.2
40,41c40,41
< < span class = "hljs-comment" > # value: /api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/< / span >
< value: /
---
> value: /api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/
> < span class = "hljs-comment" > #value: /< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< ul >
< li > 如 果 后 续 使 用 kube-apiserver 或 者 kubectl proxy 访 问 grafana dashboard， 则 必 须 将 < code > GF_SERVER_ROOT_URL< / code > 设 置 为 < code > /api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/< / code > ， 否 则 后 续 访 问 grafana时 访 问 时 提 示 找 不 到 < code > http://172.20.0.113:8086/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/api/dashboards/home< / code > 页 面 ； < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "配置-heapster-deployment" > 配 置 heapster-deployment< / h2 >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ diff heapster-deployment.yaml.orig heapster-deployment.yaml
16c16
< image: gcr.io/google_containers/heapster-amd64:v1.3.0-beta.1
---
> image: sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/heapster-amd64:v1.3.0-beta.1
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "配置-influxdb-deployment" > 配 置 influxdb-deployment< / h2 >
< p > influxdb 官 方 建 议 使 用 命 令 行 或 HTTP API 接 口 来 查 询 数 据 库 ， 从 v1.1.0 版 本 开 始 默 认 关 闭 admin UI， 将 在 后 续 版 本 中 移 除 admin UI 插 件 。 < / p >
< p > 开 启 镜 像 中 admin UI的 办 法 如 下 ： 先 导 出 镜 像 中 的 influxdb 配 置 文 件 ， 开 启 admin 插 件 后 ， 再 将 配 置 文 件 内 容 写 入 ConfigMap， 最 后 挂 载 到 镜 像 中 ， 达 到 覆 盖 原 始 配 置 的 目 的 ： < / p >
< p > 注 意 ： manifests 目 录 已 经 提 供 了 < a href = "https://github.com/opsnull/follow-me-install-kubernetes-cluster/blob/master/manifests/heapster/influxdb-cm.yaml" target = "_blank" > 修 改 后 的 ConfigMap 定 义 文 件 < / a > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ < span class = "hljs-comment" > # 导 出 镜 像 中 的 influxdb 配 置 文 件 < / span >
$ docker run --rm --entrypoint < span class = "hljs-string" > ' cat' < / span > -ti lvanneo/heapster-influxdb-amd64:v1.1.1 /etc/config.toml > config.toml.orig
$ cp config.toml.orig config.toml
$ < span class = "hljs-comment" > # 修 改 ： 启 用 admin 接 口 < / span >
$ vim config.toml
$ diff config.toml.orig config.toml
35c35
< enabled = < span class = "hljs-literal" > false< / span >
---
> enabled = < span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span >
$ < span class = "hljs-comment" > # 将 修 改 后 的 配 置 写 入 到 ConfigMap 对 象 中 < / span >
$ kubectl create configmap influxdb-config --from-file=config.toml -n kube-system
configmap < span class = "hljs-string" > " influxdb-config" < / span > created
$ < span class = "hljs-comment" > # 将 ConfigMap 中 的 配 置 文 件 挂 载 到 Pod 中 ， 达 到 覆 盖 原 始 配 置 的 目 的 < / span >
$ diff influxdb-deployment.yaml.orig influxdb-deployment.yaml
16c16
< image: gcr.io/google_containers/heapster-influxdb-amd64:v1.1.1
---
> image: sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/heapster-influxdb-amd64:v1.1.1
19a20,21
> - mountPath: /etc/
> name: influxdb-config
22a25,27
> - name: influxdb-config
> configMap:
> name: influxdb-config
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "配置-monitoring-influxdb-service" > 配 置 monitoring-influxdb Service< / h2 >
< pre > < code > $ diff influxdb-service.yaml.orig influxdb-service.yaml
12a13
> type: NodePort
15a17,20
> name: http
> - port: 8083
> targetPort: 8083
> name: admin
< / code > < / pre > < ul >
< li > 定 义 端 口 类 型 为 NodePort， 额 外 增 加 了 admin 端 口 映 射 ， 用 于 后 续 浏 览 器 访 问 influxdb 的 admin UI 界 面 ； < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "执行所有定义文件" > 执 行 所 有 定 义 文 件 < / h2 >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ < span class = "hljs-built_in" > pwd< / span >
/root/heapster-1.3.0/deploy/kube-config/influxdb
$ ls *.yaml
grafana-service.yaml heapster-rbac.yaml influxdb-cm.yaml influxdb-service.yaml
grafana-deployment.yaml heapster-deployment.yaml heapster-service.yaml influxdb-deployment.yaml
$ kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > .
deployment < span class = "hljs-string" > " monitoring-grafana" < / span > created
service < span class = "hljs-string" > " monitoring-grafana" < / span > created
deployment < span class = "hljs-string" > " heapster" < / span > created
serviceaccount < span class = "hljs-string" > " heapster" < / span > created
clusterrolebinding < span class = "hljs-string" > " heapster" < / span > created
service < span class = "hljs-string" > " heapster" < / span > created
configmap < span class = "hljs-string" > " influxdb-config" < / span > created
deployment < span class = "hljs-string" > " monitoring-influxdb" < / span > created
service < span class = "hljs-string" > " monitoring-influxdb" < / span > created
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "检查执行结果" > 检 查 执 行 结 果 < / h2 >
< p > 检 查 Deployment< / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl get deployments -n kube-system | grep -E < span class = "hljs-string" > ' heapster|monitoring' < / span >
heapster 1 1 1 1 2m
monitoring-grafana 1 1 1 1 2m
monitoring-influxdb 1 1 1 1 2m
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 检 查 Pods< / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl get pods -n kube-system | grep -E < span class = "hljs-string" > ' heapster|monitoring' < / span >
heapster-110704576-gpg8v 1/1 Running 0 2m
monitoring-grafana-2861879979-9z89f 1/1 Running 0 2m
monitoring-influxdb-1411048194-lzrpc 1/1 Running 0 2m
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 检 查 kubernets dashboard 界 面 ， 看 是 显 示 各 Nodes、 Pods 的 CPU、 内 存 、 负 载 等 利 用 率 曲 线 图 ； < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.1.9.1" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-dashboard-with-heapster.jpg" alt = "dashboard-heapster" > < figcaption > 图 片 - dashboard-heapster< / figcaption > < / figure >
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< h2 id = "访问-grafana" > 访 问 grafana< / h2 >
< ol >
< li > < p > 通 过 kube-apiserver 访 问 ： < / p >
< p > 获 取 monitoring-grafana 服 务 URL< / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes master is running at https://172.20.0.113:6443
Heapster is running at https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster
KubeDNS is running at https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns
kubernetes-dashboard is running at https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/kubernetes-dashboard
monitoring-grafana is running at https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana
monitoring-influxdb is running at https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-influxdb
To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use < span class = "hljs-string" > ' kubectl cluster-info dump' < / span > .
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 浏 览 器 访 问 URL： < code > http://172.20.0.113:8080/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana< / code > < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > 通 过 kubectl proxy 访 问 ： < / p >
< p > 创 建 代 理 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl proxy --address=< span class = "hljs-string" > ' 172.20.0.113' < / span > --port=8086 --accept-hosts=< span class = "hljs-string" > ' ^*$' < / span >
Starting to serve on 172.20.0.113:8086
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 浏 览 器 访 问 URL： < code > http://172.20.0.113:8086/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana< / code > < / p >
< / li >
< / ol >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.1.9.2" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-heapster-grafana.jpg" alt = "grafana" > < figcaption > 图 片 - grafana< / figcaption > < / figure >
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< h2 id = "访问-influxdb-admin-ui" > 访 问 influxdb admin UI< / h2 >
< p > 获 取 influxdb http 8086 映 射 的 NodePort< / p >
< pre > < code > $ kubectl get svc -n kube-system|grep influxdb
monitoring-influxdb 10.254.22.46 < nodes> 8086:32299/TCP,8083:30269/TCP 9m
< / code > < / pre > < p > 通 过 kube-apiserver 的 < strong > 非 安 全 端 口 < / strong > 访 问 influxdb 的 admin UI 界 面 ： < code > http://172.20.0.113:8080/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-influxdb:8083/< / code > < / p >
< p > 在 页 面 的 “ Connection Settings” 的 Host 中 输 入 node IP， Port 中 输 入 8086 映 射 的 nodePort 如 上 面 的 32299， 点 击 “ Save” 即 可 （ 我 的 集 群 中 的 地 址 是 172.20.0.113:32299） ： < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.1.9.3" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-influxdb-heapster.jpg" alt = "kubernetes-influxdb-heapster" > < figcaption > 图 片 - kubernetes-influxdb-heapster< / figcaption > < / figure >
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< h2 id = "注意" > 注 意 < / h2 >
< p > 在 安 装 好 Grafana 之 后 我 们 使 用 的 是 默 认 的 template 配 置 ， 页 面 上 的 namespace 选 择 里 只 有 < code > default< / code > 和 < code > kube-system< / code > ， 并 不 是 说 其 他 的 namespace 里 的 指 标 没 有 得 到 监 控 ， 只 是 我 们 没 有 在 Grafana 中 开 启 他 它 们 的 显 示 而 已 。 见 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster/issues/1279" target = "_blank" > Cannot see other namespaces except, kube-system and default #1279< / a > 。 < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.1.9.4" > < img src = "../images/grafana-dashboard-setting.jpg" alt = "修改grafana模板" > < figcaption > 图 片 - 修 改 grafana模 板 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 将 Templating 中 的 namespace 的 Data source 设 置 为 influxdb-datasource， Refresh 设 置 为 on Dashboard Load 保 存 设 置 ， 刷 新 浏 览 器 ， 即 可 看 到 其 他 namespace 选 项 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" > 使 用 Heapster获 取 集 群 对 象 的 metric数 据 < / a > < / p >
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