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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.1.2" data-path = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.1.3" data-path = "../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
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5.1.3 微服务中的服务发现
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2" data-path = "../usecases/big-data.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/big-data.html" >
5.2 大数据
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.1" data-path = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
< / a >
< / li >
2017-09-14 15:57:50 +08:00
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.2" data-path = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
2017-09-03 15:58:39 +08:00
2017-09-14 15:57:50 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
2017-09-03 15:58:39 +08:00
5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.3" data-path = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6" data-path = "../develop/" >
< a href = "../develop/" >
6. 开发指南
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.1" data-path = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
< a href = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
6.1 开发环境搭建
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.2" data-path = "../develop/testing.html" >
< a href = "../develop/testing.html" >
6.2 单元测试和集成测试
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.3" data-path = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
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6.3 client-go示例
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.4" data-path = "../develop/contribute.html" >
< a href = "../develop/contribute.html" >
6.4 社区贡献
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< / ul >
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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本書使用 GitBook 釋出
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<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
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< a href = ".." > 2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略< / a >
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< h1 id = "pod-安全策略" > Pod 安 全 策 略 < / h1 >
< p > < code > PodSecurityPolicy< / code > 类 型 的 对 象 能 够 控 制 ， 是 否 可 以 向 Pod 发 送 请 求 ， 该 Pod 能 够 影 响 被 应 用 到 Pod 和 容 器 的 < code > SecurityContext< / code > 。 查 看 < a href = "https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/security-context-constraints.md" target = "_blank" > Pod 安 全 策 略 建 议 < / a > 获 取 更 多 信 息 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "什么是-pod-安全策略？" > 什 么 是 Pod 安 全 策 略 ？ < / h2 >
< p > < em > Pod 安 全 策 略 < / em > 是 集 群 级 别 的 资 源 ， 它 能 够 控 制 Pod 运 行 的 行 为 ， 以 及 它 具 有 访 问 什 么 的 能 力 。 < code > PodSecurityPolicy< / code > 对 象 定 义 了 一 组 条 件 ， 指 示 Pod 必 须 按 系 统 所 能 接 受 的 顺 序 运 行 。 它 们 允 许 管 理 员 控 制 如 下 方 面 ： < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > 控 制 面 < / th >
< th > 字 段 名 称 < / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > 已 授 权 容 器 的 运 行 < / td >
< td > < code > privileged< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 为 容 器 添 加 默 认 的 一 组 能 力 < / td >
< td > < code > defaultAddCapabilities< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 为 容 器 去 掉 某 些 能 力 < / td >
< td > < code > requiredDropCapabilities< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 容 器 能 够 请 求 添 加 某 些 能 力 < / td >
< td > < code > allowedCapabilities< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 控 制 卷 类 型 的 使 用 < / td >
< td > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#controlling-volumes" target = "_blank" > < code > volumes< / code > < / a > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 主 机 网 络 的 使 用 < / td >
< td > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#host-network" target = "_blank" > < code > hostNetwork< / code > < / a > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 主 机 端 口 的 使 用 < / td >
< td > < code > hostPorts< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 主 机 PID namespace 的 使 用 < / td >
< td > < code > hostPID< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 主 机 IPC namespace 的 使 用 < / td >
< td > < code > hostIPC< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 主 机 路 径 的 使 用 < / td >
< td > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#allowed-host-paths" target = "_blank" > < code > allowedHostPaths< / code > < / a > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 容 器 的 SELinux 上 下 文 < / td >
< td > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#selinux" target = "_blank" > < code > seLinux< / code > < / a > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 用 户 ID< / td >
< td > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#runasuser" target = "_blank" > < code > runAsUser< / code > < / a > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 配 置 允 许 的 补 充 组 < / td >
< td > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#supplementalgroups" target = "_blank" > < code > supplementalGroups< / code > < / a > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 分 配 拥 有 Pod 数 据 卷 的 FSGroup< / td >
< td > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#fsgroup" target = "_blank" > < code > fsGroup< / code > < / a > < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 必 须 使 用 一 个 只 读 的 root 文 件 系 统 < / td >
< td > < code > readOnlyRootFilesystem< / code > < / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > < em > Pod 安 全 策 略 < / em > 由 设 置 和 策 略 组 成 ， 它 们 能 够 控 制 Pod 访 问 的 安 全 特 征 。 这 些 设 置 分 为 如 下 三 类 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < em > 基 于 布 尔 值 控 制 < / em > ： 这 种 类 型 的 字 段 默 认 为 最 严 格 限 制 的 值 。 < / li >
< li > < em > 基 于 被 允 许 的 值 集 合 控 制 < / em > ： 这 种 类 型 的 字 段 会 与 这 组 值 进 行 对 比 ， 以 确 认 值 被 允 许 。 < / li >
< li > < em > 基 于 策 略 控 制 < / em > ： 设 置 项 通 过 一 种 策 略 提 供 的 机 制 来 生 成 该 值 ， 这 种 机 制 能 够 确 保 指 定 的 值 落 在 被 允 许 的 这 组 值 中 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "runasuser" > RunAsUser< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < em > MustRunAs< / em > - 必 须 配 置 一 个 < code > range< / code > 。 使 用 该 范 围 内 的 第 一 个 值 作 为 默 认 值 。 验 证 是 否 不 在 配 置 的 该 范 围 内 。 < / li >
< li > < em > MustRunAsNonRoot< / em > - 要 求 提 交 的 Pod 具 有 非 零 < code > runAsUser< / code > 值 ， 或 在 镜 像 中 定 义 了 < code > USER< / code > 环 境 变 量 。 不 提 供 默 认 值 。 < / li >
< li > < em > RunAsAny< / em > - 没 有 提 供 默 认 值 。 允 许 指 定 任 何 < code > runAsUser< / code > 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "selinux" > SELinux< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < em > MustRunAs< / em > - 如 果 没 有 使 用 预 分 配 的 值 ， 必 须 配 置 < code > seLinuxOptions< / code > 。 默 认 使 用 < code > seLinuxOptions< / code > 。 验 证 < code > seLinuxOptions< / code > 。 < / li >
< li > < em > RunAsAny< / em > - 没 有 提 供 默 认 值 。 允 许 任 意 指 定 的 < code > seLinuxOptions< / code > ID。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "supplementalgroups" > SupplementalGroups< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < em > MustRunAs< / em > - 至 少 需 要 指 定 一 个 范 围 。 默 认 使 用 第 一 个 范 围 的 最 小 值 。 验 证 所 有 范 围 的 值 。 < / li >
< li > < em > RunAsAny< / em > - 没 有 提 供 默 认 值 。 允 许 任 意 指 定 的 < code > supplementalGroups< / code > ID。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "fsgroup" > FSGroup< / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < em > MustRunAs< / em > - 至 少 需 要 指 定 一 个 范 围 。 默 认 使 用 第 一 个 范 围 的 最 小 值 。 验 证 在 第 一 个 范 围 内 的 第 一 个 ID。 < / li >
< li > < em > RunAsAny< / em > - 没 有 提 供 默 认 值 。 允 许 任 意 指 定 的 < code > fsGroup< / code > ID。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "控制卷" > 控 制 卷 < / h3 >
< p > 通 过 设 置 PSP 卷 字 段 ， 能 够 控 制 具 体 卷 类 型 的 使 用 。 当 创 建 一 个 卷 的 时 候 ， 与 该 字 段 相 关 的 已 定 义 卷 可 以 允 许 设 置 如 下 值 ： < / p >
< ol >
< li > azureFile< / li >
< li > azureDisk< / li >
< li > flocker< / li >
< li > flexVolume< / li >
< li > hostPath< / li >
< li > emptyDir< / li >
< li > gcePersistentDisk< / li >
< li > awsElasticBlockStore< / li >
< li > gitRepo< / li >
< li > secret< / li >
< li > nfs< / li >
< li > iscsi< / li >
< li > glusterfs< / li >
< li > persistentVolumeClaim< / li >
< li > rbd< / li >
< li > cinder< / li >
< li > cephFS< / li >
< li > downwardAPI< / li >
< li > fc< / li >
< li > configMap< / li >
< li > vsphereVolume< / li >
< li > quobyte< / li >
< li > photonPersistentDisk< / li >
< li > projected< / li >
< li > portworxVolume< / li >
< li > scaleIO< / li >
< li > storageos< / li >
< li > * (allow all volumes)< / li >
< / ol >
< p > 对 新 的 PSP， 推 荐 允 许 的 卷 的 最 小 集 合 包 括 ： configMap、 downwardAPI、 emptyDir、 persistentVolumeClaim、 secret 和 projected。 < / p >
< h3 id = "主机网络" > 主 机 网 络 < / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < em > HostPorts< / em > ， 默 认 为 < code > empty< / code > 。 < code > HostPortRange< / code > 列 表 通 过 < code > min< / code > (包 含 ) and < code > max< / code > (包 含 ) 来 定 义 ， 指 定 了 被 允 许 的 主 机 端 口 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "允许的主机路径" > 允 许 的 主 机 路 径 < / h3 >
< ul >
< li > < em > AllowedHostPaths< / em > 是 一 个 被 允 许 的 主 机 路 径 前 缀 的 白 名 单 。 空 值 表 示 所 有 的 主 机 路 径 都 可 以 使 用 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "许可" > 许 可 < / h2 >
< p > 包 含 < code > PodSecurityPolicy< / code > 的 < em > 许 可 控 制 < / em > ， 允 许 控 制 集 群 资 源 的 创 建 和 修 改 ， 基 于 这 些 资 源 在 集 群 范 围 内 被 许 可 的 能 力 。 < / p >
< p > 许 可 使 用 如 下 的 方 式 为 Pod 创 建 最 终 的 安 全 上 下 文 ： < / p >
< ol >
< li > 检 索 所 有 可 用 的 PSP。 < / li >
< li > 生 成 在 请 求 中 没 有 指 定 的 安 全 上 下 文 设 置 的 字 段 值 。 < / li >
< li > 基 于 可 用 的 策 略 ， 验 证 最 终 的 设 置 。 < / li >
< / ol >
< p > 如 果 某 个 策 略 能 够 匹 配 上 ， 该 Pod 就 被 接 受 。 如 果 请 求 与 PSP 不 匹 配 ， 则 Pod 被 拒 绝 。 < / p >
< p > Pod 必 须 基 于 PSP 验 证 每 个 字 段 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "创建-pod-安全策略" > 创 建 Pod 安 全 策 略 < / h2 >
< p > 下 面 是 一 个 Pod 安 全 策 略 的 例 子 ， 所 有 字 段 的 设 置 都 被 允 许 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > extensions/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > PodSecurityPolicy
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > permissive
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > seLinux:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > rule:< / span > RunAsAny
< span class = "hljs-attr" > supplementalGroups:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > rule:< / span > RunAsAny
< span class = "hljs-attr" > runAsUser:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > rule:< / span > RunAsAny
< span class = "hljs-attr" > fsGroup:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > rule:< / span > RunAsAny
< span class = "hljs-attr" > hostPorts:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - min:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 8000< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > max:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 8080< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumes:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > ' *' < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 下 载 示 例 文 件 可 以 创 建 该 策 略 ， 然 后 执 行 如 下 命 令 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > ./psp.yaml
podsecuritypolicy < span class = "hljs-string" > " permissive" < / span > created
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "获取-pod-安全策略列表" > 获 取 Pod 安 全 策 略 列 表 < / h2 >
< p > 获 取 已 存 在 策 略 列 表 ， 使 用 < code > kubectl get< / code > ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl get psp
NAME PRIV CAPS SELINUX RUNASUSER FSGROUP SUPGROUP READONLYROOTFS VOLUMES
permissive < span class = "hljs-literal" > false< / span > [] RunAsAny RunAsAny RunAsAny RunAsAny < span class = "hljs-literal" > false< / span > [*]
privileged < span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span > [] RunAsAny RunAsAny RunAsAny RunAsAny < span class = "hljs-literal" > false< / span > [*]
restricted < span class = "hljs-literal" > false< / span > [] RunAsAny MustRunAsNonRoot RunAsAny RunAsAny < span class = "hljs-literal" > false< / span > [emptyDir secret downwardAPI configMap persistentVolumeClaim projected]
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "修改-pod-安全策略" > 修 改 Pod 安 全 策 略 < / h2 >
< p > 通 过 交 互 方 式 修 改 策 略 ， 使 用 < code > kubectl edit< / code > ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl edit psp permissive
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 该 命 令 将 打 开 一 个 默 认 文 本 编 辑 器 ， 在 这 里 能 够 修 改 策 略 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "删除-pod-安全策略" > 删 除 Pod 安 全 策 略 < / h2 >
< p > 一 旦 不 再 需 要 一 个 策 略 ， 很 容 易 通 过 < code > kubectl< / code > 删 除 它 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl delete psp permissive
podsecuritypolicy < span class = "hljs-string" > " permissive" < / span > deleted
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "启用-pod-安全策略" > 启 用 Pod 安 全 策 略 < / h2 >
< p > 为 了 能 够 在 集 群 中 使 用 Pod 安 全 策 略 ， 必 须 确 保 如 下 ： < / p >
< ol >
< li > 启 用 API 类 型 < code > extensions/v1beta1/podsecuritypolicy< / code > （ 仅 对 1.6 之 前 的 版 本 ） < / li >
< li > 启 用 许 可 控 制 器 < code > PodSecurityPolicy< / code > < / li >
< li > 定 义 自 己 的 策 略 < / li >
< / ol >
< h2 id = "使用-rbac" > 使 用 RBAC< / h2 >
< p > 在 Kubernetes 1.5 或 更 新 版 本 ， 可 以 使 用 PodSecurityPolicy 来 控 制 ， 对 基 于 用 户 角 色 和 组 的 已 授 权 容 器 的 访 问 。 访 问 不 同 的 PodSecurityPolicy 对 象 ， 可 以 基 于 认 证 来 控 制 。 基 于 Deployment、 ReplicaSet 等 创 建 的 Pod， 限 制 访 问 PodSecurityPolicy 对 象 ， < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/kube-controller-manager/" target = "_blank" > Controller Manager< / a > 必 须 基 于 安 全 API 端 口 运 行 ， 并 且 不 能 够 具 有 超 级 用 户 权 限 。 < / p >
< p > PodSecurityPolicy 认 证 使 用 所 有 可 用 的 策 略 ， 包 括 创 建 Pod 的 用 户 ， Pod 上 指 定 的 服 务 账 户 （ service acount） 。 当 Pod 基 于 Deployment、 ReplicaSet 创 建 时 ， 它 是 创 建 Pod 的 Controller Manager， 所 以 如 果 基 于 非 安 全 API 端 口 运 行 ， 允 许 所 有 的 PodSecurityPolicy 对 象 ， 并 且 不 能 够 有 效 地 实 现 细 分 权 限 。 用 户 访 问 给 定 的 PSP 策 略 有 效 ， 仅 当 是 直 接 部 署 Pod 的 情 况 。 更 多 详 情 ， 查 看 < a href = "https://git.k8s.io/kubernetes/examples/podsecuritypolicy/rbac/README.md" target = "_blank" > PodSecurityPolicy RBAC 示 例 < / a > ， 当 直 接 部 署 Pod 时 ， 应 用 PodSecurityPolicy 控 制 基 于 角 色 和 组 的 已 授 权 容 器 的 访 问 。 < / p >
< p > 原 文 地 址 ： < a href = "https://k8smeetup.github.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/" target = "_blank" > https://k8smeetup.github.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/< / a > < / p >
< p > 译 者 ： < a href = "https://github.com/shirdrn" target = "_blank" > shirdrn< / a > < / p >
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