2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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<title>4.2 服务发现与负载均衡 · Kubernetes Handbook</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Jimmy Song">
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<a href="../">
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1. 前言
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</a>
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<a href="../concepts/">
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2. 概念原理
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.1" data-path="../concepts/concepts.html">
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<a href="../concepts/concepts.html">
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2.1 设计理念
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2" data-path="../concepts/objects.html">
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<a href="../concepts/objects.html">
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2017-09-03 13:29:38 +08:00
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2.2 Objects
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2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.1" data-path="../concepts/pod-overview.html">
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<a href="../concepts/pod-overview.html">
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2.2.1 Pod
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.1.1" data-path="../concepts/pod.html">
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<a href="../concepts/pod.html">
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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</a>
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2017-08-31 23:28:33 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.1.2" data-path="../concepts/init-containers.html">
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<a href="../concepts/init-containers.html">
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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</a>
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2017-09-03 15:58:39 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.1.3" data-path="../concepts/pod-security-policy.html">
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<a href="../concepts/pod-security-policy.html">
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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</a>
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2017-09-17 15:39:26 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.1.4" data-path="../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html">
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<a href="../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html">
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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</a>
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2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.2" data-path="../concepts/node.html">
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<a href="../concepts/node.html">
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2.2.2 Node
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.3" data-path="../concepts/namespace.html">
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<a href="../concepts/namespace.html">
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2.2.3 Namespace
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.4" data-path="../concepts/service.html">
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<a href="../concepts/service.html">
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2.2.4 Service
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.5" data-path="../concepts/volume.html">
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<a href="../concepts/volume.html">
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.6" data-path="../concepts/deployment.html">
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<a href="../concepts/deployment.html">
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2.2.6 Deployment
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.7" data-path="../concepts/secret.html">
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<a href="../concepts/secret.html">
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2.2.7 Secret
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.8" data-path="../concepts/statefulset.html">
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<a href="../concepts/statefulset.html">
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.9" data-path="../concepts/daemonset.html">
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<a href="../concepts/daemonset.html">
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.10" data-path="../concepts/serviceaccount.html">
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<a href="../concepts/serviceaccount.html">
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.11" data-path="../concepts/replicaset.html">
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<a href="../concepts/replicaset.html">
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.12" data-path="../concepts/job.html">
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<a href="../concepts/job.html">
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2.2.12 Job
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.13" data-path="../concepts/cronjob.html">
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<a href="../concepts/cronjob.html">
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2.2.13 CronJob
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.14" data-path="../concepts/ingress.html">
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<a href="../concepts/ingress.html">
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2.2.14 Ingress
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.15" data-path="../concepts/configmap.html">
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<a href="../concepts/configmap.html">
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.16" data-path="../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
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<a href="../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.17" data-path="../concepts/label.html">
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<a href="../concepts/label.html">
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2.2.17 Label
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</a>
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2017-09-03 15:58:39 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.18" data-path="../concepts/garbage-collection.html">
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<a href="../concepts/garbage-collection.html">
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.19" data-path="../concepts/network-policy.html">
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<a href="../concepts/network-policy.html">
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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</a>
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2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="../guide/">
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<a href="../guide/">
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3. 用户指南
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1" data-path="../guide/resource-configuration.html">
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<a href="../guide/resource-configuration.html">
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3.1 资源配置
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.1" data-path="../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
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<a href="../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.2" data-path="../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html">
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<a href="../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html">
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2" data-path="../guide/command-usage.html">
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<a href="../guide/command-usage.html">
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3.2 命令使用
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.1" data-path="../guide/using-kubectl.html">
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<a href="../guide/using-kubectl.html">
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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</a>
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2017-09-16 20:56:43 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.2" data-path="../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
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<a href="../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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</a>
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2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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2017-09-07 12:29:13 +08:00
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3" data-path="../guide/cluster-security-management.html">
|
2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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|
2017-09-07 12:29:13 +08:00
|
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<a href="../guide/cluster-security-management.html">
|
2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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2017-09-07 12:29:13 +08:00
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3.3 集群安全性管理
|
2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.1" data-path="../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
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<a href="../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
|
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</a>
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2017-08-21 18:44:34 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.2" data-path="../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
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<a href="../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.3" data-path="../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html">
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<a href="../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html">
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
|
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</a>
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|
2017-08-31 14:23:44 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.4" data-path="../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
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<a href="../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.5" data-path="../guide/rbac.html">
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<a href="../guide/rbac.html">
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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</a>
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2017-09-07 14:13:59 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.6" data-path="../guide/ip-masq-agent.html">
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<a href="../guide/ip-masq-agent.html">
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
|
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</a>
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2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4" data-path="../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
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<a href="../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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</a>
|
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.1" data-path="../guide/access-cluster.html">
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<a href="../guide/access-cluster.html">
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3.4.1 访问集群
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.2" data-path="../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
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<a href="../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.3" data-path="../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
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<a href="../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.4" data-path="../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html">
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<a href="../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html">
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5" data-path="../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html">
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<a href="../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html">
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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</a>
|
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.1" data-path="../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
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<a href="../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
|
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</a>
|
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2017-08-21 18:44:34 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.2" data-path="../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
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<a href="../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
|
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</a>
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2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="./">
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<a href="./">
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4. 最佳实践
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1" data-path="install-kbernetes1.6-on-centos.html">
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<a href="install-kbernetes1.6-on-centos.html">
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.1" data-path="create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
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<a href="create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.2" data-path="create-kubeconfig.html">
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<a href="create-kubeconfig.html">
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.3" data-path="etcd-cluster-installation.html">
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<a href="etcd-cluster-installation.html">
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.4" data-path="kubectl-installation.html">
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<a href="kubectl-installation.html">
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.5" data-path="master-installation.html">
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<a href="master-installation.html">
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.6" data-path="node-installation.html">
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<a href="node-installation.html">
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.7" data-path="kubedns-addon-installation.html">
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<a href="kubedns-addon-installation.html">
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.8" data-path="dashboard-addon-installation.html">
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<a href="dashboard-addon-installation.html">
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.9" data-path="heapster-addon-installation.html">
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<a href="heapster-addon-installation.html">
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.10" data-path="efk-addon-installation.html">
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<a href="efk-addon-installation.html">
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter active" data-level="1.4.2" data-path="service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
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<a href="service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.1" data-path="traefik-ingress-installation.html">
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<a href="traefik-ingress-installation.html">
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.2" data-path="distributed-load-test.html">
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<a href="distributed-load-test.html">
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.3" data-path="network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
|
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<a href="network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.4" data-path="edge-node-configuration.html">
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<a href="edge-node-configuration.html">
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3" data-path="operation.html">
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<a href="operation.html">
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4.3 运维管理
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.1" data-path="service-rolling-update.html">
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<a href="service-rolling-update.html">
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.2" data-path="app-log-collection.html">
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<a href="app-log-collection.html">
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.3" data-path="configuration-best-practice.html">
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<a href="configuration-best-practice.html">
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.4" data-path="monitor.html">
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<a href="monitor.html">
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.5" data-path="jenkins-ci-cd.html">
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<a href="jenkins-ci-cd.html">
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.6" data-path="data-persistence-problem.html">
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<a href="data-persistence-problem.html">
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
|
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|
|
</a>
|
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|
|
2017-09-03 15:58:39 +08:00
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.7" data-path="manage-compute-resources-container.html">
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<a href="manage-compute-resources-container.html">
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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</a>
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|
|
2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
|
|
|
</li>
|
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4" data-path="storage.html">
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<a href="storage.html">
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4.4 存储管理
|
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</a>
|
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.1" data-path="glusterfs.html">
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<a href="glusterfs.html">
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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</a>
|
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.1.1" data-path="using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
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<a href="using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.1.2" data-path="storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
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<a href="storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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</a>
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2017-09-01 21:04:51 +08:00
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.2" data-path="cephfs.html">
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<a href="cephfs.html">
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4.4.2 CephFS
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.2.1" data-path="using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
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<a href="using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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</a>
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2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="../usecases/">
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<a href="../usecases/">
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5. 领域应用
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1" data-path="../usecases/microservices.html">
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<a href="../usecases/microservices.html">
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5.1 微服务架构
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.1" data-path="../usecases/istio.html">
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<a href="../usecases/istio.html">
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5.1.1 Istio
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.1.1" data-path="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
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<a href="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.1.2" data-path="../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html">
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<a href="../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html">
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.2" data-path="../usecases/linkerd.html">
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<a href="../usecases/linkerd.html">
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.2.1" data-path="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
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<a href="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.3" data-path="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
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<a href="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
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5.1.3 微服务中的服务发现
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2" data-path="../usecases/big-data.html">
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<a href="../usecases/big-data.html">
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5.2 大数据
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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|
2017-08-30 14:20:52 +08:00
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.1" data-path="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
|
2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
|
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|
|
2017-08-30 14:20:52 +08:00
|
|
|
<a href="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
|
2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
|
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|
2017-08-30 14:20:52 +08:00
|
|
|
5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
|
2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</a>
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|
2017-08-31 14:23:44 +08:00
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|
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</li>
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|
2017-09-14 15:57:50 +08:00
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.2" data-path="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
|
2017-08-31 14:23:44 +08:00
|
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|
|
2017-09-14 15:57:50 +08:00
|
|
|
<a href="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
|
2017-08-31 14:23:44 +08:00
|
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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</a>
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|
2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</li>
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</ul>
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|
2017-08-30 16:52:33 +08:00
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3" data-path="../usecases/serverless.html">
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<a href="../usecases/serverless.html">
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5.3 Serverless架构
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</a>
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2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6" data-path="../develop/">
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<a href="../develop/">
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6. 开发指南
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.1" data-path="../develop/developing-environment.html">
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<a href="../develop/developing-environment.html">
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2" data-path="../develop/testing.html">
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<a href="../develop/testing.html">
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.3" data-path="../develop/client-go-sample.html">
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<a href="../develop/client-go-sample.html">
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6.3 client-go示例
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.4" data-path="../develop/contribute.html">
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<a href="../develop/contribute.html">
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6.4 社区贡献
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="../appendix/">
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<a href="../appendix/">
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7. 附录
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.1" data-path="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
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<a href="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.2" data-path="../appendix/issues.html">
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<a href="../appendix/issues.html">
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7.2 问题记录
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.3" data-path="../appendix/tricks.html">
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<a href="../appendix/tricks.html">
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7.3 使用技巧
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</a>
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<li class="divider"></li>
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<li>
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|
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
|
|
|
|
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</div>
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<div class="book-body">
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<a href=".." >4.2 服务发现与负载均衡</a>
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<section class="normal markdown-section">
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<h1 id="服务发现与负载均衡">服务发现与负载均衡</h1>
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<p>Kubernetes在设计之初就充分考虑了针对容器的服务发现与负载均衡机制，提供了Service资源，并通过kube-proxy配合cloud provider来适应不同的应用场景。随着kubernetes用户的激增，用户场景的不断丰富，又产生了一些新的负载均衡机制。目前，kubernetes中的负载均衡大致可以分为以下几种机制，每种机制都有其特定的应用场景：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Service：直接用Service提供cluster内部的负载均衡，并借助cloud provider提供的LB提供外部访问</li>
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<li>Ingress Controller：还是用Service提供cluster内部的负载均衡，但是通过自定义LB提供外部访问</li>
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<li>Service Load Balancer：把load balancer直接跑在容器中，实现Bare Metal的Service Load Balancer</li>
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<li>Custom Load Balancer：自定义负载均衡，并替代kube-proxy，一般在物理部署Kubernetes时使用，方便接入公司已有的外部服务</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="service">Service</h2>
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<p>Service是对一组提供相同功能的Pods的抽象，并为它们提供一个统一的入口。借助Service，应用可以方便的实现服务发现与负载均衡，并实现应用的零宕机升级。Service通过标签来选取服务后端，一般配合Replication Controller或者Deployment来保证后端容器的正常运行。</p>
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<p>Service有三种类型：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>ClusterIP：默认类型，自动分配一个仅cluster内部可以访问的虚拟IP</li>
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<li>NodePort：在ClusterIP基础上为Service在每台机器上绑定一个端口，这样就可以通过<code><NodeIP>:NodePort</code>来访问改服务</li>
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<li>LoadBalancer：在NodePort的基础上，借助cloud provider创建一个外部的负载均衡器，并将请求转发到<code><NodeIP>:NodePort</code></li>
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</ul>
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<p>另外，也可以将已有的服务以Service的形式加入到Kubernetes集群中来，只需要在创建Service的时候不指定Label selector，而是在Service创建好后手动为其添加endpoint。</p>
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<h2 id="ingress-controller">Ingress Controller</h2>
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<p>Service虽然解决了服务发现和负载均衡的问题，但它在使用上还是有一些限制，比如</p>
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<ul>
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<li>只支持4层负载均衡，没有7层功能</li>
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<li>对外访问的时候，NodePort类型需要在外部搭建额外的负载均衡，而LoadBalancer要求kubernetes必须跑在支持的cloud provider上面</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Ingress就是为了解决这些限制而引入的新资源，主要用来将服务暴露到cluster外面，并且可以自定义服务的访问策略。比如想要通过负载均衡器实现不同子域名到不同服务的访问：</p>
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<pre><code>foo.bar.com --| |-> foo.bar.com s1:80
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| 178.91.123.132 |
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bar.foo.com --| |-> bar.foo.com s2:80
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</code></pre><p>可以这样来定义Ingress：</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-yaml"><span class="hljs-attr">apiVersion:</span> extensions/v1beta1
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<span class="hljs-attr">kind:</span> Ingress
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<span class="hljs-attr">metadata:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> test
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<span class="hljs-attr">spec:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> rules:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> - host:</span> foo.bar.com
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<span class="hljs-attr"> http:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> paths:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> - backend:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> serviceName:</span> s1
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<span class="hljs-attr"> servicePort:</span> <span class="hljs-number">80</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> - host:</span> bar.foo.com
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<span class="hljs-attr"> http:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> paths:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> - backend:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> serviceName:</span> s2
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<span class="hljs-attr"> servicePort:</span> <span class="hljs-number">80</span>
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</code></pre>
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<p><strong>注意：</strong> Ingress本身并不会自动创建负载均衡器，cluster中需要运行一个ingress controller来根据Ingress的定义来管理负载均衡器。目前社区提供了nginx和gce的参考实现。</p>
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<p><a href="https://traefik.io" target="_blank">Traefik</a>提供了易用的Ingress Controller，使用方法见<a href="https://docs.traefik.io/user-guide/kubernetes/" target="_blank">https://docs.traefik.io/user-guide/kubernetes/</a>。</p>
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<h2 id="service-load-balancer">Service Load Balancer</h2>
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<p>在Ingress出现以前，Service Load Balancer是推荐的解决Service局限性的方式。Service Load Balancer将haproxy跑在容器中，并监控service和endpoint的变化，通过容器IP对外提供4层和7层负载均衡服务。</p>
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<p>社区提供的Service Load Balancer支持四种负载均衡协议：TCP、HTTP、HTTPS和SSL TERMINATION，并支持ACL访问控制。</p>
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<h2 id="custom-load-balancer">Custom Load Balancer</h2>
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<p>虽然Kubernetes提供了丰富的负载均衡机制，但在实际使用的时候，还是会碰到一些复杂的场景是它不能支持的，比如：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>接入已有的负载均衡设备</li>
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<li>多租户网络情况下，容器网络和主机网络是隔离的，这样<code>kube-proxy</code>就不能正常工作</li>
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</ul>
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<p>这个时候就可以自定义组件，并代替kube-proxy来做负载均衡。基本的思路是监控kubernetes中service和endpoints的变化，并根据这些变化来配置负载均衡器。比如weave flux、nginx plus、kube2haproxy等。</p>
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<h2 id="endpoints">Endpoints</h2>
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<p>有几种情况下需要用到没有selector的service。</p>
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<ul>
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<li>使用kubernetes集群外部的数据库时</li>
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<li>service中用到了其他namespace或kubernetes集群中的service</li>
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<li>在kubernetes的工作负载与集群外的后端之间互相迁移</li>
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</ul>
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<p>可以这样定义一个没有selector的service。</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-yaml"><span class="hljs-attr">kind:</span> Service
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<span class="hljs-attr">apiVersion:</span> v1
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<span class="hljs-attr">metadata:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> my-service
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<span class="hljs-attr">spec:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> ports:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> - protocol:</span> TCP
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<span class="hljs-attr"> port:</span> <span class="hljs-number">80</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> targetPort:</span> <span class="hljs-number">9376</span>
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</code></pre>
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<p>定义一个Endpoints来对应该service。</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-yaml"><span class="hljs-attr">kind:</span> Endpoints
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<span class="hljs-attr">apiVersion:</span> v1
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<span class="hljs-attr">metadata:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> my-service
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<span class="hljs-attr">subsets:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> - addresses:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> - ip:</span> <span class="hljs-number">1.2</span><span class="hljs-number">.3</span><span class="hljs-number">.4</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> ports:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> - port:</span> <span class="hljs-number">9376</span>
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</code></pre>
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<p>访问没有selector的service跟访问有selector的service时没有任何区别。</p>
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<p>使用kubernetes时有一个很常见的需求，就是当数据库部署在kubernetes集群之外的时候，集群内的service如何访问数据库呢？当然你可以直接使用数据库的IP地址和端口号来直接访问，有没有什么优雅的方式呢？你需要用到<code>ExternalName Service</code>。</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-yaml"><span class="hljs-attr">kind:</span> Service
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<span class="hljs-attr">apiVersion:</span> v1
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<span class="hljs-attr">metadata:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> my-service
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<span class="hljs-attr"> namespace:</span> prod
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<span class="hljs-attr">spec:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> type:</span> ExternalName
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<span class="hljs-attr"> externalName:</span> my.database.example.com
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<span class="hljs-attr"> ports:</span>
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<span class="hljs-attr"> - port:</span> <span class="hljs-number">12345</span>
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</code></pre>
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<p>这个例子中，在kubernetes集群内访问<code>my-service</code>实际上会重定向到<code>my.database.example.com:12345</code>这个地址。</p>
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<h2 id="参考资料">参考资料</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/" target="_blank">https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/</a></li>
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<li><a href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/ingress/" target="_blank">http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/ingress/</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/service-loadbalancer" target="_blank">https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/service-loadbalancer</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/load-balancing-kubernetes-services-nginx-plus/" target="_blank">https://www.nginx.com/blog/load-balancing-kubernetes-services-nginx-plus/</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/weaveworks/flux" target="_blank">https://github.com/weaveworks/flux</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/AdoHe/kube2haproxy" target="_blank">https://github.com/AdoHe/kube2haproxy</a> </li>
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</ul>
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<footer class="page-footer-ex"> <span class="page-footer-ex-copyright">for GitBook</span>           <span class="page-footer-ex-footer-update">update
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2017-08-21 18:23:35
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