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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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4.5 服务编排管理
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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4.7 更新与升级
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4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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4.7.2 升级dashboard
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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5.3 Serverless架构
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5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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本书使用 GitBook 发布
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< a href = ".." > 2.2.8 StatefulSet< / a >
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< h1 id = "statefulset" > StatefulSet< / h1 >
< p > StatefulSet 作 为 Controller 为 Pod 提 供 唯 一 的 标 识 。 它 可 以 保 证 部 署 和 scale 的 顺 序 。 < / p >
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< p > 使 用 案 例 参 考 ： < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/statefulsets" target = "_blank" > kubernetes contrib - statefulsets< / a > ， 其 中 包 含 zookeeper和 kakfa的 statefulset设 置 和 使 用 说 明 。 < / p >
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< p > StatefulSet是 为 了 解 决 有 状 态 服 务 的 问 题 （ 对 应 Deployments和 ReplicaSets是 为 无 状 态 服 务 而 设 计 ） ， 其 应 用 场 景 包 括 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 稳 定 的 持 久 化 存 储 ， 即 Pod重 新 调 度 后 还 是 能 访 问 到 相 同 的 持 久 化 数 据 ， 基 于 PVC来 实 现 < / li >
< li > 稳 定 的 网 络 标 志 ， 即 Pod重 新 调 度 后 其 PodName和 HostName不 变 ， 基 于 Headless Service（ 即 没 有 Cluster IP的 Service） 来 实 现 < / li >
< li > 有 序 部 署 ， 有 序 扩 展 ， 即 Pod是 有 顺 序 的 ， 在 部 署 或 者 扩 展 的 时 候 要 依 据 定 义 的 顺 序 依 次 依 次 进 行 （ 即 从 0到 N-1， 在 下 一 个 Pod运 行 之 前 所 有 之 前 的 Pod必 须 都 是 Running和 Ready状 态 ） ， 基 于 init containers来 实 现 < / li >
< li > 有 序 收 缩 ， 有 序 删 除 （ 即 从 N-1到 0） < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 从 上 面 的 应 用 场 景 可 以 发 现 ， StatefulSet由 以 下 几 个 部 分 组 成 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 用 于 定 义 网 络 标 志 （ DNS domain） 的 Headless Service< / li >
< li > 用 于 创 建 PersistentVolumes的 volumeClaimTemplates< / li >
< li > 定 义 具 体 应 用 的 StatefulSet< / li >
< / ul >
< p > StatefulSet中 每 个 Pod的 DNS格 式 为 < code > statefulSetName-{0..N-1}.serviceName.namespace.svc.cluster.local< / code > ， 其 中 < / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > serviceName< / code > 为 Headless Service的 名 字 < / li >
< li > < code > 0..N-1< / code > 为 Pod所 在 的 序 号 ， 从 0开 始 到 N-1< / li >
< li > < code > statefulSetName< / code > 为 StatefulSet的 名 字 < / li >
< li > < code > namespace< / code > 为 服 务 所 在 的 namespace， Headless Servic和 StatefulSet必 须 在 相 同 的 namespace< / li >
< li > < code > .cluster.local< / code > 为 Cluster Domain< / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "使用-statefulset" > 使 用 StatefulSet< / h2 >
< p > StatefulSet 适 用 于 有 以 下 某 个 或 多 个 需 求 的 应 用 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 稳 定 ， 唯 一 的 网 络 标 志 。 < / li >
< li > 稳 定 ， 持 久 化 存 储 。 < / li >
< li > 有 序 ， 优 雅 地 部 署 和 scale。 < / li >
< li > 有 序 ， 优 雅 地 删 除 和 终 止 。 < / li >
< li > 有 序 ， 自 动 的 滚 动 升 级 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 在 上 文 中 ， 稳 定 是 Pod （ 重 新 ） 调 度 中 持 久 性 的 代 名 词 。 如 果 应 用 程 序 不 需 要 任 何 稳 定 的 标 识 符 、 有 序 部 署 、 删 除 和 scale， 则 应 该 使 用 提 供 一 组 无 状 态 副 本 的 controller 来 部 署 应 用 程 序 ， 例 如 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment" target = "_blank" > Deployment< / a > 或 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicaset" target = "_blank" > ReplicaSet< / a > 可 能 更 适 合 您 的 无 状 态 需 求 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "限制" > 限 制 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > StatefulSet 是 beta 资 源 ， Kubernetes 1.5 以 前 版 本 不 支 持 。 < / li >
< li > 对 于 所 有 的 alpha/beta 的 资 源 ， 您 都 可 以 通 过 在 apiserver 中 设 置 < code > --runtime-config< / code > 选 项 来 禁 用 。 < / li >
< li > 给 定 Pod 的 存 储 必 须 由 < a href = "http://releases.k8s.io/%7B%7Bpage.githubbranch%7D%7D/examples/persistent-volume-provisioning/README.md" target = "_blank" > PersistentVolume Provisioner< / a > 根 据 请 求 的 < code > storage class< / code > 进 行 配 置 ， 或 由 管 理 员 预 先 配 置 。 < / li >
< li > 删 除 或 scale StatefulSet 将 < em > 不 会 < / em > 删 除 与 StatefulSet 相 关 联 的 volume。 这 样 做 是 为 了 确 保 数 据 安 全 性 ， 这 通 常 比 自 动 清 除 所 有 相 关 StatefulSet 资 源 更 有 价 值 。 < / li >
< li > StatefulSets 目 前 要 求 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services" target = "_blank" > Headless Service< / a > 负 责 Pod 的 网 络 身 份 。 您 有 责 任 创 建 此 服 务 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "组件" > 组 件 < / h2 >
< p > 下 面 的 示 例 中 描 述 了 StatefulSet 中 的 组 件 。 < / p >
< ul >
< li > 一 个 名 为 nginx 的 headless service， 用 于 控 制 网 络 域 。 < / li >
< li > 一 个 名 为 web 的 StatefulSet， 它 的 Spec 中 指 定 在 有 3 个 运 行 nginx 容 器 的 Pod。 < / li >
< li > volumeClaimTemplates 使 用 PersistentVolume Provisioner 提 供 的 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes" target = "_blank" > PersistentVolumes< / a > 作 为 稳 定 存 储 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Service
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - port:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > web
< span class = "hljs-attr" > clusterIP:< / span > None
< span class = "hljs-attr" > selector:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > apps/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > StatefulSet
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > web
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > serviceName:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " nginx" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > replicas:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 3< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > template:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > terminationGracePeriodSeconds:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 10< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-slim:< span class = "hljs-number" > 0.8< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - containerPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > web
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumeMounts:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > www
< span class = "hljs-attr" > mountPath:< / span > /usr/share/nginx/html
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumeClaimTemplates:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > www
< span class = "hljs-attr" > annotations:< / span >
volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-class: anything
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > accessModes:< / span > [ < span class = "hljs-string" > " ReadWriteOnce" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > requests:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > storage:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > Gi
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "pod-身份" > Pod 身 份 < / h2 >
< p > StatefulSet Pod 具 有 唯 一 的 身 份 ， 包 括 序 数 ， 稳 定 的 网 络 身 份 和 稳 定 的 存 储 。 身 份 绑 定 到 Pod 上 ， 不 管 它 （ 重 新 ） 调 度 到 哪 个 节 点 上 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "序数" > 序 数 < / h3 >
< p > 对 于 一 个 有 N 个 副 本 的 StatefulSet， 每 个 副 本 都 会 被 指 定 一 个 整 数 序 数 ， 在 [0,N)之 间 ， 且 唯 一 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "稳定的网络-id" > 稳 定 的 网 络 ID< / h2 >
< p > StatefulSet 中 的 每 个 Pod 从 StatefulSet 的 名 称 和 Pod 的 序 数 派 生 其 主 机 名 。 构 造 的 主 机 名 的 模 式 是 < code > $（ statefulset名 称 )-$(序 数 )< / code > 。 上 面 的 例 子 将 创 建 三 个 名 为 < code > web-0， web-1， web-2< / code > 的 Pod。 < / p >
< p > StatefulSet 可 以 使 用 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services" target = "_blank" > Headless Service< / a > 来 控 制 其 Pod 的 域 。 此 服 务 管 理 的 域 的 格 式 为 ： < code > $(服 务 名 称 ).$(namespace).svc.cluster.local< / code > ， 其 中 “ cluster.local” 是 < a href = "http://releases.k8s.io/%7B%7Bpage.githubbranch%7D%7D/cluster/addons/dns/README.md" target = "_blank" > 集 群 域 < / a > 。 < / p >
< p > 在 创 建 每 个 Pod时 ， 它 将 获 取 一 个 匹 配 的 DNS 子 域 ， 采 用 以 下 形 式 ： < code > $(pod 名 称 ).$(管 理 服 务 域 )< / code > ， 其 中 管 理 服 务 由 StatefulSet 上 的 < code > serviceName< / code > 字 段 定 义 。 < / p >
< p > 以 下 是 Cluster Domain， 服 务 名 称 ， StatefulSet 名 称 以 及 如 何 影 响 StatefulSet 的 Pod 的 DNS 名 称 的 一 些 示 例 。 < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > Cluster Domain< / th >
< th > Service (ns/name)< / th >
< th > StatefulSet (ns/name)< / th >
< th > StatefulSet Domain< / th >
< th > Pod DNS< / th >
< th > Pod Hostname< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > cluster.local< / td >
< td > default/nginx< / td >
< td > default/web< / td >
< td > nginx.default.svc.cluster.local< / td >
< td > web-{0..N-1}.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local< / td >
< td > web-{0..N-1}< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > cluster.local< / td >
< td > foo/nginx< / td >
< td > foo/web< / td >
< td > nginx.foo.svc.cluster.local< / td >
< td > web-{0..N-1}.nginx.foo.svc.cluster.local< / td >
< td > web-{0..N-1}< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > kube.local< / td >
< td > foo/nginx< / td >
< td > foo/web< / td >
< td > nginx.foo.svc.kube.local< / td >
< td > web-{0..N-1}.nginx.foo.svc.kube.local< / td >
< td > web-{0..N-1}< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > 注 意 Cluster Domain 将 被 设 置 成 < code > cluster.local< / code > 除 非 进 行 了 < a href = "http://releases.k8s.io/%7B%7Bpage.githubbranch%7D%7D/cluster/addons/dns/README.md" target = "_blank" > 其 他 配 置 < / a > 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "稳定存储" > 稳 定 存 储 < / h3 >
< p > Kubernetes 为 每 个 VolumeClaimTemplate 创 建 一 个 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes" target = "_blank" > PersistentVolume< / a > 。 上 面 的 nginx 的 例 子 中 ， 每 个 Pod 将 具 有 一 个 由 < code > anything< / code > 存 储 类 创 建 的 1 GB 存 储 的 PersistentVolume。 当 该 Pod （ 重 新 ） 调 度 到 节 点 上 ， < code > volumeMounts< / code > 将 挂 载 与 PersistentVolume Claim 相 关 联 的 PersistentVolume。 请 注 意 ， 与 PersistentVolume Claim 相 关 联 的 PersistentVolume 在 产 出 Pod 或 StatefulSet 的 时 候 不 会 被 删 除 。 这 必 须 手 动 完 成 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "部署和-scale-保证" > 部 署 和 Scale 保 证 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > 对 于 有 N 个 副 本 的 StatefulSet， Pod 将 按 照 {0..N-1} 的 顺 序 被 创 建 和 部 署 。 < / li >
< li > 当 删 除 Pod 的 时 候 ， 将 按 照 逆 序 来 终 结 ， 从 {N-1..0}< / li >
< li > 对 Pod 执 行 scale 操 作 之 前 ， 它 所 有 的 前 任 必 须 处 于 Running 和 Ready 状 态 。 < / li >
< li > 在 终 止 Pod 前 ， 它 所 有 的 继 任 者 必 须 处 于 完 全 关 闭 状 态 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 不 应 该 将 StatefulSet 的 < code > pod.Spec.TerminationGracePeriodSeconds< / code > 设 置 为 0。 这 样 是 不 安 全 的 且 强 烈 不 建 议 您 这 样 做 。 进 一 步 解 释 ， 请 参 阅 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/force-delete-stateful-set-pod" target = "_blank" > 强 制 删 除 StatefulSet Pod< / a > 。 < / p >
< p > 上 面 的 nginx 示 例 创 建 后 ， 3 个 Pod 将 按 照 如 下 顺 序 创 建 web-0， web-1， web-2。 在 web-0 处 于 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/pod-states" target = "_blank" > 运 行 并 就 绪 < / a > 状 态 之 前 ， web-1 将 不 会 被 部 署 ， 同 样 当 web-1 处 于 运 行 并 就 绪 状 态 之 前 web-2也 不 会 被 部 署 。 如 果 在 web-1 运 行 并 就 绪 后 ， web-2 启 动 之 前 ， web-0 失 败 了 ， web-2 将 不 会 启 动 ， 直 到 web-0 成 果 重 启 并 处 于 运 行 并 就 绪 状 态 。 < / p >
< p > 如 果 用 户 通 过 修 补 StatefulSet 来 scale 部 署 的 示 例 ， 以 使 < code > replicas=1< / code > ， 则 web-2 将 首 先 被 终 止 。 在 web-2 完 全 关 闭 和 删 除 之 前 ， web-1 不 会 被 终 止 。 如 果 web-0 在 web-2 终 止 并 且 完 全 关 闭 之 后 ， 但 是 在 web-1 终 止 之 前 失 败 ， 则 web-1 将 不 会 终 止 ， 除 非 web-0 正 在 运 行 并 准 备 就 绪 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "pod-管理策略" > Pod 管 理 策 略 < / h3 >
< p > 在 Kubernetes 1.7 和 之 后 版 本 ， StatefulSet 允 许 您 放 开 顺 序 保 证 ， 同 时 通 过 < code > .spec.podManagementPolicy< / code > 字 段 保 证 身 份 的 唯 一 性 。 < / p >
< h4 id = "orderedready-pod-管理" > OrderedReady Pod 管 理 < / h4 >
< p > StatefulSet 中 默 认 使 用 的 是 < code > OrderedReady< / code > pod 管 理 。 它 实 现 了 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset.md#deployment-and-scaling-guarantees" target = "_blank" > 如 上 < / a > 所 述 的 行 为 。 < / p >
< h4 id = "并行-pod-管理" > 并 行 Pod 管 理 < / h4 >
< p > < code > Parallel< / code > pod 管 理 告 诉 StatefulSet controller 并 行 的 启 动 和 终 止 Pod， 在 启 动 和 终 止 其 他 Pod 之 前 不 会 等 待 Pod 变 成 运 行 并 就 绪 或 完 全 终 止 状 态 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "更新策略" > 更 新 策 略 < / h2 >
< p > 在 kubernetes 1.7 和 以 上 版 本 中 ， StatefulSet 的 < code > .spec.updateStrategy< / code > 字 段 允 许 您 配 置 和 禁 用 StatefulSet 中 的 容 器 、 label、 resource request/limit、 annotation 的 滚 动 更 新 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "删除" > 删 除 < / h3 >
< p > < code > OnDelete< / code > 更 新 策 略 实 现 了 遗 留 （ 1.6和 以 前 ） 的 行 为 。 当 < code > spec.updateStrategy< / code > 未 指 定 时 ， 这 是 默 认 策 略 。 当 StatefulSet 的 < code > .spec.updateStrategy.type< / code > 设 置 为 < code > OnDelete< / code > 时 ， StatefulSet 控 制 器 将 不 会 自 动 更 新 < code > StatefulSet< / code > 中 的 Pod。 用 户 必 须 手 动 删 除 Pod 以 使 控 制 器 创 建 新 的 Pod， 以 反 映 对 StatefulSet的 < code > .spec.template< / code > 进 行 的 修 改 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "滚动更新" > 滚 动 更 新 < / h3 >
< p > < code > RollingUpdate< / code > 更 新 策 略 在 StatefulSet 中 实 现 Pod 的 自 动 滚 动 更 新 。 当 StatefulSet的 < code > .spec.updateStrategy.type< / code > 设 置 为 < code > RollingUpdate< / code > 时 ， StatefulSet 控 制 器 将 在 StatefulSet 中 删 除 并 重 新 创 建 每 个 Pod。 它 将 以 与 Pod 终 止 相 同 的 顺 序 进 行 （ 从 最 大 的 序 数 到 最 小 的 序 数 ） ， 每 次 更 新 一 个 Pod。 在 更 新 其 前 身 之 前 ， 它 将 等 待 正 在 更 新 的 Pod 状 态 变 成 正 在 运 行 并 就 绪 。 < / p >
< h4 id = "分区" > 分 区 < / h4 >
< p > 可 以 通 过 指 定 < code > .spec.updateStrategy.rollingUpdate.partition< / code > 来 对 < code > RollingUpdate< / code > 更 新 策 略 进 行 分 区 。 如 果 指 定 了 分 区 ， 则 当 StatefulSet 的 < code > .spec.template< / code > 更 新 时 ， 具 有 大 于 或 等 于 分 区 序 数 的 所 有 Pod 将 被 更 新 。 具 有 小 于 分 区 的 序 数 的 所 有 Pod 将 不 会 被 更 新 ， 即 使 删 除 它 们 也 将 被 重 新 创 建 。 如 果 StatefulSet 的 < code > .spec.updateStrategy.rollingUpdate.partition< / code > 大 于 其 < code > .spec.replicas< / code > ， 则 其 < code > .spec.template< / code > 的 更 新 将 不 会 传 播 到 Pod。 < / p >
< p > 在 大 多 数 情 况 下 ， 您 不 需 要 使 用 分 区 ， 但 如 果 您 想 要 进 行 分 阶 段 更 新 ， 使 用 金 丝 雀 发 布 或 执 行 分 阶 段 发 布 ， 它 们 将 非 常 有 用 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "简单示例" > 简 单 示 例 < / h2 >
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< p > 以 一 个 简 单 的 nginx服 务 < a href = "https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-handbook/blob/master/manifests/test/web.yaml" target = "_blank" > web.yaml< / a > 为 例 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Service
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - port:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > web
< span class = "hljs-attr" > clusterIP:< / span > None
< span class = "hljs-attr" > selector:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > apps/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > StatefulSet
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > web
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > serviceName:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " nginx" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > replicas:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 2< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > template:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-slim:< span class = "hljs-number" > 0.8< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - containerPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > web
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumeMounts:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > www
< span class = "hljs-attr" > mountPath:< / span > /usr/share/nginx/html
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumeClaimTemplates:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > www
< span class = "hljs-attr" > annotations:< / span >
volume.alpha.kubernetes.io/storage-class: anything
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > accessModes:< / span > [ < span class = "hljs-string" > " ReadWriteOnce" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > requests:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > storage:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > Gi
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > $ kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > web.yaml
service < span class = "hljs-string" > " nginx" < / span > created
statefulset < span class = "hljs-string" > " web" < / span > created
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 查 看 创 建 的 headless service和 statefulset< / span >
$ kubectl get service nginx
NAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
nginx None < none> 80/TCP 1m
$ kubectl get statefulset web
NAME DESIRED CURRENT AGE
web 2 2 2m
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 根 据 volumeClaimTemplates自 动 创 建 PVC（ 在 GCE中 会 自 动 创 建 kubernetes.io/gce-pd类 型 的 volume） < / span >
$ kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESSMODES AGE
www-web-0 Bound pvc< span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span > 064a004< span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span > 8d4-11e6-b521-42010a800002 1Gi RWO 16s
www-web-1 Bound pvc< span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span > 06a3946< span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span > 8d4-11e6-b521-42010a800002 1Gi RWO 16s
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 查 看 创 建 的 Pod， 他 们 都 是 有 序 的 < / span >
$ kubectl get pods < span class = "hljs-_" > -l< / span > app=nginx
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
web-0 1/1 Running 0 5m
web-1 1/1 Running 0 4m
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 使 用 nslookup查 看 这 些 Pod的 DNS< / span >
$ kubectl run -i --tty --image busybox dns-test --restart=Never --rm /bin/sh
/ < span class = "hljs-comment" > # nslookup web-0.nginx< / span >
Server: 10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: web-0.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.2.10
/ < span class = "hljs-comment" > # nslookup web-1.nginx< / span >
Server: 10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: web-1.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.3.12
/ < span class = "hljs-comment" > # nslookup web-0.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local< / span >
Server: 10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: web-0.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.2.10
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 还 可 以 进 行 其 他 的 操 作 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # 扩 容 < / span >
$ kubectl scale statefulset web --replicas=5
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 缩 容 < / span >
$ kubectl patch statefulset web -p < span class = "hljs-string" > ' {" spec" :{" replicas" :3}}' < / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 镜 像 更 新 （ 目 前 还 不 支 持 直 接 更 新 image， 需 要 patch来 间 接 实 现 ） < / span >
$ kubectl patch statefulset web --type=< span class = "hljs-string" > ' json' < / span > -p=< span class = "hljs-string" > ' [{" op" : " replace" , " path" : " /spec/template/spec/containers/0/image" , " value" :" gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-slim:0.7" }]' < / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 删 除 StatefulSet和 Headless Service< / span >
$ kubectl delete statefulset web
$ kubectl delete service nginx
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # StatefulSet删 除 后 PVC还 会 保 留 着 ， 数 据 不 再 使 用 的 话 也 需 要 删 除 < / span >
$ kubectl delete pvc www-web-0 www-web-1
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "zookeeper" > zookeeper< / h2 >
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< p > 另 外 一 个 更 能 说 明 StatefulSet强 大 功 能 的 示 例 为 < a href = "https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-handbook/blob/master/manifests/test/zookeeper.yaml" target = "_blank" > zookeeper.yaml< / a > ， 这 个 例 子 仅 为 讲 解 ， 实 际 可 用 的 配 置 请 使 用 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/statefulsets" target = "_blank" > https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/statefulsets< / a > 中 的 配 置 。 < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Service
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-headless
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > zk-headless
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - port:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 2888< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > server
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - port:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 3888< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > leader-election
< span class = "hljs-attr" > clusterIP:< / span > None
< span class = "hljs-attr" > selector:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > zk
< span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ConfigMap
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-config
< span class = "hljs-attr" > data:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ensemble:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " zk-0;zk-1;zk-2" < / span >
jvm.heap: < span class = "hljs-string" > " 2G" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > tick:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 2000" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > init:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 10" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > sync:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 5" < / span >
client.cnxns: < span class = "hljs-string" > " 60" < / span >
snap.retain: < span class = "hljs-string" > " 3" < / span >
purge.interval: < span class = "hljs-string" > " 1" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > policy/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > PodDisruptionBudget
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-budget
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > selector:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > matchLabels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > zk
< span class = "hljs-attr" > minAvailable:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 2< / span >
< span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > apps/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > StatefulSet
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > serviceName:< / span > zk-headless
< span class = "hljs-attr" > replicas:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 3< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > template:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > app:< / span > zk
< span class = "hljs-attr" > annotations:< / span >
pod.alpha.kubernetes.io/initialized: < span class = "hljs-string" > " true" < / span >
scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/affinity: < span class = "hljs-string" > >
{
" podAntiAffinity" : {
" requiredDuringSchedulingRequiredDuringExecution" : [{
" labelSelector" : {
" matchExpressions" : [{
" key" : " app" ,
" operator" : " In" ,
" values" : [" zk-headless" ]
}]
},
" topologyKey" : " kubernetes.io/hostname"
}]
}
}
< / span > < span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > k8szk
< span class = "hljs-attr" > imagePullPolicy:< / span > Always
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > gcr.io/google_samples/k8szk:v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > requests:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > memory:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 4Gi" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > cpu:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 1" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - containerPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 2181< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > client
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - containerPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 2888< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > server
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - containerPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 3888< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > leader-election
< span class = "hljs-attr" > env:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > name : ZK_ENSEMBLE
< span class = "hljs-attr" > valueFrom:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > configMapKeyRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-config
< span class = "hljs-attr" > key:< / span > ensemble
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > name : ZK_HEAP_SIZE
< span class = "hljs-attr" > valueFrom:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > configMapKeyRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-config
< span class = "hljs-attr" > key:< / span > jvm.heap
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > name : ZK_TICK_TIME
< span class = "hljs-attr" > valueFrom:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > configMapKeyRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-config
< span class = "hljs-attr" > key:< / span > tick
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > name : ZK_INIT_LIMIT
< span class = "hljs-attr" > valueFrom:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > configMapKeyRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-config
< span class = "hljs-attr" > key:< / span > init
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > name : ZK_SYNC_LIMIT
< span class = "hljs-attr" > valueFrom:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > configMapKeyRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-config
< span class = "hljs-attr" > key:< / span > tick
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > name : ZK_MAX_CLIENT_CNXNS
< span class = "hljs-attr" > valueFrom:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > configMapKeyRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-config
< span class = "hljs-attr" > key:< / span > client.cnxns
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > ZK_SNAP_RETAIN_COUNT
< span class = "hljs-attr" > valueFrom:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > configMapKeyRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-config
< span class = "hljs-attr" > key:< / span > snap.retain
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > ZK_PURGE_INTERVAL
< span class = "hljs-attr" > valueFrom:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > configMapKeyRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > zk-config
< span class = "hljs-attr" > key:< / span > purge.interval
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > ZK_CLIENT_PORT
< span class = "hljs-attr" > value:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 2181" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > ZK_SERVER_PORT
< span class = "hljs-attr" > value:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 2888" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > ZK_ELECTION_PORT
< span class = "hljs-attr" > value:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 3888" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > command:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > sh
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > -c
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > zkGenConfig.sh & & zkServer.sh start-foreground
< span class = "hljs-attr" > readinessProbe:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > exec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > command:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " zkOk.sh" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > initialDelaySeconds:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 15< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > timeoutSeconds:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 5< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > livenessProbe:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > exec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > command:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " zkOk.sh" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > initialDelaySeconds:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 15< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > timeoutSeconds:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 5< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumeMounts:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > datadir
< span class = "hljs-attr" > mountPath:< / span > /var/lib/zookeeper
< span class = "hljs-attr" > securityContext:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > runAsUser:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 1000< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > fsGroup:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 1000< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumeClaimTemplates:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > datadir
< span class = "hljs-attr" > annotations:< / span >
volume.alpha.kubernetes.io/storage-class: anything
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > accessModes:< / span > [ < span class = "hljs-string" > " ReadWriteOnce" < / span > ]
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > requests:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > storage:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 20< / span > Gi
< / code > < / pre >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > zookeeper.yaml
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 详 细 的 使 用 说 明 见 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/stateful-application/zookeeper/" target = "_blank" > zookeeper stateful application< / a > 。 < / p >
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< p > 关 于 StatefulSet的 更 多 示 例 请 参 阅 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/statefulsets" target = "_blank" > github.com/kubernetes/contrib - statefulsets< / a > ， 其 中 包 括 了 zookeeper和 kafka。 < / p >
< h2 id = "集群外部访问statefulset的pod" > 集 群 外 部 访 问 StatefulSet的 Pod< / h2 >
< p > 我 们 设 想 一 下 这 样 的 场 景 ： 在 kubernetes集 群 外 部 调 试 StatefulSet中 有 序 的 Pod， 那 么 如 何 访 问 这 些 的 pod呢 ？ < / p >
< p > 方 法 是 为 pod设 置 label， 然 后 用 < code > kubectl expose< / code > 将 其 以 NodePort的 方 式 暴 露 到 集 群 外 部 ， 以 上 面 的 zookeeper的 例 子 来 说 明 ， 下 面 使 用 命 令 的 方 式 来 暴 露 其 中 的 两 个 zookeeper节 点 ， 也 可 以 写 一 个 serivce配 置 yaml文 件 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl label pod zk-0 zkInst=0
kubectl label pod zk-1 zkInst=1
kubectl expose po zk-0 --port=2181 --target-port=2181 --name=zk-0 --selector=zkInst=0 --type=NodePort
kubectl expose po zk-1 --port=2181 --target-port=2181 --name=zk-1 --selector=zkInst=1 --type=NodePort
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这 样 在 kubernetes集 群 外 部 就 可 以 根 据 pod所 在 的 主 机 所 映 射 的 端 口 来 访 问 了 。 < / p >
< p > 查 看 < code > zk-0< / code > 这 个 service可 以 看 到 如 下 结 果 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > NAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
zk-0 10.254.98.14 < nodes> 2181:31693/TCP 5m
< / code > < / pre > < p > 集 群 外 部 就 可 以 使 用 所 有 的 node中 的 任 何 一 个 IP:31693来 访 问 这 个 zookeeper实 例 。 < / p >
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< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
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< p > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/" target = "_blank" > https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/statefulsets" target = "_blank" > kubernetes contrib - statefulsets< / a > < / p >
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< footer class = "page-footer" > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © jimmysong.io 2017 all right reserved， powered by Gitbook< / span > < span class = "footer-modification" > Updated:
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