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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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< a href = "nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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< a href = "using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< a href = "storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< a href = "cephfs.html" >
4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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4.5 服务编排管理
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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< a href = "drone-ci-cd.html" >
4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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4.7 更新与升级
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4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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4.7.2 升级dashboard
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< a href = "../usecases/" >
5. 领域应用
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< a href = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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< a href = "../usecases/istio-installation.html" >
5.1.1.1 安装istio
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< a href = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html" >
5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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< a href = "../usecases/big-data.html" >
5.2 大数据
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< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
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< a href = "../usecases/edge-computing.html" >
5.4 边缘计算
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< a href = "../develop/" >
6. 开发指南
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< a href = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
6.1 开发环境搭建
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.2" data-path = "../develop/testing.html" >
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< a href = "../develop/testing.html" >
6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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< a href = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
6.3 client-go示例
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< a href = "../develop/contribute.html" >
6.4 社区贡献
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< a href = "../develop/minikube.html" >
6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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< a href = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
7.1 Docker最佳实践
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< a href = "../appendix/issues.html" >
7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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< a href = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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< a href = "../appendix/material-share.html" >
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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本书使用 GitBook 发布
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< a href = ".." > 4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据< / a >
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< h1 id = "使用heapster获取集群对象的metric数据" > 使 用 Heapster获 取 集 群 对 象 的 metric数 据 < / h1 >
< p > Heapster作 为 kubernetes安 装 过 程 中 默 认 安 装 的 一 个 插 件 ， 见 < a href = "practice/heapster-addon-installation.md" > 安 装 heapster插 件 < / a > 。 这 对 于 集 群 监 控 十 分 有 用 ， 同 时 在 < a href = "../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html" > Horizontal Pod Autoscaling< / a > 中 也 用 到 了 ， HPA将 Heapster作 为 < code > Resource Metrics API< / code > ， 向 其 获 取 metric， 做 法 是 在 < code > kube-controller-manager< / code > 中 配 置 < code > --api-server< / code > 指 向 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kube-aggregator" target = "_blank" > kube-aggregator< / a > ， 也 可 以 使 用 heapster来 实 现 ， 通 过 在 启 动 heapster的 时 候 指 定 < code > --api-server=true< / code > 。 < / p >
< p > Heapster可 以 收 集 Node节 点 上 的 cAdvisor数 据 ， 还 可 以 按 照 kubernetes的 资 源 类 型 来 集 合 资 源 ， 比 如 Pod、 Namespace域 ， 可 以 分 别 获 取 它 们 的 CPU、 内 存 、 网 络 和 磁 盘 的 metric。 默 认 的 metric数 据 聚 合 时 间 间 隔 是 1分 钟 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "架构" > 架 构 < / h2 >
< p > 下 面 是 Heapster架 构 图 ： < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.3.8.1" > < img src = "../images/heapster-architecture.png" alt = "Heapster架构图" > < figcaption > 图 片 - Heapster架 构 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster" target = "_blank" > Heapser< / a > 是 用 Go语 言 开 发 Kubernetes集 群 计 算 资 源 使 用 情 况 的 数 据 采 集 工 具 ， 编 译 后 可 以 直 接 以 一 个 二 进 制 文 件 运 行 ， 通 过 向 heapster传 递 的 参 数 来 指 定 数 据 采 集 行 为 ， 这 些 数 据 可 以 选 择 多 种 sink方 式 ， 例 如 Graphite、 influxDB、 OpenTSDB、 ElasticSearch、 Kafka等 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "使用案例" > 使 用 案 例 < / h2 >
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< p > Heapster使 用 起 来 很 简 单 ， 本 身 就 是 二 进 制 文 件 ， 直 接 使 用 命 令 行 启 动 ， 也 可 以 放 在 容 器 里 运 行 ， 在 作 为 kubernetes插 件 运 行 时 ， 我 们 是 直 接 放 在 容 器 中 的 ， 见 < a href = "heapster-addon-installation.html" > 安 装 heapster插 件 < / a > 。 < / p >
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< h3 id = "运行" > 运 行 < / h3 >
< p > 下 面 是 heapster的 启 动 参 数 ： < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th > < strong > Flag< / strong > < / th >
< th > < strong > Description< / strong > < / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td > --allowed-users string< / td >
< td > comma-separated list of allowed users< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --alsologtostderr< / td >
< td > log to standard error as well as files< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --api-server< / td >
< td > Enable API server for the Metrics API. If set, the Metrics API will be served on --insecure-port (internally) and --secure-port (externally).< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --authentication-kubeconfig string< / td >
< td > kubeconfig file pointing at the ' core' kubernetes server with enough rights to create < a href = "http://tokenaccessreviews.authentication.k8s.io" target = "_blank" > tokenaccessreviews.authentication.k8s.io< / a > .< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --authentication-token-webhook-cache-ttl duration< / td >
< td > The duration to cache responses from the webhook token authenticator. (default 10s)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --authorization-kubeconfig string< / td >
< td > kubeconfig file pointing at the ' core' kubernetes server with enough rights to create < a href = "http://subjectaccessreviews.authorization.k8s.io" target = "_blank" > subjectaccessreviews.authorization.k8s.io< / a > .< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl duration< / td >
< td > The duration to cache ' authorized' responses from the webhook authorizer. (default 10s)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl duration< / td >
< td > The duration to cache ' unauthorized' responses from the webhook authorizer. (default 10s)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --bind-address ip< / td >
< td > The IP address on which to listen for the --secure-port port. The associated interface(s) must be reachable by the rest of the cluster, and by CLI/web clients. If blank, all interfaces will be used (0.0.0.0). (default 0.0.0.0)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --cert-dir string< / td >
< td > The directory where the TLS certs are located (by default /var/run/kubernetes). If --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are provided, this flag will be ignored. (default " /var/run/kubernetes" )< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --client-ca-file string< / td >
< td > If set, any request presenting a client certificate signed by one of the authorities in the client-ca-file is authenticated with an identity corresponding to the CommonName of the client certificate.< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --contention-profiling< / td >
< td > Enable contention profiling. Requires --profiling to be set to work.< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --disable-export< / td >
< td > Disable exporting metrics in api/v1/metric-export< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --enable-swagger-ui< / td >
< td > Enables swagger ui on the apiserver at /swagger-ui< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --heapster-port int< / td >
< td > port used by the Heapster-specific APIs (default 8082)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --historical-source string< / td >
< td > which source type to use for the historical API (should be exactly the same as one of the sink URIs), or empty to disable the historical API< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --label-seperator string< / td >
< td > seperator used for joining labels (default " ," )< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --listen-ip string< / td >
< td > IP to listen on, defaults to all IPs< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --log-backtrace-at traceLocation< / td >
< td > when logging hits line file:N, emit a stack trace (default :0)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --log-dir string< / td >
< td > If non-empty, write log files in this directory< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --log-flush-frequency duration< / td >
< td > Maximum number of seconds between log flushes (default 5s)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --logtostderr< / td >
< td > log to standard error instead of files (default true)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --max-procs int< / td >
< td > max number of CPUs that can be used simultaneously. Less than 1 for default (number of cores)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --metric-resolution duration< / td >
< td > The resolution at which heapster will retain metrics. (default 1m0s)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --profiling< / td >
< td > Enable profiling via web interface host:port/debug/pprof/ (default true)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --requestheader-allowed-names stringSlice< / td >
< td > List of client certificate common names to allow to provide usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers. If empty, any client certificate validated by the authorities in --requestheader-client-ca-file is allowed.< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --requestheader-client-ca-file string< / td >
< td > Root certificate bundle to use to verify client certificates on incoming requests before trusting usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --requestheader-extra-headers-prefix stringSlice< / td >
< td > List of request header prefixes to inspect. X-Remote-Extra- is suggested. (default [x-remote-extra-])< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --requestheader-group-headers stringSlice< / td >
< td > List of request headers to inspect for groups. X-Remote-Group is suggested. (default [x-remote-group])< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --requestheader-username-headers stringSlice< / td >
< td > List of request headers to inspect for usernames. X-Remote-User is common. (default [x-remote-user])< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --secure-port int< / td >
< td > The port on which to serve HTTPS with authentication and authorization. If 0, don' t serve HTTPS at all. (default 6443)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --sink *flags.Uris< / td >
< td > external sink(s) that receive data (default [])< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --source *flags.Uris< / td >
< td > source(s) to watch (default [])< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --stderrthreshold severity< / td >
< td > logs at or above this threshold go to stderr (default 2)< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --tls-ca-file string< / td >
< td > If set, this certificate authority will used for secure access from Admission Controllers. This must be a valid PEM-encoded CA bundle. Altneratively, the certificate authority can be appended to the certificate provided by --tls-cert-file.< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --tls-cert string< / td >
< td > file containing TLS certificate< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --tls-cert-file string< / td >
< td > File containing the default x509 Certificate for HTTPS. (CA cert, if any, concatenated after server cert). If HTTPS serving is enabled, and --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are not provided, a self-signed certificate and key are generated for the public address and saved to /var/run/kubernetes.< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --tls-client-ca string< / td >
< td > file containing TLS client CA for client cert validation< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --tls-key string< / td >
< td > file containing TLS key< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --tls-private-key-file string< / td >
< td > File containing the default x509 private key matching --tls-cert-file.< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --tls-sni-cert-key namedCertKey< / td >
< td > A pair of x509 certificate and private key file paths, optionally suffixed with a list of domain patterns which are fully qualified domain names, possibly with prefixed wildcard segments. If no domain patterns are provided, the names of the certificate are extracted. Non-wildcard matches trump over wildcard matches, explicit domain patterns trump over extracted names. For multiple key/certificate pairs, use the --tls-sni-cert-key multiple times. Examples: " example.key,example.crt" or " *.foo.com,foo.com:foo.key,foo.crt" . (default [])< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --v Level< / td >
< td > log level for V logs< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --version< / td >
< td > print version info and exit< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > --vmodule moduleSpec< / td >
< td > comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< p > < strong > Version< / strong > < / p >
< p > version: v1.4.0
commit: 546ab66f< / p >
< h3 id = "api使用" > API使 用 < / h3 >
< p > Heapster提 供 RESTful API接 口 ， 下 面 以 获 取 < code > spark-cluster< / code > namespace的 memory usage为 例 讲 解 Heapster API的 使 用 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 构 造 URL地 址 < / strong > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/api/v1/model/namespaces/spark-cluster/metrics/memory/usage?start=2017-10-16T09:14:00Z&end=2017-10-16T09:16:00Z" target = "_blank" > https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/api/v1/model/namespaces/spark-cluster/metrics/memory/usage?start=2017-10-16T09:14:00Z& end=2017-10-16T09:16:00Z< / a > < / p >
< p > < strong > 结 果 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 访 问 该 地 址 获 取 的 结 果 是 这 样 的 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-json" > {
< span class = "hljs-string" > " metrics" < / span > : [
{
< span class = "hljs-string" > " timestamp" < / span > : < span class = "hljs-string" > " 2017-10-16T09:14:00Z" < / span > ,
< span class = "hljs-string" > " value" < / span > : < span class = "hljs-number" > 322592768< / span >
},
{
< span class = "hljs-string" > " timestamp" < / span > : < span class = "hljs-string" > " 2017-10-16T09:15:00Z" < / span > ,
< span class = "hljs-string" > " value" < / span > : < span class = "hljs-number" > 322592768< / span >
},
{
< span class = "hljs-string" > " timestamp" < / span > : < span class = "hljs-string" > " 2017-10-16T09:16:00Z" < / span > ,
< span class = "hljs-string" > " value" < / span > : < span class = "hljs-number" > 322592768< / span >
}
],
< span class = "hljs-string" > " latestTimestamp" < / span > : < span class = "hljs-string" > " 2017-10-16T09:16:00Z" < / span >
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 注 意 ： Heapster中 查 询 的 所 有 值 都 是 以 最 小 单 位 为 单 位 ， 比 如 CPU为 1milicore， 内 存 为 B。 < / p >
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< p > < strong > 第 一 部 分 ： Heapster API地 址 < / strong > < / p >
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< p > < code > https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/< / code > < / p >
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< p > 可 以 使 用 下 面 的 命 令 获 取 :< / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl cluster-info
Heapster is running at https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster
...
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > < strong > 第 二 部 分 ： Heapster API参 数 < / strong > < / p >
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< p > < code > /api/v1/model/namespaces/spark-cluster/metrics/memory/usage< / code > < / p >
< p > 表 示 查 询 的 是 < code > spark-cluster< / code > namespace中 的 < code > memory/usage< / code > 的 metrics。 < / p >
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< p > < strong > 第 三 部 分 ： 时 间 片 < / strong > < / p >
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< p > < code > ?start=2017-10-16T09:14:00Z& end=2017-10-16T09:16:00Z< / code > < / p >
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< p > 查 询 参 数 为 时 间 片 ： 包 括 start和 end。 使 用 < code > RFC-3339< / code > 时 间 格 式 ， 在 Linux系 统 中 可 以 这 样 获 取 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ date --rfc-3339=< span class = "hljs-string" > " seconds" < / span >
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 该 时 间 中 的 空 格 替 换 成 T， 最 后 的 < code > +08:00< / code > 替 换 成 Z代 表 时 区 。 可 以 只 指 定 start时 间 ， end时 间 自 动 设 置 为 当 前 时 间 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/metrics" target = "_blank" > kubernetes metrics< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster/blob/master/docs/model.md" target = "_blank" > Heapster metric model< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster/blob/master/docs/storage-schema.md" target = "_blank" > Heapster storage schema< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< footer class = "page-footer" > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © jimmysong.io 2017 all right reserved， powered by Gitbook< / span > < span class = "footer-modification" > Updated:
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