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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< h1 id = "管理集群中的tls" > 管 理 集 群 中 的 TLS< / h1 >
< p > 在 本 书 的 最 佳 实 践 部 分 ， 我 们 在 CentOS上 部 署 了 kuberentes集 群 ， 其 中 最 开 始 有 重 要 的 一 步 就 是 创 建 TLS认 证 的 ， 查 看 < a href = "../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html" > 创 建 TLS证 书 和 秘 钥 < / a > 。 很 多 人 在 进 行 到 这 一 步 是 都 会 遇 到 各 种 各 样 千 奇 百 怪 的 问 题 ， 这 一 步 是 创 建 集 群 的 基 础 ， 我 们 有 必 要 详 细 了 解 一 下 背 后 的 流 程 和 原 理 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "概览" > 概 览 < / h2 >
< p > 每 个 Kubernetes集 群 都 有 一 个 集 群 根 证 书 颁 发 机 构 （ CA） 。 集 群 中 的 组 件 通 常 使 用 CA来 验 证 API server的 证 书 ， 由 API服 务 器 验 证 kubelet客 户 端 证 书 等 。 为 了 支 持 这 一 点 ， CA证 书 包 被 分 发 到 集 群 中 的 每 个 节 点 ， 并 作 为 一 个 sercret附 加 分 发 到 默 认 service account上 。 或 者 ， 你 的 workload可 以 使 用 此 CA建 立 信 任 。 你 的 应 用 程 序 可 以 使 用 类 似 于 < a href = "https://github.com/ietf-wg-acme/acme/" target = "_blank" > ACME草 案 < / a > 的 协 议 ， 使 用 < code > certificates.k8s.io< / code > API请 求 证 书 签 名 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "集群中的tls信任" > 集 群 中 的 TLS信 任 < / h2 >
< p > 让 Pod中 运 行 的 应 用 程 序 信 任 集 群 根 CA通 常 需 要 一 些 额 外 的 应 用 程 序 配 置 。 您 将 需 要 将 CA证 书 包 添 加 到 TLS客 户 端 或 服 务 器 信 任 的 CA证 书 列 表 中 。 例 如 ， 您 可 以 使 用 golang TLS配 置 通 过 解 析 证 书 链 并 将 解 析 的 证 书 添 加 到 < a href = "https://godoc.org/crypto/tls#Config" target = "_blank" > < code > tls.Config< / code > < / a > 结 构 中 的 < code > Certificates< / code > 字 段 中 ， CA证 书 捆 绑 包 将 使 用 默 认 服 务 账 户 自 动 加 载 到 pod中 ， 路 径 为 < code > /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt< / code > 。 如 果 您 没 有 使 用 默 认 服 务 账 户 ， 请 请 求 集 群 管 理 员 构 建 包 含 您 有 权 访 问 使 用 的 证 书 包 的 configmap。 < / p >
< h2 id = "请求认证" > 请 求 认 证 < / h2 >
< p > 以 下 部 分 演 示 如 何 为 通 过 DNS访 问 的 Kubernetes服 务 创 建 TLS证 书 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "步骤0-下载安装ssl" > 步 骤 0. 下 载 安 装 SSL< / h3 >
< p > 下 载 cfssl工 具 ： < a href = "https://pkg.cfssl.org/" target = "_blank" > https://pkg.cfssl.org/< / a > .< / p >
< h3 id = "步骤1-创建证书签名请求" > 步 骤 1. 创 建 证 书 签 名 请 求 < / h3 >
< p > 通 过 运 行 以 下 命 令 生 成 私 钥 和 证 书 签 名 请 求 （ 或 CSR） ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Bash" > $ cat < < EOF | cfssl genkey - | cfssljson -bare server
{
< span class = "hljs-string" > " hosts" < / span > : [
< span class = "hljs-string" > " my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local" < / span > ,
< span class = "hljs-string" > " my-pod.my-namespace.pod.cluster.local" < / span > ,
< span class = "hljs-string" > " 172.168.0.24" < / span > ,
< span class = "hljs-string" > " 10.0.34.2" < / span >
],
< span class = "hljs-string" > " CN" < / span > : < span class = "hljs-string" > " my-pod.my-namespace.pod.cluster.local" < / span > ,
< span class = "hljs-string" > " key" < / span > : {
< span class = "hljs-string" > " algo" < / span > : < span class = "hljs-string" > " ecdsa" < / span > ,
< span class = "hljs-string" > " size" < / span > : 256
}
}
EOF
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > < code > 172.168.0.24< / code > 是 service 的 cluster IP， < code > my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local< / code > 是 service 的 DNS 名 称 ， < code > 10.0.34.2< / code > 是 Pod 的 IP， < code > my-pod.my-namespace.pod.cluster.local< / code > 是 pod 的 DNS 名 称 ， 你 可 以 看 到 以 下 输 出 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code > 2017/03/21 06:48:17 [INFO] generate received request
2017/03/21 06:48:17 [INFO] received CSR
2017/03/21 06:48:17 [INFO] generating key: ecdsa-256
2017/03/21 06:48:17 [INFO] encoded CSR
< / code > < / pre > < p > 此 命 令 生 成 两 个 文 件 ; 它 生 成 包 含 PEM编 码 的 < a href = "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2986" target = "_blank" > pkcs #10< / a > 认 证 请 求 的 < code > server.csr< / code > ， 以 及 包 含 仍 然 要 创 建 的 证 书 的 PEM编 码 密 钥 的 < code > server-key.pem< / code > 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "步骤2-创建证书签名请求对象以发送到kubernetes-api" > 步 骤 2. 创 建 证 书 签 名 请 求 对 象 以 发 送 到 Kubernetes API< / h3 >
< p > 使 用 以 下 命 令 创 建 CSR yaml文 件 ， 并 发 送 到 API server： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ cat < < EOF | kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > -
apiVersion: certificates.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: CertificateSigningRequest
metadata:
name: my-svc.my-namespace
spec:
groups:
- system:authenticated
request: $(cat server.csr | base64 | tr < span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > ' \n' < / span > )
usages:
- digital signature
- key encipherment
- server auth
EOF
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 请 注 意 ， 在 步 骤 1中 创 建 的 < code > server.csr< / code > 文 件 是 base64编 码 并 存 储 在 < code > .spec.request< / code > 字 段 中 。 我 们 还 要 求 提 供 “ 数 字 签 名 ” ， “ 密 钥 加 密 ” 和 “ 服 务 器 身 份 验 证 ” 密 钥 用 途 的 证 书 。 我 们 < a href = "https://godoc.org/k8s.io/client-go/pkg/apis/certificates/v1beta1#KeyUsage" target = "_blank" > 这 里 < / a > 支 持 列 出 的 所 有 关 键 用 途 和 扩 展 的 关 键 用 途 ， 以 便 您 可 以 使 用 相 同 的 API请 求 客 户 端 证 书 和 其 他 证 书 。 < / p >
< p > 在 API server中 可 以 看 到 这 些 CSR处 于 pending状 态 。 执 行 下 面 的 命 令 你 将 可 以 看 到 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl describe csr my-svc.my-namespace
Name: my-svc.my-namespace
Labels: < none>
Annotations: < none>
CreationTimestamp: Tue, 21 Mar 2017 07:03:51 -0700
Requesting User: yourname@example.com
Status: Pending
Subject:
Common Name: my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local
Serial Number:
Subject Alternative Names:
DNS Names: my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local
IP Addresses: 172.168.0.24
10.0.34.2
Events: < none>
< / code > < / pre >
< h3 id = "步骤3-获取证书签名请求" > 步 骤 3. 获 取 证 书 签 名 请 求 < / h3 >
< p > 批 准 证 书 签 名 请 求 是 通 过 自 动 批 准 过 程 完 成 的 ， 或 由 集 群 管 理 员 一 次 完 成 。 有 关 这 方 面 涉 及 的 更 多 信 息 ， 请 参 见 下 文 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "步骤4-下载签名并使用" > 步 骤 4. 下 载 签 名 并 使 用 < / h3 >
< p > 一 旦 CSR被 签 署 并 获 得 批 准 ， 您 应 该 看 到 以 下 内 容 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl get csr
NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION
my-svc.my-namespace 10m yourname@example.com Approved,Issued
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 你 可 以 通 过 运 行 以 下 命 令 下 载 颁 发 的 证 书 并 将 其 保 存 到 < code > server.crt< / code > 文 件 中 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > $ kubectl get csr my-svc.my-namespace -o jsonpath=< span class = "hljs-string" > ' {.status.certificate}' < / span > \
| base64 < span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span > > server.crt
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 现 在 你 可 以 用 < code > server.crt< / code > 和 < code > server-key.pem< / code > 来 做 为 keypair来 启 动 HTTPS server。 < / p >
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< h2 id = "批准证书签名请求" > 批 准 证 书 签 名 请 求 < / h2 >
< p > Kubernetes 管 理 员 （ 具 有 适 当 权 限 ） 可 以 使 用 < code > kubectl certificate approve< / code > 和 < code > kubectl certificate deny< / code > 命 令 手 动 批 准 （ 或 拒 绝 ） 证 书 签 名 请 求 。 但 是 ， 如 果 您 打 算 大 量 使 用 此 API， 则 可 以 考 虑 编 写 自 动 化 的 证 书 控 制 器 。 < / p >
< p > 如 果 上 述 机 器 或 人 类 使 用 kubectl， 批 准 者 的 作 用 是 验 证 CSR 满 足 如 下 两 个 要 求 ： < / p >
< ol >
< li > CSR 的 主 体 控 制 用 于 签 署 CSR 的 私 钥 。 这 解 决 了 伪 装 成 授 权 主 体 的 第 三 方 的 威 胁 。 在 上 述 示 例 中 ， 此 步 骤 将 验 证 该 pod 控 制 了 用 于 生 成 CSR 的 私 钥 。 < / li >
< li > CSR 的 主 体 被 授 权 在 请 求 的 上 下 文 中 执 行 。 这 解 决 了 我 们 加 入 群 集 的 我 们 不 期 望 的 主 体 的 威 胁 。 在 上 述 示 例 中 ， 此 步 骤 将 是 验 证 该 pod 是 否 被 允 许 加 入 到 所 请 求 的 服 务 中 。 < / li >
< / ol >
< p > 当 且 仅 当 满 足 这 两 个 要 求 时 ， 审 批 者 应 该 批 准 CSR， 否 则 拒 绝 CSR。 < / p >
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< h2 id = "给集群管理员的一个建议" > 给 集 群 管 理 员 的 一 个 建 议 < / h2 >
< p > 本 教 程 假 设 将 signer设 置 为 服 务 证 书 API。 Kubernetes controller manager提 供 了 一 个 signer的 默 认 实 现 。 要 启 用 它 ， 请 将 < code > --cluster-signature-cert-file< / code > 和 < code > — cluster-signing-key-file< / code > 参 数 传 递 给 controller manager， 并 配 置 具 有 证 书 颁 发 机 构 的 密 钥 对 的 路 径 。 < / p >
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