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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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< a href = "../practice/master-installation.html" >
4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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< a href = "../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html" >
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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< a href = "../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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< a href = "../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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< a href = "../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< a href = "../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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< a href = "../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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< a href = "../practice/services-management-tool.html" >
4.5 服务编排管理
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< a href = "../practice/helm.html" >
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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< a href = "../practice/drone-ci-cd.html" >
4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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4.7 更新与升级
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4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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4.7.2 升级dashboard
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< a href = "../usecases/" >
5. 领域应用
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< a href = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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< a href = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
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5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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< a href = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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< a href = "../appendix/material-share.html" >
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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< a href = ".." > 2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume< / a >
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< h1 id = "kubernetes存储卷" > Kubernetes存 储 卷 < / h1 >
< p > 我 们 知 道 默 认 情 况 下 容 器 的 数 据 都 是 非 持 久 化 的 ， 在 容 器 消 亡 以 后 数 据 也 跟 着 丢 失 ， 所 以 Docker提 供 了 Volume机 制 以 便 将 数 据 持 久 化 存 储 。 类 似 的 ， Kubernetes提 供 了 更 强 大 的 Volume机 制 和 丰 富 的 插 件 ， 解 决 了 容 器 数 据 持 久 化 和 容 器 间 共 享 数 据 的 问 题 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "volume" > Volume< / h2 >
< p > 目 前 ， Kubernetes支 持 以 下 Volume类 型 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > emptyDir< / li >
< li > hostPath< / li >
< li > gcePersistentDisk< / li >
< li > awsElasticBlockStore< / li >
< li > nfs< / li >
< li > iscsi< / li >
< li > flocker< / li >
< li > glusterfs< / li >
< li > rbd< / li >
< li > cephfs< / li >
< li > gitRepo< / li >
< li > secret< / li >
< li > persistentVolumeClaim< / li >
< li > downwardAPI< / li >
< li > azureFileVolume< / li >
< li > vsphereVolume< / li >
< li > flexvolume< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 注 意 ， 这 些 volume并 非 全 部 都 是 持 久 化 的 ， 比 如 emptyDir、 secret、 gitRepo等 ， 这 些 volume会 随 着 Pod的 消 亡 而 消 失 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "persistentvolume" > PersistentVolume< / h2 >
< p > 对 于 持 久 化 的 Volume， PersistentVolume (PV)和 PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC)提 供 了 更 方 便 的 管 理 卷 的 方 法 ： PV提 供 网 络 存 储 资 源 ， 而 PVC请 求 存 储 资 源 。 这 样 ， 设 置 持 久 化 的 工 作 流 包 括 配 置 底 层 文 件 系 统 或 者 云 数 据 卷 、 创 建 持 久 性 数 据 卷 、 最 后 创 建 claim来 将 pod跟 数 据 卷 关 联 起 来 。 PV和 PVC可 以 将 pod和 数 据 卷 解 耦 ， pod不 需 要 知 道 确 切 的 文 件 系 统 或 者 支 持 它 的 持 久 化 引 擎 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "pv" > PV< / h3 >
< p > PersistentVolume（ PV） 是 集 群 之 中 的 一 块 网 络 存 储 。 跟 Node 一 样 ， 也 是 集 群 的 资 源 。 PV 跟 Volume (卷 ) 类 似 ， 不 过 会 有 独 立 于 Pod 的 生 命 周 期 。 比 如 一 个 NFS的 PV可 以 定 义 为 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > PersistentVolume
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > pv0003
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > capacity:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > storage:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 5< / span > Gi
< span class = "hljs-attr" > accessModes:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > ReadWriteOnce
< span class = "hljs-attr" > persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy:< / span > Recycle
< span class = "hljs-attr" > nfs:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > path:< / span > /tmp
< span class = "hljs-attr" > server:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 172.17< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .0< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .2< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > PV的 访 问 模 式 有 三 种 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 第 一 种 ， ReadWriteOnce： 是 最 基 本 的 方 式 ， 可 读 可 写 ， 但 只 支 持 被 单 个 Pod挂 载 。 < / li >
< li > 第 二 种 ， ReadOnlyMany： 可 以 以 只 读 的 方 式 被 多 个 Pod挂 载 。 < / li >
< li > 第 三 种 ， ReadWriteMany： 这 种 存 储 可 以 以 读 写 的 方 式 被 多 个 Pod共 享 。 不 是 每 一 种 存 储 都 支 持 这 三 种 方 式 ， 像 共 享 方 式 ， 目 前 支 持 的 还 比 较 少 ， 比 较 常 用 的 是 NFS。 在 PVC绑 定 PV时 通 常 根 据 两 个 条 件 来 绑 定 ， 一 个 是 存 储 的 大 小 ， 另 一 个 就 是 访 问 模 式 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "storageclass" > StorageClass< / h3 >
< p > 上 面 通 过 手 动 的 方 式 创 建 了 一 个 NFS Volume， 这 在 管 理 很 多 Volume的 时 候 不 太 方 便 。 Kubernetes还 提 供 了 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/persistent-volumes/#storageclasses" target = "_blank" > StorageClass< / a > 来 动 态 创 建 PV， 不 仅 节 省 了 管 理 员 的 时 间 ， 还 可 以 封 装 不 同 类 型 的 存 储 供 PVC选 用 。 < / p >
< p > GCE的 例 子 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > StorageClass
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > slow
< span class = "hljs-attr" > provisioner:< / span > kubernetes.io/gce-pd
< span class = "hljs-attr" > parameters:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > type:< / span > pd-standard
< span class = "hljs-attr" > zone:< / span > us-central1-a
< / code > < / pre >
< p > Ceph RBD的 例 子 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > StorageClass
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > fast
< span class = "hljs-attr" > provisioner:< / span > kubernetes.io/rbd
< span class = "hljs-attr" > parameters:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > monitors:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 10.16< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .153< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .105< / span > :< span class = "hljs-number" > 6789< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > adminId:< / span > kube
< span class = "hljs-attr" > adminSecretName:< / span > ceph-secret
< span class = "hljs-attr" > adminSecretNamespace:< / span > kube-system
< span class = "hljs-attr" > pool:< / span > kube
< span class = "hljs-attr" > userId:< / span > kube
< span class = "hljs-attr" > userSecretName:< / span > ceph-secret-user
< / code > < / pre >
< h3 id = "pvc" > PVC< / h3 >
< p > PV是 存 储 资 源 ， 而 PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) 是 对 PV的 请 求 。 PVC跟 Pod类 似 ： Pod消 费 Node的 源 ， 而 PVC消 费 PV资 源 ； Pod能 够 请 求 CPU和 内 存 资 源 ， 而 PVC请 求 特 定 大 小 和 访 问 模 式 的 数 据 卷 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > PersistentVolumeClaim
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > myclaim
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > accessModes:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > ReadWriteOnce
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > requests:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > storage:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 8< / span > Gi
< span class = "hljs-attr" > selector:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > matchLabels:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > release:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " stable" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > matchExpressions:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-bullet" > -< / span > {key: environment, operator: In, values: [dev]}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > PVC可 以 直 接 挂 载 到 Pod中 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Pod
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > mypod
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > myfrontend
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > dockerfile/nginx
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumeMounts:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - mountPath:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " /var/www/html" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > mypd
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumes:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > mypd
< span class = "hljs-attr" > persistentVolumeClaim:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > claimName:< / span > myclaim
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "emptydir" > emptyDir< / h2 >
< p > 如 果 Pod配 置 了 emptyDir类 型 Volume， Pod 被 分 配 到 Node上 时 候 ， 会 创 建 emptyDir， 只 要 Pod运 行 在 Node上 ， emptyDir都 会 存 在 （ 容 器 挂 掉 不 会 导 致 emptyDir丢 失 数 据 ） ， 但 是 如 果 Pod从 Node上 被 删 除 （ Pod被 删 除 ， 或 者 Pod发 生 迁 移 ） ， emptyDir也 会 被 删 除 ， 并 且 永 久 丢 失 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Pod
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > test-pd
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - image:< / span > gcr.io/google_containers/test-webserver
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > test-container
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumeMounts:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - mountPath:< / span > /test-pd
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > test-volume
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumes:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > test-volume
< span class = "hljs-attr" > hostPath:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # directory location on host< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > path:< / span > /data
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "其他volume说明" > 其 他 Volume说 明 < / h2 >
< h3 id = "hostpath" > hostPath< / h3 >
< p > hostPath允 许 挂 载 Node上 的 文 件 系 统 到 Pod里 面 去 。 如 果 Pod有 需 要 使 用 Node上 的 文 件 ， 可 以 使 用 hostPath。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > - hostPath:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > path:< / span > /tmp/data
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > data
< / code > < / pre >
< h3 id = "nfs" > NFS< / h3 >
< p > NFS 是 Network File System的 缩 写 ， 即 网 络 文 件 系 统 。 Kubernetes中 通 过 简 单 地 配 置 就 可 以 挂 载 NFS到 Pod中 ， 而 NFS中 的 数 据 是 可 以 永 久 保 存 的 ， 同 时 NFS支 持 同 时 写 操 作 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > volumes:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > nfs
< span class = "hljs-attr" > nfs:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # < span class = "hljs-doctag" > FIXME:< / span > use the right hostname< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > server:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 10.254< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .234< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .223< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > path:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " /" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< h3 id = "flexvolume" > FlexVolume< / h3 >
< p > 注 意 要 把 volume plugin放 到 < code > /usr/libexec/kubernetes/kubelet-plugins/volume/exec/< vendor~driver> /< driver> < / code > ， plugin要 实 现 < code > init/attach/detach/mount/umount< / code > 等 命 令 （ 可 参 考 lvm的 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/examples/volumes/flexvolume" target = "_blank" > 示 例 < / a > ） 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > test
< span class = "hljs-attr" > flexVolume:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > driver:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " kubernetes.io/lvm" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > fsType:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " ext4" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > options:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumeID:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " vol1" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > size:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 1000m" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > volumegroup:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " kube_vg" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
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