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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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< h1 id = "微服务架构" > 微 服 务 架 构 < / h1 >
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< p > Kubernetes 设 计 之 初 就 是 按 照 Cloud Native 的 理 念 设 计 的 ， Cloud Native 中 有 个 重 要 概 念 就 是 微 服 务 的 架 构 设 计 ， 当 将 单 体 应 用 拆 分 微 服 务 后 ， 随 着 服 务 数 量 的 增 多 ， 如 何 微 服 务 进 行 管 理 以 保 证 服 务 的 SLA 呢 ？ 为 了 从 架 构 层 面 上 解 决 这 个 问 题 ， 解 放 程 序 员 的 创 造 性 ， 避 免 繁 琐 的 服 务 发 现 、 监 控 、 分 布 式 追 踪 等 事 务 ， Service mesh 应 运 而 生 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "什么是-service-mesh？" > 什 么 是 service mesh？ < / h2 >
< p > Service mesh 有 如 下 几 个 特 点 ： < / p >
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< ul >
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< li > 应 用 程 序 间 通 讯 的 中 间 层 < / li >
< li > 轻 量 级 网 络 代 理 < / li >
< li > 应 用 程 序 无 感 知 < / li >
< li > 解 耦 应 用 程 序 的 重 试 /超 时 、 监 控 、 追 踪 和 服 务 发 现 < / li >
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< p > 目 前 两 款 流 行 的 service mesh 开 源 软 件 < a href = "https://istio.io" target = "_blank" > Istio< / a > 和 < a href = "https://linkerd.io" target = "_blank" > Linkerd< / a > 都 可 以 直 接 在 kubernetes 中 集 成 ， 其 中 Linkerd 已 经 成 为 CNCF 成 员 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "service-mesh如何工作？" > Service mesh如 何 工 作 ？ < / h2 >
< p > 下 面 以 Linkerd 为 例 讲 解 service mesh 如 何 工 作 ， Istio 作 为 service mesh 的 另 一 种 实 现 原 理 与 linkerd 基 本 类 似 ， 后 续 文 章 将 会 详 解 Istio 和 Linkerd 如 何 在 kubernetes 中 工 作 。 < / p >
< ol >
< li > Linkerd 将 服 务 请 求 路 由 到 目 的 地 址 ， 根 据 中 的 参 数 判 断 是 到 生 产 环 境 、 测 试 环 境 还 是 staging 环 境 中 的 服 务 （ 服 务 可 能 同 时 部 署 在 这 三 个 环 境 中 ） ， 是 路 由 到 本 地 环 境 还 是 公 有 云 环 境 ？ 所 有 的 这 些 路 由 信 息 可 以 动 态 配 置 ， 可 以 是 全 局 配 置 也 可 以 为 某 些 服 务 单 独 配 置 。 < / li >
< li > 当 Linkerd 确 认 了 目 的 地 址 后 ， 将 流 量 发 送 到 相 应 服 务 发 现 端 点 ， 在 kubernetes 中 是 service， 然 后 service 会 将 服 务 转 发 给 后 端 的 实 例 。 < / li >
< li > Linkerd 根 据 它 观 测 到 最 近 请 求 的 延 迟 时 间 ， 选 择 出 所 有 应 用 程 序 的 实 例 中 响 应 最 快 的 实 例 。 < / li >
< li > Linkerd 将 请 求 发 送 给 该 实 例 ， 同 时 记 录 响 应 类 型 和 延 迟 数 据 。 < / li >
< li > 如 果 该 实 例 挂 了 、 不 响 应 了 或 者 进 程 不 工 作 了 ， Linkerd 将 把 请 求 发 送 到 其 他 实 例 上 重 试 。 < / li >
< li > 如 果 该 实 例 持 续 返 回 error， Linkerd 会 将 该 实 例 从 负 载 均 衡 池 中 移 除 ， 稍 后 再 周 期 性 得 重 试 。 < / li >
< li > 如 果 请 求 的 截 止 时 间 已 过 ， Linkerd 主 动 失 败 该 请 求 ， 而 不 是 再 次 尝 试 添 加 负 载 。 < / li >
< li > Linkerd 以 metric 和 分 布 式 追 踪 的 形 式 捕 获 上 述 行 为 的 各 个 方 面 ， 这 些 追 踪 信 息 将 发 送 到 集 中 metric 系 统 。 < / li >
< / ol >
< h2 id = "为何使用-service-mesh？" > 为 何 使 用 service mesh？ < / h2 >
< p > Service mesh 并 没 有 给 我 们 带 来 新 功 能 ， 它 是 用 于 解 决 其 他 工 具 已 经 解 决 过 的 问 题 ， 只 不 过 这 次 是 在 Cloud Native 的 kubernetes 环 境 下 的 实 现 。 < / p >
< p > 在 传 统 的 MVC 三 层 Web 应 用 程 序 架 构 下 ， 服 务 之 间 的 通 讯 并 不 复 杂 ， 在 应 用 程 序 内 部 自 己 管 理 即 可 ， 但 是 在 现 今 的 复 杂 的 大 型 网 站 情 况 下 ， 单 体 应 用 被 分 解 为 众 多 的 微 服 务 ， 服 务 之 间 的 依 赖 和 通 讯 十 分 复 杂 ， 出 现 了 twitter 开 发 的 < a href = "https://twitter.github.io/finagle/" target = "_blank" > Finagle< / a > 、 Netflix 开 发 的 < a href = "https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix" target = "_blank" > Hystrix< / a > 和 Google 的 Stubby 这 样 的 ” 胖 客 户 端 “ 库 ， 这 些 就 是 早 期 的 service mesh， 但 是 它 们 都 近 适 用 于 特 定 的 环 境 和 特 定 的 开 发 语 言 ， 并 不 能 作 为 平 台 级 的 service mesh 支 持 。 < / p >
< p > 在 Cloud Native 架 构 下 ， 容 器 的 使 用 给 予 了 异 构 应 用 程 序 的 更 多 可 行 性 ， kubernetes 增 强 的 应 用 的 横 向 扩 容 能 力 ， 用 户 可 以 快 速 的 编 排 出 复 杂 环 境 、 复 杂 依 赖 关 系 的 应 用 程 序 ， 同 时 开 发 者 又 无 须 过 分 关 心 应 用 程 序 的 监 控 、 扩 展 性 、 服 务 发 现 和 分 布 式 追 踪 这 些 繁 琐 的 事 情 而 专 注 于 程 序 开 发 ， 赋 予 开 发 者 更 多 的 创 造 性 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "https://buoyant.io/2017/04/25/whats-a-service-mesh-and-why-do-i-need-one/" target = "_blank" > WHAT’ S A SERVICE MESH? AND WHY DO I NEED ONE?< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://redmonk.com/jgovernor/2017/05/31/so-what-even-is-a-service-mesh-hot-take-on-istio-and-linkerd" target = "_blank" > So what even is a Service Mesh? Hot take on Istio and Linkerd< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://medium.com/attest-engineering/linkerd-a-service-mesh-for-aws-ecs-937f201f847a" target = "_blank" > linkerd: A service mesh for AWS ECS< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://istio.io/blog/istio-service-mesh-for-microservices.html" target = "_blank" > Introducing Istio: A robust service mesh for microservices< / a > < / p >
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< p > < a href = "http://blog.christianposta.com/microservices/application-network-functions-with-esbs-api-management-and-now-service-mesh/" target = "_blank" > Application Network Functions With ESBs, API Management, and Now.. Service Mesh?< / a > < / p >
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