2017-09-03 15:58:39 +08:00
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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.3 集群管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.1.3 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< h1 id = "管理容器的计算资源" > 管 理 容 器 的 计 算 资 源 < / h1 >
< p > 当 您 定 义 < a href = "http://kubernetes.io/docks/user-guide/pods" target = "_blank" > Pod< / a > 的 时 候 可 以 选 择 为 每 个 容 器 指 定 需 要 的 CPU 和 内 存 （ RAM） 大 小 。 当 为 容 器 指 定 了 资 源 请 求 后 ， 调 度 器 就 能 够 更 好 的 判 断 出 将 容 器 调 度 到 哪 个 节 点 上 。 如 果 您 还 为 容 器 指 定 了 资 源 限 制 ， 节 点 上 的 资 源 就 可 以 按 照 指 定 的 方 式 做 竞 争 。 关 于 资 源 请 求 和 限 制 的 不 同 点 和 更 多 资 料 请 参 考 < a href = "https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/resource-qos.md" target = "_blank" > Resource QoS< / a > 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "资源类型" > 资 源 类 型 < / h2 >
< p > < em > CPU< / em > 和 < em > memory< / em > 都 是 < em > 资 源 类 型 < / em > 。 资 源 类 型 具 有 基 本 单 位 。 CPU 的 单 位 是 core， memory 的 单 位 是 byte。 < / p >
< p > CPU和 内 存 统 称 为 < em > 计 算 资 源 < / em > ， 也 可 以 称 为 < em > 资 源 < / em > 。 计 算 资 源 的 数 量 是 可 以 被 请 求 、 分 配 和 消 耗 的 可 测 量 的 。 它 们 与 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docks/api/" target = "_blank" > API 资 源 < / a > 不 同 。 API 资 源 （ 如 Pod 和 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docks/user-guide/services" target = "_blank" > Service< / a > ） 是 可 通 过 Kubernetes API server 读 取 和 修 改 的 对 象 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "pod-和-容器的资源请求和限制" > Pod 和 容 器 的 资 源 请 求 和 限 制 < / h2 >
< p > Pod 中 的 每 个 容 器 都 可 以 指 定 以 下 的 一 个 或 者 多 个 值 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > spec.containers[].resources.limits.cpu`< / li >
< li > < code > spec.containers[].resources.limits.memory< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > spec.containers[].resources.requests.cpu< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > spec.containers[].resources.requests.memory< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 尽 管 只 能 在 个 别 容 器 上 指 定 请 求 和 限 制 ， 但 是 我 们 可 以 方 便 地 计 算 出 Pod 资 源 请 求 和 限 制 。 特 定 资 源 类 型 的 Pod 资 源 请 求 /限 制 是 Pod 中 每 个 容 器 的 该 类 型 的 资 源 请 求 /限 制 的 总 和 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "cpu-的含义" > CPU 的 含 义 < / h2 >
< p > CPU 资 源 的 限 制 和 请 求 以 < em > cpu< / em > 为 单 位 。 < / p >
< p > Kubernetes 中 的 一 个 cpu 等 于 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 1 AWS vCPU< / li >
< li > 1 GCP Core< / li >
< li > 1 Azure vCore< / li >
< li > 1 < em > Hyperthread< / em > 在 带 有 超 线 程 的 裸 机 Intel 处 理 器 上 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 允 许 浮 点 数 请 求 。 具 有 < code > spec.containers[].resources.requests.cpu< / code > 为 0.5 的 容 器 保 证 了 一 半 CPU 要 求 1 CPU的 一 半 。 表 达 式 < code > 0.1< / code > 等 价 于 表 达 式 < code > 100m< / code > ， 可 以 看 作 “ 100 millicpu” 。 有 些 人 说 成 是 “ 一 百 毫 cpu” ， 其 实 说 的 是 同 样 的 事 情 。 具 有 小 数 点 （ 如 < code > 0.1< / code > ） 的 请 求 由 API 转 换 为 < code > 100m< / code > ， 精 度 不 超 过 < code > 1m< / code > 。 因 此 ， 可 能 会 优 先 选 择 < code > 100m< / code > 的 形 式 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "内存的含义" > 内 存 的 含 义 < / h2 >
< p > 内 存 的 限 制 和 请 求 以 字 节 为 单 位 。 您 可 以 使 用 以 下 后 缀 之 一 作 为 平 均 整 数 或 定 点 整 数 表 示 内 存 ： E， P， T， G， M， K。 您 还 可 以 使 用 两 个 字 母 的 等 效 的 幂 数 ： Ei， Pi， Ti ， Gi， Mi， Ki。 例 如 ， 以 下 代 表 大 致 相 同 的 值 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-shell" > 128974848, 129e6, 129M, 123Mi
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 下 面 是 个 例 子 。 < / p >
< p > 以 下 Pod 有 两 个 容 器 。 每 个 容 器 的 请 求 为 0.25 cpu 和 64MiB（ 2< sup > 26< / sup > ） 内 存 ， 每 个 容 器 的 限 制 为 0.5 cpu 和 128MiB 内 存 。 您 可 以 说 该 Pod 请 求 0.5 cpu 和 128 MiB 的 内 存 ， 限 制 为 1 cpu 和 256MiB 的 内 存 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Pod
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > frontend
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > containers:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > db
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > mysql
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > requests:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > memory:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 64Mi" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > cpu:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 250m" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > limits:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > memory:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 128Mi" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > cpu:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 500m" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - name:< / span > wp
< span class = "hljs-attr" > image:< / span > wordpress
< span class = "hljs-attr" > resources:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > requests:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > memory:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 64Mi" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > cpu:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 250m" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > limits:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > memory:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 128Mi" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > cpu:< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " 500m" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "具有资源请求的-pod-如何调度" > 具 有 资 源 请 求 的 Pod 如 何 调 度 < / h2 >
< p > 当 您 创 建 一 个 Pod 时 ， Kubernetes 调 度 程 序 将 为 Pod 选 择 一 个 节 点 。 每 个 节 点 具 有 每 种 资 源 类 型 的 最 大 容 量 ： 可 为 Pod 提 供 的 CPU 和 内 存 量 。 调 度 程 序 确 保 对 于 每 种 资 源 类 型 ， 调 度 的 容 器 的 资 源 请 求 的 总 和 小 于 节 点 的 容 量 。 请 注 意 ， 尽 管 节 点 上 的 实 际 内 存 或 CPU 资 源 使 用 量 非 常 低 ， 但 如 果 容 量 检 查 失 败 ， 则 调 度 程 序 仍 然 拒 绝 在 该 节 点 上 放 置 Pod。 当 资 源 使 用 量 稍 后 增 加 时 ， 例 如 在 请 求 率 的 每 日 峰 值 期 间 ， 这 可 以 防 止 节 点 上 的 资 源 短 缺 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "具有资源限制的-pod-如何运行" > 具 有 资 源 限 制 的 Pod 如 何 运 行 < / h2 >
< p > 当 kubelet 启 动 一 个 Pod 的 容 器 时 ， 它 会 将 CPU 和 内 存 限 制 传 递 到 容 器 运 行 时 。 < / p >
< p > 当 使 用 Docker 时 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > spec.containers[].resources.requests.cpu< / code > 的 值 将 转 换 成 core 值 ， 这 是 个 浮 点 数 ， 并 乘 以 1024， 这 个 数 字 中 的 较 大 者 或 2用 作 < code > docker run< / code > 命 令 中 的 < a href = "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#/cpu-share-constraint" target = "_blank" > < code > --cpu-shares< / code > < / a > 标 志 的 值 。 < / li >
< li > < code > spec.containers[].resources.limits.cpu< / code > 被 转 换 成 millicore 值 。 被 乘 以 100000 然 后 除 以 1000。 这 个 数 字 用 作 < code > docker run< / code > 命 令 中 的 < a href = "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#/cpu-quota-constraint" target = "_blank" > < code > --cpu-quota< / code > < / a > 标 志 的 值 。 [< code > --cpu-quota< / code > ] 标 志 被 设 置 成 了 100000， 表 示 测 量 配 额 使 用 的 默 认 100ms 周 期 。 如 果 [< code > --cpu-cfs-quota< / code > ] 标 志 设 置 为 true， 则 kubelet 会 强 制 执 行 cpu 限 制 。 从 Kubernetes 1.2 版 本 起 ， 此 标 志 默 认 为 true。 < / li >
< li > < code > spec.containers[].resources.limits.memory< / code > 被 转 换 为 整 型 ， 作 为 < code > docker run< / code > 命 令 中 的 < a href = "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#/user-memory-constraints" target = "_blank" > < code > --memory< / code > < / a > 标 志 的 值 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 如 果 容 器 超 过 其 内 存 限 制 ， 则 可 能 会 被 终 止 。 如 果 可 重 新 启 动 ， 则 与 所 有 其 他 类 型 的 运 行 时 故 障 一 样 ， kubelet 将 重 新 启 动 它 。 < / p >
< p > 如 果 一 个 容 器 超 过 其 内 存 请 求 ， 那 么 当 节 点 内 存 不 足 时 ， 它 的 Pod 可 能 被 逐 出 。 < / p >
< p > 容 器 可 能 被 允 许 也 可 能 不 被 允 许 超 过 其 CPU 限 制 时 间 。 但 是 ， 由 于 CPU 使 用 率 过 高 ， 不 会 被 杀 死 。 < / p >
< p > 要 确 定 容 器 是 否 由 于 资 源 限 制 而 无 法 安 排 或 被 杀 死 ， 请 参 阅 < a href = "#troubleshooting" > 疑 难 解 答 < / a > 部 分 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "监控计算资源使用" > 监 控 计 算 资 源 使 用 < / h2 >
< p > Pod 的 资 源 使 用 情 况 被 报 告 为 Pod 状 态 的 一 部 分 。 < / p >
< p > 如 果 为 集 群 配 置 了 < a href = "http://releases.k8s.io//cluster/addons/cluster-monitoring/README.md" target = "_blank" > 可 选 监 控 < / a > ， 则 可 以 从 监 视 系 统 检 索 Pod 资 源 的 使 用 情 况 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "疑难解答" > 疑 难 解 答 < / h2 >
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