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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = ".." > 5.1.1 Istio< / a >
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< h1 id = "istio简介" > Istio简 介 < / h1 >
< h2 id = "前言" > 前 言 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "https://istio.io" target = "_blank" > Istio< / a > 是 由 Google、 IBM和 Lyft开 源 的 微 服 务 管 理 、 保 护 和 监 控 框 架 。 Istio为 希 腊 语 ， 意 思 是 ” 起 航 “ 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "简介" > 简 介 < / h2 >
< p > 使 用 istio可 以 很 简 单 的 创 建 具 有 负 载 均 衡 、 服 务 间 认 证 、 监 控 等 功 能 的 服 务 网 络 ， 而 不 需 要 对 服 务 的 代 码 进 行 任 何 修 改 。 你 只 需 要 在 部 署 环 境 中 ， 例 如 Kubernetes的 pod里 注 入 一 个 特 别 的 sidecar proxy来 增 加 对 istio的 支 持 ， 用 来 截 获 微 服 务 之 间 的 网 络 流 量 。 < / p >
< p > 目 前 版 本 的 istio只 支 持 kubernetes， 未 来 计 划 支 持 其 他 其 他 环 境 。 < / p >
< p > 另 外 ， Istio的 前 身 是 IBM开 源 的 < a href = "https://www.amalgam8.io" target = "_blank" > Amalgam8< / a > ， 追 本 溯 源 ， 我 们 来 看 下 它 的 特 性 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "amalgam8" > Amalgam8< / h3 >
< p > Amalgam8的 网 站 上 说 ， 它 是 一 个 < strong > Content-based Routing Fabric for Polyglot Microservices< / strong > ， 简 单 、 强 大 且 开 源 。 < / p >
< p > Amalgam8是 一 款 基 于 内 容 和 版 本 的 路 由 布 局 ， 用 于 集 成 多 语 言 异 构 体 微 服 务 。 其 control plane API可 用 于 动 态 编 程 规 则 ， 用 于 在 正 在 运 行 的 应 用 程 序 中 跨 微 服 务 进 行 路 由 和 操 作 请 求 。 < / p >
< p > 以 内 容 /版 本 感 知 方 式 路 由 请 求 的 能 力 简 化 了 DevOps任 务 ， 如 金 丝 雀 和 红 /黑 发 布 ， A/B Test和 系 统 地 测 试 弹 性 微 服 务 。 < / p >
< p > 可 以 使 用 Amalgam8平 台 与 受 欢 迎 的 容 器 运 行 时 （ 如 Docker， Kubernetes， Marathon / Mesos） 或 其 他 云 计 算 提 供 商 （ 如 IBM Bluemix， Google Cloud Platform或 Amazon AWS） 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "特性" > 特 性 < / h2 >
< p > 使 用 istio的 进 行 微 服 务 管 理 有 如 下 特 性 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > 流 量 管 理 < / strong > ： 控 制 服 务 间 的 流 量 和 API调 用 流 ， 使 调 用 更 可 靠 ， 增 强 不 同 环 境 下 的 网 络 鲁 棒 性 。 < / li >
< li > < strong > 可 观 测 性 < / strong > ： 了 解 服 务 之 间 的 依 赖 关 系 和 它 们 之 间 的 性 质 和 流 量 ， 提 供 快 速 识 别 定 位 问 题 的 能 力 。 < / li >
< li > < strong > 策 略 实 施 < / strong > ： 通 过 配 置 mesh而 不 是 以 改 变 代 码 的 方 式 来 控 制 服 务 之 间 的 访 问 策 略 。 < / li >
< li > < strong > 服 务 识 别 和 安 全 < / strong > ： 提 供 在 mesh里 的 服 务 可 识 别 性 和 安 全 性 保 护 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 未 来 将 支 持 多 种 平 台 ， 不 论 是 kubernetes、 Mesos、 还 是 云 。 同 时 可 以 集 成 已 有 的 ACL、 日 志 、 监 控 、 配 额 、 审 计 等 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "架构" > 架 构 < / h2 >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.2.1.1" > < img src = "../images/istio-arch.jpg" alt = "Istio架构图" > < figcaption > 图 片 - Istio架 构 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > Istio架 构 分 为 控 制 层 和 数 据 层 。 < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > 数 据 层 < / strong > ： 由 一 组 智 能 代 理 （ Envoy） 作 为 sidecar部 署 ， 协 调 和 控 制 所 有 microservices之 间 的 网 络 通 信 。 < / li >
< li > < strong > 控 制 层 < / strong > ： 负 责 管 理 和 配 置 代 理 路 由 流 量 ， 以 及 在 运 行 时 执 行 的 政 策 。 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "envoy" > Envoy< / h2 >
< p > Istio使 用 Envoy代 理 的 扩 展 版 本 ， 该 代 理 是 以 C++开 发 的 高 性 能 代 理 ， 用 于 调 解 service mesh中 所 有 服 务 的 所 有 入 站 和 出 站 流 量 。 Istio利 用 了 Envoy的 许 多 内 置 功 能 ， 例 如 动 态 服 务 发 现 ， 负 载 平 衡 ， TLS终 止 ， HTTP/2＆ gRPC代 理 ， 断 路 器 ， 运 行 状 况 检 查 ， 基 于 百 分 比 的 流 量 拆 分 分 阶 段 上 线 ， 故 障 注 入 和 丰 富 指 标 。 < / p >
< p > Envoy在 kubernetes中 作 为 pod的 sidecar来 部 署 。 这 允 许 Istio将 大 量 关 于 流 量 行 为 的 信 号 作 为 属 性 提 取 出 来 ， 这 些 属 性 又 可 以 在 Mixer中 用 于 执 行 策 略 决 策 ， 并 发 送 给 监 控 系 统 以 提 供 有 关 整 个 mesh的 行 为 的 信 息 。 Sidecar代 理 模 型 还 允 许 你 将 Istio功 能 添 加 到 现 有 部 署 中 ， 无 需 重 新 构 建 或 重 写 代 码 。 更 多 信 息 参 见 < a href = "https://istio.io/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/goals.html" target = "_blank" > 设 计 目 标 < / a > 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "mixer" > Mixer< / h2 >
< p > Mixer负 责 在 service mesh上 执 行 访 问 控 制 和 使 用 策 略 ， 并 收 集 Envoy代 理 和 其 他 服 务 的 遥 测 数 据 。 代 理 提 取 请 求 级 属 性 ， 发 送 到 mixer进 行 评 估 。 有 关 此 属 性 提 取 和 策 略 评 估 的 更 多 信 息 ， 请 参 见 < a href = "https://istio.io/docs/concepts/policy-and-control/mixer-config.html" target = "_blank" > Mixer配 置 < / a > 。 混 音 器 包 括 一 个 灵 活 的 插 件 模 型 ， 使 其 能 够 与 各 种 主 机 环 境 和 基 础 架 构 后 端 进 行 接 口 ， 从 这 些 细 节 中 抽 象 出 Envoy代 理 和 Istio管 理 的 服 务 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "istio-manager" > Istio Manager< / h2 >
< p > Istio-Manager用 作 用 户 和 Istio之 间 的 接 口 ， 收 集 和 验 证 配 置 ， 并 将 其 传 播 到 各 种 Istio组 件 。 它 从 Mixer和 Envoy中 抽 取 环 境 特 定 的 实 现 细 节 ， 为 他 们 提 供 独 立 于 底 层 平 台 的 用 户 服 务 的 抽 象 表 示 。 此 外 ， 流 量 管 理 规 则 （ 即 通 用 4层 规 则 和 七 层 HTTP/gRPC路 由 规 则 ） 可 以 在 运 行 时 通 过 Istio-Manager进 行 编 程 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "istio-auth" > Istio-auth< / h2 >
< p > Istio-Auth提 供 强 大 的 服 务 间 和 最 终 用 户 认 证 ， 使 用 相 互 TLS， 内 置 身 份 和 凭 据 管 理 。 它 可 用 于 升 级 service mesh中 的 未 加 密 流 量 ， 并 为 运 营 商 提 供 基 于 服 务 身 份 而 不 是 网 络 控 制 的 策 略 的 能 力 。 Istio的 未 来 版 本 将 增 加 细 粒 度 的 访 问 控 制 和 审 计 ， 以 使 用 各 种 访 问 控 制 机 制 （ 包 括 属 性 和 基 于 角 色 的 访 问 控 制 以 及 授 权 hook） 来 控 制 和 监 控 访 问 你 服 务 、 API或 资 源 的 人 员 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "http://www.leiphone.com/news/201705/RwRlyAs7Mi8pqhSb.html" target = "_blank" > Istio开 源 平 台 发 布 ， Google、 IBM和 Lyft分 别 承 担 什 么 角 色 ？ < / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://www.infoq.com/cn/news/2017/05/istio?utm_source=news_about_opensource&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=opensource" target = "_blank" > Istio： 用 于 微 服 务 的 服 务 啮 合 层 < / a > < / p >
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< p > < a href = "https://istio.io/docs/concepts/what-is-istio/overview.html" target = "_blank" > Istio Overview< / a > < / p >
< footer class = "page-footer" > < span class = "copyright" > Copyright © jimmysong.io 2017 all right reserved， powered by Gitbook< / span > < span class = "footer-modification" > Updated:
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