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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< h1 id = "service-mesh-服务网格" > Service Mesh 服 务 网 格 < / h1 >
< p > Service mesh 又 译 作 ” 服 务 网 格 “ ， 作 为 服 务 间 通 信 的 基 础 设 施 层 。 Buoyant 公 司 的 CEO Willian Morgan 在 他 的 这 篇 文 章 < a href = "https://buoyant.io/2017/04/25/whats-a-service-mesh-and-why-do-i-need-one/" target = "_blank" > WHAT’ S A SERVICE MESH? AND WHY DO I NEED ONE?< / a > 中 解 释 了 什 么 是 Service Mesh， 为 什 么 云 原 生 应 用 需 要 Service Mesh。 < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > A service mesh is a dedicated infrastructure layer for handling service-to-service communication. It’ s responsible for the reliable delivery of requests through the complex topology of services that comprise a modern, cloud native application. In practice, the service mesh is typically implemented as an array of lightweight network proxies that are deployed alongside application code, without the application needing to be aware.< / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "什么是-service-mesh？" > 什 么 是 service mesh？ < / h2 >
< p > Service mesh 有 如 下 几 个 特 点 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 应 用 程 序 间 通 讯 的 中 间 层 < / li >
< li > 轻 量 级 网 络 代 理 < / li >
< li > 应 用 程 序 无 感 知 < / li >
< li > 解 耦 应 用 程 序 的 重 试 /超 时 、 监 控 、 追 踪 和 服 务 发 现 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 目 前 两 款 流 行 的 service mesh 开 源 软 件 < a href = "https://istio.io" target = "_blank" > Istio< / a > 和 < a href = "https://linkerd.io" target = "_blank" > Linkerd< / a > 都 可 以 直 接 在 kubernetes 中 集 成 ， 其 中 Linkerd 已 经 成 为 CNCF 成 员 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "理解-service-mesh" > 理 解 Service Mesh< / h2 >
< p > 如 果 用 一 句 话 来 解 释 什 么 是 Service Mesh， 可 以 将 它 比 作 是 应 用 程 序 或 者 说 微 服 务 间 的 TCP/IP， 负 责 服 务 之 间 的 网 络 调 用 、 限 流 、 熔 断 和 监 控 。 对 于 编 写 应 用 程 序 来 说 一 般 无 须 关 心 TCP/IP 这 一 层 （ 比 如 通 过 HTTP 协 议 的 RESTful 应 用 ） ， 同 样 使 用 Service Mesh 也 就 无 须 关 系 服 务 之 间 的 那 些 原 来 是 通 过 应 用 程 序 或 者 其 他 框 架 实 现 的 事 情 ， 比 如 Spring Cloud、 OSS， 现 在 只 要 交 给 Service Mesh 就 可 以 了 。 < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://philcalcado.com/" target = "_blank" > Phil Calç ado< / a > 在 他 的 这 篇 博 客 < a href = "http://philcalcado.com/2017/08/03/pattern_service_mesh.html" target = "_blank" > Pattern: Service Mesh< / a > 中 详 细 解 释 了 Service Mesh 的 来 龙 去 脉 ： < / p >
< ol >
< li > 从 最 原 始 的 主 机 之 间 直 接 使 用 网 线 相 连 < / li >
< li > 网 络 层 的 出 现 < / li >
< li > 集 成 到 应 用 程 序 内 部 的 控 制 流 < / li >
< li > 分 解 到 应 用 程 序 外 部 的 控 制 流 < / li >
< li > 应 用 程 序 的 中 集 成 服 务 发 现 和 断 路 器 < / li >
< li > 出 现 了 专 门 用 于 服 务 发 现 和 断 路 器 的 软 件 包 /库 ， 如 < a href = "https://finagle.github.io/" target = "_blank" > Twitter 的 Finagle< / a > 和 < a href = "https://code.facebook.com/posts/1503205539947302" target = "_blank" > Facebook 的 Proxygen< / a > ， 这 时 候 还 是 集 成 在 应 用 程 序 内 部 < / li >
< li > 出 现 了 专 门 用 于 服 务 发 现 和 断 路 器 的 开 源 软 件 ， 如 < a href = "http://netflix.github.io/" target = "_blank" > Netflix OSS< / a > 、 Airbnb 的 < a href = "https://github.com/airbnb/synapse" target = "_blank" > synapse< / a > 和 < a href = "https://github.com/airbnb/nerve" target = "_blank" > nerve< / a > < / li >
< li > 最 后 作 为 微 服 务 的 中 间 层 service mesh 出 现 < / li >
< / ol >
< p > Service mesh 的 架 构 如 下 图 所 示 ： < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.2.1" > < img src = "../images/serivce-mesh-control-plane.png" alt = "Service Mesh 架构图" > < figcaption > 图 片 - Service Mesh 架 构 图 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 图 片 来 自 ： < a href = "http://philcalcado.com/2017/08/03/pattern_service_mesh.html" target = "_blank" > Pattern: Service Mesh< / a > < / p >
< p > Service mesh 作 为 sidecar 运 行 ， 对 应 用 程 序 来 说 是 透 明 ， 所 有 应 用 程 序 间 的 流 量 都 会 通 过 它 ， 所 以 对 应 用 程 序 流 量 的 控 制 都 可 以 在 serivce mesh 中 实 现 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "service-mesh如何工作？" > Service mesh如 何 工 作 ？ < / h2 >
< p > 下 面 以 Linkerd 为 例 讲 解 service mesh 如 何 工 作 ， Istio 作 为 service mesh 的 另 一 种 实 现 原 理 与 linkerd 基 本 类 似 ， 后 续 文 章 将 会 详 解 Istio 和 Linkerd 如 何 在 kubernetes 中 工 作 。 < / p >
< ol >
< li > Linkerd 将 服 务 请 求 路 由 到 目 的 地 址 ， 根 据 中 的 参 数 判 断 是 到 生 产 环 境 、 测 试 环 境 还 是 staging 环 境 中 的 服 务 （ 服 务 可 能 同 时 部 署 在 这 三 个 环 境 中 ） ， 是 路 由 到 本 地 环 境 还 是 公 有 云 环 境 ？ 所 有 的 这 些 路 由 信 息 可 以 动 态 配 置 ， 可 以 是 全 局 配 置 也 可 以 为 某 些 服 务 单 独 配 置 。 < / li >
< li > 当 Linkerd 确 认 了 目 的 地 址 后 ， 将 流 量 发 送 到 相 应 服 务 发 现 端 点 ， 在 kubernetes 中 是 service， 然 后 service 会 将 服 务 转 发 给 后 端 的 实 例 。 < / li >
< li > Linkerd 根 据 它 观 测 到 最 近 请 求 的 延 迟 时 间 ， 选 择 出 所 有 应 用 程 序 的 实 例 中 响 应 最 快 的 实 例 。 < / li >
< li > Linkerd 将 请 求 发 送 给 该 实 例 ， 同 时 记 录 响 应 类 型 和 延 迟 数 据 。 < / li >
< li > 如 果 该 实 例 挂 了 、 不 响 应 了 或 者 进 程 不 工 作 了 ， Linkerd 将 把 请 求 发 送 到 其 他 实 例 上 重 试 。 < / li >
< li > 如 果 该 实 例 持 续 返 回 error， Linkerd 会 将 该 实 例 从 负 载 均 衡 池 中 移 除 ， 稍 后 再 周 期 性 得 重 试 。 < / li >
< li > 如 果 请 求 的 截 止 时 间 已 过 ， Linkerd 主 动 失 败 该 请 求 ， 而 不 是 再 次 尝 试 添 加 负 载 。 < / li >
< li > Linkerd 以 metric 和 分 布 式 追 踪 的 形 式 捕 获 上 述 行 为 的 各 个 方 面 ， 这 些 追 踪 信 息 将 发 送 到 集 中 metric 系 统 。 < / li >
< / ol >
< h2 id = "为何使用-service-mesh？" > 为 何 使 用 service mesh？ < / h2 >
< p > Service mesh 并 没 有 给 我 们 带 来 新 功 能 ， 它 是 用 于 解 决 其 他 工 具 已 经 解 决 过 的 问 题 ， 只 不 过 这 次 是 在 Cloud Native 的 kubernetes 环 境 下 的 实 现 。 < / p >
< p > 在 传 统 的 MVC 三 层 Web 应 用 程 序 架 构 下 ， 服 务 之 间 的 通 讯 并 不 复 杂 ， 在 应 用 程 序 内 部 自 己 管 理 即 可 ， 但 是 在 现 今 的 复 杂 的 大 型 网 站 情 况 下 ， 单 体 应 用 被 分 解 为 众 多 的 微 服 务 ， 服 务 之 间 的 依 赖 和 通 讯 十 分 复 杂 ， 出 现 了 twitter 开 发 的 < a href = "https://twitter.github.io/finagle/" target = "_blank" > Finagle< / a > 、 Netflix 开 发 的 < a href = "https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix" target = "_blank" > Hystrix< / a > 和 Google 的 Stubby 这 样 的 ” 胖 客 户 端 “ 库 ， 这 些 就 是 早 期 的 service mesh， 但 是 它 们 都 近 适 用 于 特 定 的 环 境 和 特 定 的 开 发 语 言 ， 并 不 能 作 为 平 台 级 的 service mesh 支 持 。 < / p >
< p > 在 Cloud Native 架 构 下 ， 容 器 的 使 用 给 予 了 异 构 应 用 程 序 的 更 多 可 行 性 ， kubernetes 增 强 的 应 用 的 横 向 扩 容 能 力 ， 用 户 可 以 快 速 的 编 排 出 复 杂 环 境 、 复 杂 依 赖 关 系 的 应 用 程 序 ， 同 时 开 发 者 又 无 须 过 分 关 心 应 用 程 序 的 监 控 、 扩 展 性 、 服 务 发 现 和 分 布 式 追 踪 这 些 繁 琐 的 事 情 而 专 注 于 程 序 开 发 ， 赋 予 开 发 者 更 多 的 创 造 性 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "https://buoyant.io/2017/04/25/whats-a-service-mesh-and-why-do-i-need-one/" target = "_blank" > WHAT’ S A SERVICE MESH? AND WHY DO I NEED ONE?< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://redmonk.com/jgovernor/2017/05/31/so-what-even-is-a-service-mesh-hot-take-on-istio-and-linkerd" target = "_blank" > So what even is a Service Mesh? Hot take on Istio and Linkerd< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://medium.com/attest-engineering/linkerd-a-service-mesh-for-aws-ecs-937f201f847a" target = "_blank" > linkerd: A service mesh for AWS ECS< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://istio.io/blog/istio-service-mesh-for-microservices.html" target = "_blank" > Introducing Istio: A robust service mesh for microservices< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://blog.christianposta.com/microservices/application-network-functions-with-esbs-api-management-and-now-service-mesh/" target = "_blank" > Application Network Functions With ESBs, API Management, and Now.. Service Mesh?< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://philcalcado.com/2017/08/03/pattern_service_mesh.html" target = "_blank" > Pattern: Service Mesh< / a > < / p >
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< p > < a href = "https://istio.doczh.cn/" target = "_blank" > Istio官 方 文 档 中 文 版 < / a > < / p >
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