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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< / li >
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装istio
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5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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5.3 Serverless架构
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6. 开发指南
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6.1 开发环境搭建
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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7. 附录
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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7.4 kubernetes service中的故障排查
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< h1 id = "kubernetes测试" > Kubernetes测 试 < / h1 >
< h2 id = "单元测试" > 单 元 测 试 < / h2 >
< p > 单 元 测 试 仅 依 赖 于 源 代 码 ， 是 测 试 代 码 逻 辑 是 否 符 合 预 期 的 最 简 单 方 法 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 运 行 所 有 的 单 元 测 试 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code > make test
< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 仅 测 试 指 定 的 package< / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # 单 个 package< / span >
make < span class = "hljs-built_in" > test< / span > WHAT=./pkg/api
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 多 个 packages< / span >
make < span class = "hljs-built_in" > test< / span > WHAT=./pkg/{api,kubelet}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 或 者 ， 也 可 以 直 接 用 < code > go test< / code > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > go < span class = "hljs-built_in" > test< / span > -v k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 仅 测 试 指 定 package的 某 个 测 试 case< / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code > # Runs TestValidatePod in pkg/api/validation with the verbose flag set
make test WHAT=./pkg/api/validation KUBE_GOFLAGS=" -v" KUBE_TEST_ARGS=' -run ^TestValidatePod$'
# Runs tests that match the regex ValidatePod|ValidateConfigMap in pkg/api/validation
make test WHAT=./pkg/api/validation KUBE_GOFLAGS=" -v" KUBE_TEST_ARGS=" -run ValidatePod\|ValidateConfigMap$"
< / code > < / pre > < p > 或 者 直 接 用 < code > go test< / code > < / p >
< pre > < code > go test -v k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api/validation -run ^TestValidatePod$
< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 并 行 测 试 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 并 行 测 试 是 root out flakes的 一 种 有 效 方 法 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Have 2 workers run all tests 5 times each (10 total iterations).< / span >
make < span class = "hljs-built_in" > test< / span > PARALLEL=2 ITERATION=5
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 生 成 测 试 报 告 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code > make test KUBE_COVER=y
< / code > < / pre > < h2 id = "benchmark测试" > Benchmark测 试 < / h2 >
< pre > < code > go test ./pkg/apiserver -benchmem -run=XXX -bench=BenchmarkWatch
< / code > < / pre > < h2 id = "集成测试" > 集 成 测 试 < / h2 >
< p > Kubernetes集 成 测 试 需 要 安 装 etcd（ 只 要 按 照 即 可 ， 不 需 要 启 动 ） ， 比 如 < / p >
< pre > < code > hack/install-etcd.sh # Installs in ./third_party/etcd
echo export PATH=" \$PATH:$(pwd)/third_party/etcd" > > ~/.profile # Add to PATH
< / code > < / pre > < p > 集 成 测 试 会 在 需 要 的 时 候 自 动 启 动 etcd和 kubernetes服 务 ， 并 运 行 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/test/integration" target = "_blank" > test/integration< / a > 里 面 的 测 试 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 运 行 所 有 集 成 测 试 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > make < span class = "hljs-built_in" > test< / span > -integration < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Run all integration tests.< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 指 定 集 成 测 试 用 例 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Run integration test TestPodUpdateActiveDeadlineSeconds with the verbose flag set.< / span >
make < span class = "hljs-built_in" > test< / span > -integration KUBE_GOFLAGS=< span class = "hljs-string" > " -v" < / span > KUBE_TEST_ARGS=< span class = "hljs-string" > " -run ^TestPodUpdateActiveDeadlineSeconds$" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "end-to-end-e2e测试" > End to end (e2e)测 试 < / h2 >
< p > End to end (e2e) 测 试 模 拟 用 户 行 为 操 作 Kubernetes， 用 来 保 证 Kubernetes服 务 或 集 群 的 行 为 完 全 符 合 设 计 预 期 。 < / p >
< p > 在 开 启 e2e测 试 之 前 ， 需 要 先 编 译 测 试 文 件 ， 并 设 置 KUBERNETES_PROVIDER（ 默 认 为 gce） ： < / p >
< pre > < code > make WHAT=' test/e2e/e2e.test'
make ginkgo
export KUBERNETES_PROVIDER=local
< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 启 动 cluster， 测 试 ， 最 后 停 止 cluster< / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # build Kubernetes, up a cluster, run tests, and tear everything down< / span >
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --build --up --test --down
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 仅 测 试 指 定 的 用 例 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > go run hack/e2e.go -v -test --test_args=< span class = "hljs-string" > ' --ginkgo.focus=Kubectl\sclient\s\[k8s\.io\]\sKubectl\srolling\-update\sshould\ssupport\srolling\-update\sto\ssame\simage\s\[Conformance\]$' < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 略 过 测 试 用 例 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --test --test_args=< span class = "hljs-string" > " --ginkgo.skip=Pods.*env
< / span > < / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 并 行 测 试 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # Run tests in parallel, skip any that must be run serially< / span >
GINKGO_PARALLEL=y go run hack/e2e.go --v --test --test_args=< span class = "hljs-string" > " --ginkgo.skip=\[Serial\]" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # Run tests in parallel, skip any that must be run serially and keep the test namespace if test failed< / span >
GINKGO_PARALLEL=y go run hack/e2e.go --v --test --test_args=< span class = "hljs-string" > " --ginkgo.skip=\[Serial\] --delete-namespace-on-failure=false" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 清 理 测 试 < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --down
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 有 用 的 < code > -ctl< / code > < / strong > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # -ctl can be used to quickly call kubectl against your e2e cluster. Useful for< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # cleaning up after a failed test or viewing logs. Use -v to avoid suppressing< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # kubectl output.< / span >
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v -ctl=< span class = "hljs-string" > ' get events' < / span >
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v -ctl=< span class = "hljs-string" > ' delete pod foobar' < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "fedaration-e2e测试" > Fedaration e2e测 试 < / h2 >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > < span class = "hljs-built_in" > export< / span > FEDERATION=< span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span >
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > export< / span > E2E_ZONES=< span class = "hljs-string" > " us-central1-a us-central1-b us-central1-f" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # or export FEDERATION_PUSH_REPO_BASE=" quay.io/colin_hom" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > export< / span > FEDERATION_PUSH_REPO_BASE=< span class = "hljs-string" > " gcr.io/< span class = "hljs-variable" > ${GCE_PROJECT_NAME}< / span > " < / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # build container images< / span >
KUBE_RELEASE_RUN_TESTS=n KUBE_FASTBUILD=< span class = "hljs-literal" > true< / span > go run hack/e2e.go -- -v -build
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # push the federation container images< / span >
build/push-federation-images.sh
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # Deploy federation control plane< / span >
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --up
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # Finally, run the tests< / span >
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --test --test_args=< span class = "hljs-string" > " --ginkgo.focus=\[Feature:Federation\]" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # Don' t forget to teardown everything down< / span >
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --down
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 可 以 用 < code > cluster/log-dump.sh < directory> < / code > 方 便 的 下 载 相 关 日 志 ， 帮 助 排 查 测 试 中 碰 到 的 问 题 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "node-e2e测试" > Node e2e测 试 < / h2 >
< p > Node e2e仅 测 试 Kubelet的 相 关 功 能 ， 可 以 在 本 地 或 者 集 群 中 测 试 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > < span class = "hljs-built_in" > export< / span > KUBERNETES_PROVIDER=< span class = "hljs-built_in" > local< / span >
make < span class = "hljs-built_in" > test< / span > < span class = "hljs-_" > -e< / span > 2e-node FOCUS=< span class = "hljs-string" > " InitContainer" < / span >
make < span class = "hljs-built_in" > test< / span > _e2e_node TEST_ARGS=< span class = "hljs-string" > " --experimental-cgroups-per-qos=true" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "补充说明" > 补 充 说 明 < / h2 >
< p > 借 助 kubectl的 模 版 可 以 方 便 获 取 想 要 的 数 据 ， 比 如 查 询 某 个 container的 镜 像 的 方 法 为 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-sh" > kubectl get pods nginx-4263166205-ggst4 -o template < span class = "hljs-string" > ' --template={{if (exists . " status" " containerStatuses" )}}{{range .status.containerStatuses}}{{if eq .name " nginx" }}{{.image}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}' < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "参考文档" > 参 考 文 档 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/testing.md" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes testing< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/e2e-tests.md" target = "_blank" > End-to-End Testing< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/e2e-node-tests.md" target = "_blank" > Node e2e test< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/writing-good-e2e-tests.md" target = "_blank" > How to write e2e test< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/coding-conventions.md#testing-conventions" target = "_blank" > Coding Conventions< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
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