# Kubernetes 101 体验Kubernetes最简单的方法是跑一个nginx容器,然后使用kubectl操作该容器。Kubernetes提供了一个类似于`docker run`的命令`kubectl run`,可以方便的创建一个容器(实际上创建的是一个由deployment来管理的Pod): ```sh $ kubectl run --image=nginx nginx-app --port=80 deployment "nginx-app" created $ kubectl get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i 1/1 Running 0 52s ``` 等到容器变成Running后,就可以各种`kubectl`命令来操作它了,比如 - `kubectl get` - 类似于`docker ps`,查询资源列表 - `kubectl describe` - 类似于`docker inspect`,获取资源的详细信息 - `kubectl logs` - 类似于`docker logs`,获取容器的日志 - `kubectl exec` - 类似于`docker exec`,在容器内执行一个命令 ```sh $ kubectl get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i 1/1 Running 0 6m $ kubectl exec nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i ps aux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1 0.0 0.5 31736 5108 ? Ss 00:19 0:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off; nginx 5 0.0 0.2 32124 2844 ? S 00:19 0:00 nginx: worker process root 18 0.0 0.2 17500 2112 ? Rs 00:25 0:00 ps aux $ kubectl describe pod nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i Name: nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i Namespace: default Node: boot2docker/192.168.64.12 Start Time: Tue, 06 Sep 2016 08:18:41 +0800 Labels: pod-template-hash=4028413181 run=nginx-app Status: Running IP: 172.17.0.3 Controllers: ReplicaSet/nginx-app-4028413181 Containers: nginx-app: Container ID: docker://4ef989b57d0a7638ad9c5bbc22e16d5ea5b459281c77074fc982eba50973107f Image: nginx Image ID: docker://sha256:4efb2fcdb1ab05fb03c9435234343c1cc65289eeb016be86193e88d3a5d84f6b Port: 80/TCP State: Running Started: Tue, 06 Sep 2016 08:19:30 +0800 Ready: True Restart Count: 0 Environment Variables: Conditions: Type Status Initialized True Ready True PodScheduled True Volumes: default-token-9o8ks: Type: Secret (a volume populated by a Secret) SecretName: default-token-9o8ks QoS Tier: BestEffort Events: FirstSeen LastSeen Count From SubobjectPath Type Reason Message --------- -------- ----- ---- ------------- -------- ------ ------- 8m 8m 1 {default-scheduler } Normal Scheduled Successfully assigned nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i to boot2docker 8m 8m 1 {kubelet boot2docker} spec.containers{nginx-app} Normal Pulling pulling image "nginx" 7m 7m 1 {kubelet boot2docker} spec.containers{nginx-app} Normal Pulled Successfully pulled image "nginx" 7m 7m 1 {kubelet boot2docker} spec.containers{nginx-app} Normal Created Created container with docker id 4ef989b57d0a 7m 7m 1 {kubelet boot2docker} spec.containers{nginx-app} Normal Started Started container with docker id 4ef989b57d0a $ kubectl logs nginx-app-4028413181-cnt1i 127.0.0.1 - - [06/Sep/2016:00:27:13 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0 " 200 612 "-" "-" "-" 127.0.0.1 - - [06/Sep/2016:00:27:15 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.0 " 200 612 "-" "-" "-" ``` ## 使用yaml定义Pod 上面是通过`kubectl run`来启动了第一个Pod,但是`kubectl run`并不能支持所有的功能。在Kubernetes中,更经常使用yaml文件来定义资源,并通过`kubectl create -f file.yaml`来创建资源。比如,一个简单的nginx Pod可以定义为: ```yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: nginx labels: app: nginx spec: containers: - name: nginx image: nginx ports: - containerPort: 80 ``` 前面提到,`kubectl run`并不是直接创建一个Pod,而是先创建一个Deployment资源(replicas=1),再由Deployment来自动创建Pod,这等价于这样一个配置: ```yaml apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1 kind: Deployment metadata: labels: run: nginx-app name: nginx-app namespace: default spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: run: nginx-app strategy: rollingUpdate: maxSurge: 1 maxUnavailable: 1 type: RollingUpdate template: metadata: labels: run: nginx-app spec: containers: - image: nginx name: nginx-app ports: - containerPort: 80 protocol: TCP dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst restartPolicy: Always ``` ## 使用Volume Pod的生命周期通常比较短,只要出现了异常,就会创建一个新的Pod来代替它。那容器产生的数据呢?容器内的数据会随着Pod消亡而自动消失。Volume就是为了持久化容器数据而生,比如可以为redis容器指定一个hostPath来存储redis数据: ```yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: redis spec: containers: - name: redis image: redis volumeMounts: - name: redis-persistent-storage mountPath: /data/redis volumes: - name: redis-persistent-storage hostPath: path: /data/ ``` Kubernetes volume支持非常多的插件,可以根据实际需要来选择: * emptyDir * hostPath * gcePersistentDisk * awsElasticBlockStore * nfs * iscsi * flocker * glusterfs * rbd * cephfs * gitRepo * secret * persistentVolumeClaim * downwardAPI * azureFileVolume * vsphereVolume ## 使用Service 前面虽然创建了Pod,但是在kubernetes中,Pod的IP地址会随着Pod的重启而变化,并不建议直接拿Pod的IP来交互。那如何来访问这些Pod提供的服务呢?使用Service。Service为一组Pod(通过labels来选择)提供一个统一的入口,并为它们提供负载均衡和自动服务发现。比如,可以为前面的`nginx-app`创建一个service: ```yaml $ kubectl expose deployment nginx-app --type=NodePort --port=80 --target-port=80 service "nginx-app" exposed $ kubectl describe service nginx-app Name: nginx-app Namespace: default Labels: run=nginx-app Selector: run=nginx-app Type: NodePort IP: 10.0.0.66 Port: 80/TCP NodePort: 30772/TCP Endpoints: 172.17.0.3:80 Session Affinity: None No events. ``` 这样,在cluster内部就可以通过`http://10.0.0.66`和`http://node-ip:30772`来访问nginx-app。而在cluster外面,只能通过`http://node-ip:30772`来访问。