# 创建 kubernetes 各组件 TLS 加密通信的证书和秘钥 `kubernetes` 系统的各组件需要使用 `TLS` 证书对通信进行加密,本文档使用 `CloudFlare` 的 PKI 工具集 [cfssl](https://github.com/cloudflare/cfssl) 来生成 Certificate Authority (CA) 和其它证书; **生成的 CA 证书和秘钥文件如下:** + ca-key.pem + ca.pem + kubernetes-key.pem + kubernetes.pem + kube-proxy.pem + kube-proxy-key.pem + admin.pem + admin-key.pem **使用证书的组件如下:** + etcd:使用 ca.pem、kubernetes-key.pem、kubernetes.pem; + kube-apiserver:使用 ca.pem、kubernetes-key.pem、kubernetes.pem; + kubelet:使用 ca.pem; + kube-proxy:使用 ca.pem、kube-proxy-key.pem、kube-proxy.pem; + kubectl:使用 ca.pem、admin-key.pem、admin.pem; `kube-controller`、`kube-scheduler` 当前需要和 `kube-apiserver` 部署在同一台机器上且使用非安全端口通信,故不需要证书。 ## 安装 `CFSSL` **方式一:直接使用二进制源码包安装** ``` bash $ wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64 $ chmod +x cfssl_linux-amd64 $ sudo mv cfssl_linux-amd64 /root/local/bin/cfssl $ wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64 $ chmod +x cfssljson_linux-amd64 $ sudo mv cfssljson_linux-amd64 /root/local/bin/cfssljson $ wget https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 $ chmod +x cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 $ sudo mv cfssl-certinfo_linux-amd64 /root/local/bin/cfssl-certinfo $ export PATH=/root/local/bin:$PATH ``` **方式二:使用go命令安装** 我们的系统中安装了Go1.7.5,使用以下命令安装更快捷: ``` $go get -u github.com/cloudflare/cfssl/cmd/... $echo $GOPATH /usr/local $ls /usr/local/bin/cfssl* cfssl cfssl-bundle cfssl-certinfo cfssljson cfssl-newkey cfssl-scan ``` 在`$GOPATH/bin`目录下得到以cfssl开头的几个命令。 注意:以下文章中出现的cat的文件名如果不存在需要手工创建。 ## 创建 CA (Certificate Authority) **创建 CA 配置文件** ``` bash $ mkdir /root/ssl $ cd /root/ssl $ cfssl print-defaults config > config.json $ cfssl print-defaults csr > csr.json $ cat ca-config.json { "signing": { "default": { "expiry": "87600h" }, "profiles": { "kubernetes": { "usages": [ "signing", "key encipherment", "server auth", "client auth" ], "expiry": "87600h" } } } } ``` 字段说明 + `ca-config.json`:可以定义多个 profiles,分别指定不同的过期时间、使用场景等参数;后续在签名证书时使用某个 profile; + `signing`:表示该证书可用于签名其它证书;生成的 ca.pem 证书中 `CA=TRUE`; + `server auth`:表示client可以用该 CA 对server提供的证书进行验证; + `client auth`:表示server可以用该CA对client提供的证书进行验证; **创建 CA 证书签名请求** ``` bash $ cat ca-csr.json { "CN": "kubernetes", "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "ST": "BeiJing", "L": "BeiJing", "O": "k8s", "OU": "System" } ] } ``` + "CN":`Common Name`,kube-apiserver 从证书中提取该字段作为请求的用户名 (User Name);浏览器使用该字段验证网站是否合法; + "O":`Organization`,kube-apiserver 从证书中提取该字段作为请求用户所属的组 (Group); **生成 CA 证书和私钥** ``` bash $ cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca $ ls ca* ca-config.json ca.csr ca-csr.json ca-key.pem ca.pem ``` ## 创建 kubernetes 证书 创建 kubernetes 证书签名请求 ``` bash $ cat kubernetes-csr.json { "CN": "kubernetes", "hosts": [ "127.0.0.1", "172.20.0.112", "172.20.0.113", "172.20.0.114", "172.20.0.115", "10.254.0.1", "kubernetes", "kubernetes.default", "kubernetes.default.svc", "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster", "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local" ], "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "ST": "BeiJing", "L": "BeiJing", "O": "k8s", "OU": "System" } ] } ``` + 如果 hosts 字段不为空则需要指定授权使用该证书的 **IP 或域名列表**,由于该证书后续被 `etcd` 集群和 `kubernetes master` 集群使用,所以上面分别指定了 `etcd` 集群、`kubernetes master` 集群的主机 IP 和 **`kubernetes` 服务的服务 IP**(一般是 `kue-apiserver` 指定的 `service-cluster-ip-range` 网段的第一个IP,如 10.254.0.1。 **生成 kubernetes 证书和私钥** ``` bash $ cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kubernetes-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kubernetes $ ls kubernetes* kubernetes.csr kubernetes-csr.json kubernetes-key.pem kubernetes.pem ``` 或者直接在命令行上指定相关参数: ``` bash $ echo '{"CN":"kubernetes","hosts":[""],"key":{"algo":"rsa","size":2048}}' | cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes -hostname="127.0.0.1,172.20.0.112,172.20.0.113,172.20.0.114,172.20.0.115,kubernetes,kubernetes.default" - | cfssljson -bare kubernetes ``` ## 创建 admin 证书 创建 admin 证书签名请求 ``` bash $ cat admin-csr.json { "CN": "admin", "hosts": [], "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "ST": "BeiJing", "L": "BeiJing", "O": "system:masters", "OU": "System" } ] } ``` + 后续 `kube-apiserver` 使用 `RBAC` 对客户端(如 `kubelet`、`kube-proxy`、`Pod`)请求进行授权; + `kube-apiserver` 预定义了一些 `RBAC` 使用的 `RoleBindings`,如 `cluster-admin` 将 Group `system:masters` 与 Role `cluster-admin` 绑定,该 Role 授予了调用`kube-apiserver` 的**所有 API**的权限; + OU 指定该证书的 Group 为 `system:masters`,`kubelet` 使用该证书访问 `kube-apiserver` 时 ,由于证书被 CA 签名,所以认证通过,同时由于证书用户组为经过预授权的 `system:masters`,所以被授予访问所有 API 的权限; 生成 admin 证书和私钥 ``` bash $ cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes admin-csr.json | cfssljson -bare admin $ ls admin* admin.csr admin-csr.json admin-key.pem admin.pem ``` ## 创建 kube-proxy 证书 创建 kube-proxy 证书签名请求 ``` bash $ cat kube-proxy-csr.json { "CN": "system:kube-proxy", "hosts": [], "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "ST": "BeiJing", "L": "BeiJing", "O": "k8s", "OU": "System" } ] } ``` + CN 指定该证书的 User 为 `system:kube-proxy`; + `kube-apiserver` 预定义的 RoleBinding `cluster-admin` 将User `system:kube-proxy` 与 Role `system:node-proxier` 绑定,该 Role 授予了调用 `kube-apiserver` Proxy 相关 API 的权限; 生成 kube-proxy 客户端证书和私钥 ``` bash $ cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes kube-proxy-csr.json | cfssljson -bare kube-proxy $ ls kube-proxy* kube-proxy.csr kube-proxy-csr.json kube-proxy-key.pem kube-proxy.pem ``` ## 校验证书 以 kubernetes 证书为例 ### 使用 `opsnssl` 命令 ``` bash $ openssl x509 -noout -text -in kubernetes.pem ... Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption Issuer: C=CN, ST=BeiJing, L=BeiJing, O=k8s, OU=System, CN=Kubernetes Validity Not Before: Apr 5 05:36:00 2017 GMT Not After : Apr 5 05:36:00 2018 GMT Subject: C=CN, ST=BeiJing, L=BeiJing, O=k8s, OU=System, CN=kubernetes ... X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Key Usage: critical Digital Signature, Key Encipherment X509v3 Extended Key Usage: TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical CA:FALSE X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: DD:52:04:43:10:13:A9:29:24:17:3A:0E:D7:14:DB:36:F8:6C:E0:E0 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:44:04:3B:60:BD:69:78:14:68:AF:A0:41:13:F6:17:07:13:63:58:CD X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: DNS:kubernetes, DNS:kubernetes.default, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local, IP Address:127.0.0.1, IP Address:172.20.0.112, IP Address:172.20.0.113, IP Address:172.20.0.114, IP Address:172.20.0.115, IP Address:10.254.0.1 ... ``` + 确认 `Issuer` 字段的内容和 `ca-csr.json` 一致; + 确认 `Subject` 字段的内容和 `kubernetes-csr.json` 一致; + 确认 `X509v3 Subject Alternative Name` 字段的内容和 `kubernetes-csr.json` 一致; + 确认 `X509v3 Key Usage、Extended Key Usage` 字段的内容和 `ca-config.json` 中 `kubernetes` profile 一致; ### 使用 `cfssl-certinfo` 命令 ``` bash $ cfssl-certinfo -cert kubernetes.pem ... { "subject": { "common_name": "kubernetes", "country": "CN", "organization": "k8s", "organizational_unit": "System", "locality": "BeiJing", "province": "BeiJing", "names": [ "CN", "BeiJing", "BeiJing", "k8s", "System", "kubernetes" ] }, "issuer": { "common_name": "Kubernetes", "country": "CN", "organization": "k8s", "organizational_unit": "System", "locality": "BeiJing", "province": "BeiJing", "names": [ "CN", "BeiJing", "BeiJing", "k8s", "System", "Kubernetes" ] }, "serial_number": "174360492872423263473151971632292895707129022309", "sans": [ "kubernetes", "kubernetes.default", "kubernetes.default.svc", "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster", "kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local", "127.0.0.1", "10.64.3.7", "10.254.0.1" ], "not_before": "2017-04-05T05:36:00Z", "not_after": "2018-04-05T05:36:00Z", "sigalg": "SHA256WithRSA", ... ``` ## 分发证书 将生成的证书和秘钥文件(后缀名为`.pem`)拷贝到所有机器的 `/etc/kubernetes/ssl` 目录下备用; ``` bash $ sudo mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/ssl $ sudo cp *.pem /etc/kubernetes/ssl ``` ## 参考 + [Generate self-signed certificates](https://coreos.com/os/docs/latest/generate-self-signed-certificates.html) + [Setting up a Certificate Authority and Creating TLS Certificates](https://github.com/kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way/blob/master/docs/02-certificate-authority.md) + [Client Certificates V/s Server Certificates](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/kaushal/2012/02/17/client-certificates-vs-server-certificates/) + [数字证书及 CA 的扫盲介绍](http://blog.jobbole.com/104919/)