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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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<a href="storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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4.5 服务编排管理
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4.5.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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4.5.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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4.6 持续集成与发布
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4.6.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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4.6.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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</ul>
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4.7 更新与升级
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4.7.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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4.7.2 升级dashboard
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.1.1" data-path="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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<a href="../usecases/service-mesh.html">
5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2.1" data-path="../usecases/istio.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio.html">
5.1.1 Istio
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2.1.1" data-path="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
5.1.1.1 安装istio
</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2.1.2" data-path="../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html">
<a href="../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html">
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<a href="../usecases/linkerd.html">
5.1.2 Linkerd
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2.2.1" data-path="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
<a href="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.3.1" data-path="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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<a href="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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5.3 Serverless架构
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<a href="../usecases/edge-computing.html">
5.4 边缘计算
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6. 开发指南
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<a href="../develop/developing-environment.html">
6.1 开发环境搭建
</a>
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6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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6.3 client-go示例
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6.4 社区贡献
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<a href="../develop/minikube.html">
6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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<a href="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
7.1 Docker最佳实践
</a>
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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<a href="../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html">
7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.5" data-path="../appendix/material-share.html">
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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<a href=".." >4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据</a>
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<h1 id="&#x4F7F;&#x7528;heapster&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;metric&#x6570;&#x636E;">&#x4F7F;&#x7528;Heapster&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;metric&#x6570;&#x636E;</h1>
<p>Heapster&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;kubernetes&#x5B89;&#x88C5;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x4E2D;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x5B89;&#x88C5;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x63D2;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x89C1;<a href="practice/heapster-addon-installation.md">&#x5B89;&#x88C5;heapster&#x63D2;&#x4EF6;</a>&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x76D1;&#x63A7;&#x5341;&#x5206;&#x6709;&#x7528;&#xFF0C;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x5728;<a href="../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">Horizontal Pod Autoscaling</a>&#x4E2D;&#x4E5F;&#x7528;&#x5230;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;HPA&#x5C06;Heapster&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;<code>Resource Metrics API</code>&#xFF0C;&#x5411;&#x5176;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;metric&#xFF0C;&#x505A;&#x6CD5;&#x662F;&#x5728;<code>kube-controller-manager</code> &#x4E2D;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;<code>--api-server</code>&#x6307;&#x5411;<a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kube-aggregator" target="_blank">kube-aggregator</a>&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;heapster&#x6765;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5728;&#x542F;&#x52A8;heapster&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;<code>--api-server=true</code>&#x3002;</p>
<p>Heapster&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6536;&#x96C6;Node&#x8282;&#x70B9;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;cAdvisor&#x6570;&#x636E;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6309;&#x7167;kubernetes&#x7684;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x6765;&#x96C6;&#x5408;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;Pod&#x3001;Namespace&#x57DF;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5206;&#x522B;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;CPU&#x3001;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x3001;&#x7F51;&#x7EDC;&#x548C;&#x78C1;&#x76D8;&#x7684;metric&#x3002;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x7684;metric&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x805A;&#x5408;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x95F4;&#x9694;&#x662F;1&#x5206;&#x949F;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x67B6;&#x6784;">&#x67B6;&#x6784;</h2>
<p>&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x662F;Heapster&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x56FE;&#xFF1A;</p>
<figure id="fig1.5.3.8.1"><img src="../images/heapster-architecture.png" alt="Heapster&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x56FE;"><figcaption>&#x56FE;&#x7247; - Heapster&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x56FE;</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster" target="_blank">Heapser</a>&#x662F;&#x7528;Go&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x5F00;&#x53D1;Kubernetes&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x91C7;&#x96C6;&#x5DE5;&#x5177;&#xFF0C;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x540E;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x4EE5;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x4E8C;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5411;heapster&#x4F20;&#x9012;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x6765;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x91C7;&#x96C6;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x591A;&#x79CD;sink&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;Graphite&#x3001;influxDB&#x3001;OpenTSDB&#x3001;ElasticSearch&#x3001;Kafka&#x7B49;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6848;&#x4F8B;">&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6848;&#x4F8B;</h2>
<p>Heapster&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8D77;&#x6765;&#x5F88;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#xFF0C;&#x672C;&#x8EAB;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x4E8C;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x884C;&#x542F;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x653E;&#x5728;&#x5BB9;&#x5668;&#x91CC;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;kubernetes&#x63D2;&#x4EF6;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x662F;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x653E;&#x5728;&#x5BB9;&#x5668;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x89C1;<a href="heapster-addon-installation.html">&#x5B89;&#x88C5;heapster&#x63D2;&#x4EF6;</a>&#x3002;</p>
<h3 id="&#x8FD0;&#x884C;">&#x8FD0;&#x884C;</h3>
<p>&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x662F;heapster&#x7684;&#x542F;&#x52A8;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#xFF1A;</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><strong>Flag</strong></th>
<th><strong>Description</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>--allowed-users string</td>
<td>comma-separated list of allowed users</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--alsologtostderr</td>
<td>log to standard error as well as files</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--api-server</td>
<td>Enable API server for the Metrics API. If set, the Metrics API will be served on --insecure-port (internally) and --secure-port (externally).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--authentication-kubeconfig string</td>
<td>kubeconfig file pointing at the &apos;core&apos; kubernetes server with enough rights to create <a href="http://tokenaccessreviews.authentication.k8s.io" target="_blank">tokenaccessreviews.authentication.k8s.io</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--authentication-token-webhook-cache-ttl duration</td>
<td>The duration to cache responses from the webhook token authenticator. (default 10s)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--authorization-kubeconfig string</td>
<td>kubeconfig file pointing at the &apos;core&apos; kubernetes server with enough rights to create <a href="http://subjectaccessreviews.authorization.k8s.io" target="_blank">subjectaccessreviews.authorization.k8s.io</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl duration</td>
<td>The duration to cache &apos;authorized&apos; responses from the webhook authorizer. (default 10s)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl duration</td>
<td>The duration to cache &apos;unauthorized&apos; responses from the webhook authorizer. (default 10s)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--bind-address ip</td>
<td>The IP address on which to listen for the --secure-port port. The associated interface(s) must be reachable by the rest of the cluster, and by CLI/web clients. If blank, all interfaces will be used (0.0.0.0). (default 0.0.0.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--cert-dir string</td>
<td>The directory where the TLS certs are located (by default /var/run/kubernetes). If --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are provided, this flag will be ignored. (default &quot;/var/run/kubernetes&quot;)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--client-ca-file string</td>
<td>If set, any request presenting a client certificate signed by one of the authorities in the client-ca-file is authenticated with an identity corresponding to the CommonName of the client certificate.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--contention-profiling</td>
<td>Enable contention profiling. Requires --profiling to be set to work.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--disable-export</td>
<td>Disable exporting metrics in api/v1/metric-export</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--enable-swagger-ui</td>
<td>Enables swagger ui on the apiserver at /swagger-ui</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--heapster-port int</td>
<td>port used by the Heapster-specific APIs (default 8082)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--historical-source string</td>
<td>which source type to use for the historical API (should be exactly the same as one of the sink URIs), or empty to disable the historical API</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--label-seperator string</td>
<td>seperator used for joining labels (default &quot;,&quot;)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--listen-ip string</td>
<td>IP to listen on, defaults to all IPs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--log-backtrace-at traceLocation</td>
<td>when logging hits line file:N, emit a stack trace (default :0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--log-dir string</td>
<td>If non-empty, write log files in this directory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--log-flush-frequency duration</td>
<td>Maximum number of seconds between log flushes (default 5s)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--logtostderr</td>
<td>log to standard error instead of files (default true)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--max-procs int</td>
<td>max number of CPUs that can be used simultaneously. Less than 1 for default (number of cores)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--metric-resolution duration</td>
<td>The resolution at which heapster will retain metrics. (default 1m0s)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--profiling</td>
<td>Enable profiling via web interface host:port/debug/pprof/ (default true)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--requestheader-allowed-names stringSlice</td>
<td>List of client certificate common names to allow to provide usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers. If empty, any client certificate validated by the authorities in --requestheader-client-ca-file is allowed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--requestheader-client-ca-file string</td>
<td>Root certificate bundle to use to verify client certificates on incoming requests before trusting usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--requestheader-extra-headers-prefix stringSlice</td>
<td>List of request header prefixes to inspect. X-Remote-Extra- is suggested. (default [x-remote-extra-])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--requestheader-group-headers stringSlice</td>
<td>List of request headers to inspect for groups. X-Remote-Group is suggested. (default [x-remote-group])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--requestheader-username-headers stringSlice</td>
<td>List of request headers to inspect for usernames. X-Remote-User is common. (default [x-remote-user])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--secure-port int</td>
<td>The port on which to serve HTTPS with authentication and authorization. If 0, don&apos;t serve HTTPS at all. (default 6443)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--sink *flags.Uris</td>
<td>external sink(s) that receive data (default [])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--source *flags.Uris</td>
<td>source(s) to watch (default [])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--stderrthreshold severity</td>
<td>logs at or above this threshold go to stderr (default 2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--tls-ca-file string</td>
<td>If set, this certificate authority will used for secure access from Admission Controllers. This must be a valid PEM-encoded CA bundle. Altneratively, the certificate authority can be appended to the certificate provided by --tls-cert-file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--tls-cert string</td>
<td>file containing TLS certificate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--tls-cert-file string</td>
<td>File containing the default x509 Certificate for HTTPS. (CA cert, if any, concatenated after server cert). If HTTPS serving is enabled, and --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are not provided, a self-signed certificate and key are generated for the public address and saved to /var/run/kubernetes.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--tls-client-ca string</td>
<td>file containing TLS client CA for client cert validation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--tls-key string</td>
<td>file containing TLS key</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--tls-private-key-file string</td>
<td>File containing the default x509 private key matching --tls-cert-file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--tls-sni-cert-key namedCertKey</td>
<td>A pair of x509 certificate and private key file paths, optionally suffixed with a list of domain patterns which are fully qualified domain names, possibly with prefixed wildcard segments. If no domain patterns are provided, the names of the certificate are extracted. Non-wildcard matches trump over wildcard matches, explicit domain patterns trump over extracted names. For multiple key/certificate pairs, use the --tls-sni-cert-key multiple times. Examples: &quot;example.key,example.crt&quot; or &quot;*.foo.com,foo.com:foo.key,foo.crt&quot;. (default [])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--v Level</td>
<td>log level for V logs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--version</td>
<td>print version info and exit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>--vmodule moduleSpec</td>
<td>comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Version</strong></p>
<p>version: v1.4.0
commit: 546ab66f</p>
<h3 id="api&#x4F7F;&#x7528;">API&#x4F7F;&#x7528;</h3>
<p>Heapster&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;RESTful API&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x4EE5;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;<code>spark-cluster</code> namespace&#x7684;memory usage&#x4E3A;&#x4F8B;&#x8BB2;&#x89E3;Heapster API&#x7684;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>&#x6784;&#x9020;URL&#x5730;&#x5740;</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/api/v1/model/namespaces/spark-cluster/metrics/memory/usage?start=2017-10-16T09:14:00Z&amp;end=2017-10-16T09:16:00Z" target="_blank">https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/api/v1/model/namespaces/spark-cluster/metrics/memory/usage?start=2017-10-16T09:14:00Z&amp;end=2017-10-16T09:16:00Z</a></p>
<p><strong>&#x7ED3;&#x679C;</strong></p>
<p>&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x8BE5;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-json">{
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;metrics&quot;</span>: [
{
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;timestamp&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;2017-10-16T09:14:00Z&quot;</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;value&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-number">322592768</span>
},
{
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;timestamp&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;2017-10-16T09:15:00Z&quot;</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;value&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-number">322592768</span>
},
{
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;timestamp&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;2017-10-16T09:16:00Z&quot;</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;value&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-number">322592768</span>
}
],
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;latestTimestamp&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;2017-10-16T09:16:00Z&quot;</span>
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF1A;Heapster&#x4E2D;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x503C;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x4EE5;&#x6700;&#x5C0F;&#x5355;&#x4F4D;&#x4E3A;&#x5355;&#x4F4D;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;CPU&#x4E3A;1milicore&#xFF0C;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x4E3A;B&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#xFF1A;Heapster API&#x5730;&#x5740;</strong></p>
<p><code>https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster/</code></p>
<p>&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;:</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ kubectl cluster-info
Heapster is running at https://172.20.0.113:6443/api/v1/proxy/namespaces/kube-system/services/heapster
...
</code></pre>
<p><strong>&#x7B2C;&#x4E8C;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#xFF1A;Heapster API&#x53C2;&#x6570;</strong></p>
<p><code>/api/v1/model/namespaces/spark-cluster/metrics/memory/usage</code></p>
<p>&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x7684;&#x662F;<code>spark-cluster</code> namespace&#x4E2D;&#x7684;<code>memory/usage</code>&#x7684;metrics&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>&#x7B2C;&#x4E09;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#xFF1A;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x7247;</strong></p>
<p><code>?start=2017-10-16T09:14:00Z&amp;end=2017-10-16T09:16:00Z</code></p>
<p>&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x4E3A;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x7247;&#xFF1A;&#x5305;&#x62EC;start&#x548C;end&#x3002;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>RFC-3339</code>&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;Linux&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E2D;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ date --rfc-3339=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;seconds&quot;</span>
2017-10-16 17:23:20+08:00
</code></pre>
<p>&#x8BE5;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x7A7A;&#x683C;&#x66FF;&#x6362;&#x6210;T&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#x7684;<code>+08:00</code>&#x66FF;&#x6362;&#x6210;Z&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x65F6;&#x533A;&#x3002;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x53EA;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;start&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#xFF0C;end&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E3A;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x53C2;&#x8003;">&#x53C2;&#x8003;</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/metrics" target="_blank">kubernetes metrics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster/blob/master/docs/model.md" target="_blank">Heapster metric model</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/heapster/blob/master/docs/storage-schema.md" target="_blank">Heapster storage schema</a> </li>
</ul>
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