715 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
715 lines
20 KiB
Markdown
# 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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读完本文后您应该可以自己创建chart，并创建自己的私有chart仓库。
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[Helm](http://helm.sh)是一个kubernetes应用的包管理工具，用来管理[charts](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts)——预先配置好的安装包资源，有点类似于Ubuntu的APT和CentOS中的yum。
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Helm chart是用来封装kubernetes原生应用程序的yaml文件，可以在你部署应用的时候自定义应用程序的一些metadata，便与应用程序的分发。
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Helm和charts的主要作用：
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- 应用程序封装
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- 版本管理
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- 依赖检查
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- 便于应用程序分发
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## 安装Helm
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**前提要求**
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- Kubernetes1.5以上版本
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- 集群可访问到的镜像仓库
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- 执行helm命令的主机可以访问到kubernetes集群
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**安装步骤**
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首先需要安装helm客户端
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```bash
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curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/helm/master/scripts/get > get_helm.sh
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chmod 700 get_helm.sh
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./get_helm.sh
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```
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创建tiller的`serviceaccount`和`clusterrolebinding`
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```bash
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kubectl create serviceaccount --namespace kube-system tiller
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kubectl create clusterrolebinding tiller-cluster-rule --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=kube-system:tiller
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```
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然后安装helm服务端tiller
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```bash
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helm init -i jimmysong/kubernetes-helm-tiller:v2.8.1
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```
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（目前最新版v2.8.2，可以使用阿里云镜像，如：
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`helm init --upgrade -i registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/tiller:v2.8.2 --stable-repo-url https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts`）
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我们使用`-i`指定自己的镜像，因为官方的镜像因为某些原因无法拉取，官方镜像地址是：`gcr.io/kubernetes-helm/tiller:v2.8.1`，我在DockerHub上放了一个备份`jimmysong/kubernetes-helm-tiller:v2.8.1`，该镜像的版本与helm客户端的版本相同，使用`helm version`可查看helm客户端版本。
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为应用程序设置`serviceAccount`：
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```bash
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kubectl patch deploy --namespace kube-system tiller-deploy -p '{"spec":{"template":{"spec":{"serviceAccount":"tiller"}}}}'
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```
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检查是否安装成功：
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```bash
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$ kubectl -n kube-system get pods|grep tiller
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tiller-deploy-2372561459-f6p0z 1/1 Running 0 1h
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$ helm version
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Client: &version.Version{SemVer:"v2.3.1", GitCommit:"32562a3040bb5ca690339b9840b6f60f8ce25da4", GitTreeState:"clean"}
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Server: &version.Version{SemVer:"v2.3.1", GitCommit:"32562a3040bb5ca690339b9840b6f60f8ce25da4", GitTreeState:"clean"}
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```
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## 创建自己的chart
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我们创建一个名为`mychart`的chart，看一看chart的文件结构。
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```bash
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$ helm create mongodb
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$ tree mongodb
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mongodb
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├── Chart.yaml #Chart本身的版本和配置信息
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├── charts #依赖的chart
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├── templates #配置模板目录
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│ ├── NOTES.txt #helm提示信息
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│ ├── _helpers.tpl #用于修改kubernetes objcet配置的模板
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│ ├── deployment.yaml #kubernetes Deployment object
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│ └── service.yaml #kubernetes Serivce
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└── values.yaml #kubernetes object configuration
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2 directories, 6 files
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```
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### 模板
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`Templates`目录下是yaml文件的模板，遵循[Go template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/)语法。使用过[Hugo](https://gohugo.io)的静态网站生成工具的人应该对此很熟悉。
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我们查看下`deployment.yaml`文件的内容。
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```yaml
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: {{ template "fullname" . }}
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labels:
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chart: "{{ .Chart.Name }}-{{ .Chart.Version | replace "+" "_" }}"
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spec:
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replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }}
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: {{ template "fullname" . }}
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: {{ .Chart.Name }}
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image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag }}"
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imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }}
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ports:
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- containerPort: {{ .Values.service.internalPort }}
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livenessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /
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port: {{ .Values.service.internalPort }}
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readinessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /
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port: {{ .Values.service.internalPort }}
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resources:
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{{ toyaml .Values.resources | indent 12 }}
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```
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这是该应用的Deployment的yaml配置文件，其中的双大括号包扩起来的部分是Go template，其中的Values是在`values.yaml`文件中定义的：
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```yaml
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# Default values for mychart.
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# This is a yaml-formatted file.
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# Declare variables to be passed into your templates.
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replicaCount: 1
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image:
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repository: nginx
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tag: stable
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pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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service:
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name: nginx
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type: ClusterIP
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externalPort: 80
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internalPort: 80
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resources:
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limits:
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cpu: 100m
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memory: 128Mi
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requests:
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cpu: 100m
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memory: 128Mi
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```
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比如在`Deployment.yaml`中定义的容器镜像`image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag }}"`其中的：
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- `.Values.image.repository`就是nginx
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- `.Values.image.tag`就是stable
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以上两个变量值是在create chart的时候自动生成的默认值。
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我们将默认的镜像地址和tag改成我们自己的镜像`harbor-001.jimmysong.io/library/nginx:1.9`。
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### 检查配置和模板是否有效
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当使用kubernetes部署应用的时候实际上讲templates渲染成最终的kubernetes能够识别的yaml格式。
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使用`helm install --dry-run --debug <chart_dir>`命令来验证chart配置。该输出中包含了模板的变量配置与最终渲染的yaml文件。
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```bash
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$ helm install --dry-run --debug mychart
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Created tunnel using local port: '58406'
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SERVER: "localhost:58406"
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CHART PATH: /Users/jimmy/Workspace/github/bitnami/charts/incubator/mean/charts/mychart
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NAME: filled-seahorse
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REVISION: 1
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RELEASED: Tue Oct 24 18:57:13 2017
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CHART: mychart-0.1.0
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USER-SUPPLIED VALUES:
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{}
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COMPUTED VALUES:
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image:
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pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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repository: harbor-001.jimmysong.io/library/nginx
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tag: 1.9
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replicaCount: 1
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resources:
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limits:
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cpu: 100m
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memory: 128Mi
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requests:
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cpu: 100m
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memory: 128Mi
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service:
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externalPort: 80
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internalPort: 80
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name: nginx
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type: ClusterIP
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HOOKS:
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MANIFEST:
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---
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# Source: mychart/templates/service.yaml
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Service
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metadata:
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name: filled-seahorse-mychart
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labels:
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chart: "mychart-0.1.0"
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spec:
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type: ClusterIP
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ports:
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- port: 80
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targetPort: 80
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protocol: TCP
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name: nginx
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selector:
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app: filled-seahorse-mychart
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---
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# Source: mychart/templates/deployment.yaml
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apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
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kind: Deployment
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metadata:
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name: filled-seahorse-mychart
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labels:
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chart: "mychart-0.1.0"
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spec:
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replicas: 1
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template:
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metadata:
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labels:
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app: filled-seahorse-mychart
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spec:
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containers:
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- name: mychart
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image: "harbor-001.jimmysong.io/library/nginx:1.9"
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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ports:
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- containerPort: 80
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livenessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /
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port: 80
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readinessProbe:
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httpGet:
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path: /
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port: 80
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resources:
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limits:
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cpu: 100m
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memory: 128Mi
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requests:
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cpu: 100m
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memory: 128Mi
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```
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我们可以看到Deployment和Service的名字前半截由两个随机的单词组成，最后才是我们在`values.yaml`中配置的值。
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### 部署到kubernetes
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在`mychart`目录下执行下面的命令将nginx部署到kubernetes集群上。
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```bash
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helm install .
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NAME: eating-hound
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LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Oct 25 14:58:15 2017
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NAMESPACE: default
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STATUS: DEPLOYED
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RESOURCES:
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==> v1/Service
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NAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
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eating-hound-mychart 10.254.135.68 <none> 80/TCP 0s
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==> extensions/v1beta1/Deployment
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NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
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eating-hound-mychart 1 1 1 0 0s
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NOTES:
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1. Get the application URL by running these commands:
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export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace default -l "app=eating-hound-mychart" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
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echo "Visit http://127.0.0.1:8080 to use your application"
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kubectl port-forward $POD_NAME 8080:80
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```
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现在nginx已经部署到kubernetes集群上，本地执行提示中的命令在本地主机上访问到nginx实例。
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```bash
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export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace default -l "app=eating-hound-mychart" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
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echo "Visit http://127.0.0.1:8080 to use your application"
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kubectl port-forward $POD_NAME 8080:80
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```
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在本地访问`http://127.0.0.1:8080`即可访问到nginx。
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**查看部署的relaese**
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```bash
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$ helm list
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NAME REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART NAMESPACE
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eating-hound 1 Wed Oct 25 14:58:15 2017 DEPLOYED mychart-0.1.0 default
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```
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**删除部署的release**
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```bash
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$ helm delete eating-hound
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release "eating-hound" deleted
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```
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### 打包分享
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我们可以修改`Chart.yaml`中的helm chart配置信息，然后使用下列命令将chart打包成一个压缩文件。
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```bash
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helm package .
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```
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打包出`mychart-0.1.0.tgz`文件。
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### 依赖
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我们可以在`requirements.yaml`中定义应用所依赖的chart，例如定义对`mariadb`的依赖：
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```yaml
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dependencies:
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- name: mariadb
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version: 0.6.0
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repository: https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com
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```
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使用`helm lint . `命令可以检查依赖和模板配置是否正确。
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### 安装源
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使用第三方chat库
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- 添加fabric8库
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```bash
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$ helm repo add fabric8 https://fabric8.io/helm
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```
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- 搜索fabric8提供的工具（主要就是fabric8-platform工具包，包含了CI、CD的全套工具）
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```bash
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$ helm search fabric8
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```
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我们在前面安装chart可以通过HTTP server的方式提供。
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```bash
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$ helm serve
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Regenerating index. This may take a moment.
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Now serving you on 127.0.0.1:8879
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```
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访问`http://localhost:8879`可以看到刚刚安装的chart。
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点击链接即可以下载chart的压缩包。
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## 注意事项
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下面列举一些常见问题，和在解决这些问题时候的注意事项。
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### 服务依赖管理
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所有使用helm部署的应用中如果没有特别指定chart的名字都会生成一个随机的`Release name`，例如`romping-frog`、`sexy-newton`等，跟启动docker容器时候容器名字的命名规则相同，而真正的资源对象的名字是在YAML文件中定义的名字，我们成为`App name`，两者连接起来才是资源对象的实际名字：`Release name`-`App name`。
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而使用helm chart部署的包含依赖关系的应用，都会使用同一套`Release name`，在配置YAML文件的时候一定要注意在做服务发现时需要配置的服务地址，如果使用环境变量的话，需要像下面这样配置。
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```yaml
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env:
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- name: SERVICE_NAME
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value: "{{ .Release.Name }}-{{ .Values.image.env.SERVICE_NAME }}"
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```
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这是使用了Go template的语法。至于`{{ .Values.image.env.SERVICE_NAME }}`的值是从`values.yaml`文件中获取的，所以需要在`values.yaml`中增加如下配置：
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```yaml
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image:
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env:
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SERVICE_NAME: k8s-app-monitor-test
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```
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### 解决本地chart依赖
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在本地当前chart配置的目录下启动helm server，我们不指定任何参数，直接使用默认端口启动。
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```bash
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helm serve
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```
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将该repo加入到repo list中。
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```bash
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helm repo add local http://localhost:8879
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```
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在浏览器中访问<http://localhost:8879>可以看到所有本地的chart。
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然后下载依赖到本地。
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```bash
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helm dependency update
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```
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这样所有的chart都会下载到本地的`charts`目录下。
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### 设置helm命令自动补全
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为了方便helm命令的使用，helm提供了自动补全功能，如果使用zsh请执行：
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```bash
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source <(helm completion zsh)
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```
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如果使用bash请执行：
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```bash
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source <(helm completion bash)
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```
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## 部署MEAN测试案例
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MEAN是用来构建网站和web应用的免费开源的JavaScript软件栈，该软件栈包括MongoDB、Express.js、Angular和Node.js。
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**下载charts**
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```bash
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$ git clone https://github.com/bitnami/charts.git
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$ cd charts/incubator/mean
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$ helm dep list
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NAME VERSION REPOSITORY STATUS
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mongodb 0.4.x https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com/ missing
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```
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缺少mongodb的依赖，需要更新一下chart。
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**注**：`https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com/`是Google维护的chart库，访问该地址可以看到所有的chart列表。
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```bash
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$ helm dep update
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Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
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...Unable to get an update from the "local" chart repository (http://127.0.0.1:8879/charts):
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Get http://127.0.0.1:8879/charts/index.yaml: dial tcp 127.0.0.1:8879: getsockopt: connection refused
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...Successfully got an update from the "stable" chart repository
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Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
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Saving 1 charts
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Downloading mongodb from repo https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com/
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```
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所有的image都在 `values.yaml` 文件中配置。
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下载缺失的chart。
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```bash
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$ helm dep build
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Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
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...Unable to get an update from the "local" chart repository (http://127.0.0.1:8879/charts):
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Get http://127.0.0.1:8879/charts/index.yaml: dial tcp 127.0.0.1:8879: getsockopt: connection refused
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...Successfully got an update from the "stable" chart repository
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Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
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Saving 1 charts
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Downloading mongodb from repo https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com/
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```
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**修改mongodb chart配置**
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将刚才下载的`charts/mongodb-0.4.17.tgz`给解压后，修改其中的配置：
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- 将`persistence`下的`enabled`设置为false
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- 将image修改为我们的私有镜像：harbor-001.jimmysong.io/library/bitnami-mongodb:3.4.9-r1
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执行`helm install --dry-run --debug .`确定模板无误。
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将修改后的mongodb chart打包，在mongodb的目录下执行：
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```bash
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helm package .
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```
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现在再访问前面启动的helm server `http://localhost:8879`将可以在页面上看到mongodb-0.4.17这个chart。
|
||
|
||
我们对官方chart配置做了如下修改后推送到了自己的chart仓库：
|
||
|
||
- `requirements.yaml`和`requirements.lock`文件中的`repository`为`http://localhost:8879`
|
||
- 将`values.yaml`中的`storageClass`设置为`null`
|
||
- 将`values.yaml`中的`Image`都改为私有镜像
|
||
- `repositroy`都设置为`http://localhost:8879`
|
||
|
||
**注**：因为我们没有使用PVC所以将所有的关于持久化存储的配置都设置为false了。
|
||
|
||
**部署MEAN**
|
||
|
||
在`mean`目录下执行：
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
helm install .
|
||
NAME: orbiting-platypus
|
||
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Oct 25 16:21:48 2017
|
||
NAMESPACE: default
|
||
STATUS: DEPLOYED
|
||
|
||
RESOURCES:
|
||
==> v1/Secret
|
||
NAME TYPE DATA AGE
|
||
orbiting-platypus-mongodb Opaque 2 2s
|
||
|
||
==> v1/ConfigMap
|
||
NAME DATA AGE
|
||
orbiting-platypus-mean 1 2s
|
||
|
||
==> v1/Service
|
||
NAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
|
||
orbiting-platypus-mongodb 10.254.144.208 <none> 27017/TCP 2s
|
||
orbiting-platypus-mean 10.254.165.23 <none> 80/TCP 2s
|
||
|
||
==> extensions/v1beta1/Deployment
|
||
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
|
||
orbiting-platypus-mean 1 1 1 0 2s
|
||
orbiting-platypus-mongodb 1 1 1 0 2s
|
||
|
||
|
||
NOTES:
|
||
|
||
Get the URL of your Node app by running:
|
||
|
||
export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace default -l "app=orbiting-platypus-mean" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
|
||
echo http://127.0.0.1:8080/
|
||
kubectl port-forward $POD_NAME 8080:80
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
这样MEAN软件栈就部署到你的kuberentes集群里面了（默认是在default namespace下）。
|
||
|
||
**验证检查**
|
||
|
||
为了验证MEAN是否安装成功过，可以使用`kubectl get pods`查看pod是否启动完成，会先启动mongodb的pod，然后启动MEAN中的4步init。
|
||
|
||
**访问Web UI**
|
||
|
||
在Ingress中增加如下配置：
|
||
|
||
```yaml
|
||
- host: mean.jimmysong.io
|
||
http:
|
||
paths:
|
||
- backend:
|
||
serviceName: orbiting-platypus-mean
|
||
servicePort: 80
|
||
path: /
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
然后在页面中更新ingress:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
kubectl repalce -f ingress.yaml
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
关于Ingress配置请参考：[边缘节点配置](../practice/edge-node-configuration.md)
|
||
|
||
然后在本地的`/etc/hosts`文件中增加一条配置：
|
||
|
||
```Ini
|
||
172.20.0.119 mean.jimmysong.io
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**注**：172.20.0.119即边缘节点的VIP。
|
||
|
||
因为该页面需要加载google的angularjs、还有两个css在国内无法访问，可以使用curl测试：
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
curl mean.jimmysong.io
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
将会返回HTML内容：
|
||
|
||
```html
|
||
<!doctype html>
|
||
|
||
<!-- ASSIGN OUR ANGULAR MODULE -->
|
||
<html ng-app="scotchTodo">
|
||
|
||
<head>
|
||
<!-- META -->
|
||
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||
<!-- Optimize mobile viewport -->
|
||
|
||
<title>Node/Angular Todo App</title>
|
||
|
||
<!-- SCROLLS -->
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css">
|
||
<!-- load bootstrap -->
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.min.css">
|
||
<style>
|
||
html {
|
||
overflow-y: scroll;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
body {
|
||
padding-top: 50px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#todo-list {
|
||
margin-bottom: 30px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#todo-form {
|
||
margin-bottom: 50px;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<!-- SPELLS -->
|
||
<script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.16/angular.min.js"></script>
|
||
<!-- load angular -->
|
||
|
||
<script src="js/controllers/main.js"></script>
|
||
<!-- load up our controller -->
|
||
<script src="js/services/todos.js"></script>
|
||
<!-- load our todo service -->
|
||
<script src="js/core.js"></script>
|
||
<!-- load our main application -->
|
||
|
||
</head>
|
||
<!-- SET THE CONTROLLER -->
|
||
|
||
<body ng-controller="mainController">
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
|
||
<!-- HEADER AND TODO COUNT -->
|
||
<div class="jumbotron text-center">
|
||
<h1>I'm a Todo-aholic <span class="label label-info">{{ todos.length }}</span></h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- TODO LIST -->
|
||
<div id="todo-list" class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-sm-4 col-sm-offset-4">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- LOOP OVER THE TODOS IN $scope.todos -->
|
||
<div class="checkbox" ng-repeat="todo in todos">
|
||
<label>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" ng-click="deleteTodo(todo._id)"> {{ todo.text }}
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p class="text-center" ng-show="loading">
|
||
<span class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin fa-3x"></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- FORM TO CREATE TODOS -->
|
||
<div id="todo-form" class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-sm-8 col-sm-offset-2 text-center">
|
||
<form>
|
||
<div class="form-group">
|
||
|
||
<!-- BIND THIS VALUE TO formData.text IN ANGULAR -->
|
||
<input type="text" class="form-control input-lg text-center" placeholder="I want to buy a puppy that will love me forever" ng-model="formData.text">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!-- createToDo() WILL CREATE NEW TODOS -->
|
||
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" ng-click="createTodo()">Add</button>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="text-center text-muted">
|
||
<p>A demo by <a href="http://scotch.io">Scotch</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Read the <a href="http://scotch.io/tutorials/javascript/creating-a-single-page-todo-app-with-node-and-angular">tutorial</a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
|
||
</html>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
访问 http://mean.jimmysong.io 可以看到如下界面，我在其中添加几条todo：
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
**注**：Todo中的文字来自*What does the fox say？*
|
||
|
||
测试完成后可以使用下面的命令将mean chart推送的本地chart仓库中。
|
||
|
||
在mean目录下执行：
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
helm package .
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
再次刷新`http://localhost:8879`将可以看到如下三个chart：
|
||
|
||
- mean
|
||
- mean-0.1.3
|
||
- mongodb
|
||
- mongodb-0.4.17
|
||
- mychart
|
||
- mychart-0.1.0
|
||
|
||
## 参考
|
||
|
||
- [Deploy, Scale And Upgrade An Application On Kubernetes With Helm](https://docs.bitnami.com/kubernetes/how-to/deploy-application-kubernetes-helm/)
|
||
- [Helm charts](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/charts.md)
|
||
- [Go template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/)
|
||
- [How To Create Your First Helm Chart](https://docs.bitnami.com/kubernetes/how-to/create-your-first-helm-chart/)
|
||
- [Speed deployment on Kubernetes with Helm Chart – Quick yaml example from scratch](https://www.ibm.com/blogs/bluemix/2017/10/quick-example-helm-chart-for-kubernetes/)
|