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<title>单元测试和集成测试 · Kubernetes Handbook - jimmysong.io</title>
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<a href="https://jimmysong.io" target="_blank" class="custom-link">Jimmy Song</a>
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<li class="header">前言</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../">
<a href="../">
<b>1.1.</b>
序言
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<li class="header">云原生</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../cloud-native/play-with-kubernetes.html">
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<b>2.1.</b>
Play with Kubernetes
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.2" data-path="../cloud-native/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html">
<b>2.2.</b>
Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.3" data-path="../cloud-native/from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html">
<b>2.3.</b>
云原生应用之路——从Kubernetes到Cloud Native
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">概念与原理</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../concepts/">
<a href="../concepts/">
<b>3.1.</b>
Kubernetes架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1" data-path="../concepts/concepts.html">
<a href="../concepts/concepts.html">
<b>3.1.1.</b>
设计理念
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2" data-path="../concepts/etcd.html">
<a href="../concepts/etcd.html">
<b>3.1.2.</b>
Etcd解析
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.3" data-path="../concepts/open-interfaces.html">
<a href="../concepts/open-interfaces.html">
<b>3.1.3.</b>
开放接口
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.3.1" data-path="../concepts/cri.html">
<a href="../concepts/cri.html">
<b>3.1.3.1.</b>
CRI - Container Runtime Interface容器运行时接口
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.3.2" data-path="../concepts/cni.html">
<a href="../concepts/cni.html">
<b>3.1.3.2.</b>
CNI - Container Network Interface容器网络接口
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.3.3" data-path="../concepts/csi.html">
<a href="../concepts/csi.html">
<b>3.1.3.3.</b>
CSI - Container Storage Interface容器存储接口
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.4" data-path="../concepts/networking.html">
<a href="../concepts/networking.html">
<b>3.1.4.</b>
Kubernetes中的网络解析——以flannel为例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.5" data-path="../concepts/calico.html">
<a href="../concepts/calico.html">
<b>3.1.5.</b>
Kubernetes中的网络解析——以calico为例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6" data-path="../concepts/objects.html">
<a href="../concepts/objects.html">
<b>3.1.6.</b>
资源对象与基本概念解析
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.1" data-path="../concepts/pod-state-and-lifecycle.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-state-and-lifecycle.html">
<b>3.1.6.1.</b>
Pod状态与生命周期管理
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.2" data-path="../concepts/pod-overview.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-overview.html">
<b>3.1.6.2.</b>
Pod概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.3" data-path="../concepts/pod.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod.html">
<b>3.1.6.3.</b>
Pod解析
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.4" data-path="../concepts/init-containers.html">
<a href="../concepts/init-containers.html">
<b>3.1.6.4.</b>
Init容器
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.5" data-path="../concepts/pod-security-policy.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-security-policy.html">
<b>3.1.6.5.</b>
Pod安全策略
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.6" data-path="../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html">
<b>3.1.6.6.</b>
Pod的生命周期
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.7" data-path="../concepts/pod-hook.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-hook.html">
<b>3.1.6.7.</b>
Pod Hook
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.8" data-path="../concepts/pod-preset.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-preset.html">
<b>3.1.6.8.</b>
Pod Preset
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.6.9" data-path="../concepts/pod-disruption-budget.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-disruption-budget.html">
<b>3.1.6.9.</b>
Pod中断与PDBPod中断预算
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.7" data-path="../concepts/cluster.html">
<a href="../concepts/cluster.html">
<b>3.1.7.</b>
集群配置
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.7.1" data-path="../concepts/node.html">
<a href="../concepts/node.html">
<b>3.1.7.1.</b>
Node
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.7.2" data-path="../concepts/namespace.html">
<a href="../concepts/namespace.html">
<b>3.1.7.2.</b>
Namespace
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.7.3" data-path="../concepts/label.html">
<a href="../concepts/label.html">
<b>3.1.7.3.</b>
Label
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.7.4" data-path="../concepts/annotation.html">
<a href="../concepts/annotation.html">
<b>3.1.7.4.</b>
Annotation
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.7.5" data-path="../concepts/taint-and-toleration.html">
<a href="../concepts/taint-and-toleration.html">
<b>3.1.7.5.</b>
Taint和Toleration污点和容忍
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.7.6" data-path="../concepts/garbage-collection.html">
<a href="../concepts/garbage-collection.html">
<b>3.1.7.6.</b>
垃圾收集
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.8" data-path="../concepts/controllers.html">
<a href="../concepts/controllers.html">
<b>3.1.8.</b>
控制器
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.8.1" data-path="../concepts/deployment.html">
<a href="../concepts/deployment.html">
<b>3.1.8.1.</b>
Deployment
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.8.2" data-path="../concepts/statefulset.html">
<a href="../concepts/statefulset.html">
<b>3.1.8.2.</b>
StatefulSet
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.8.3" data-path="../concepts/daemonset.html">
<a href="../concepts/daemonset.html">
<b>3.1.8.3.</b>
DaemonSet
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.8.4" data-path="../concepts/replicaset.html">
<a href="../concepts/replicaset.html">
<b>3.1.8.4.</b>
ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.8.5" data-path="../concepts/job.html">
<a href="../concepts/job.html">
<b>3.1.8.5.</b>
Job
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.8.6" data-path="../concepts/cronjob.html">
<a href="../concepts/cronjob.html">
<b>3.1.8.6.</b>
CronJob
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.8.7" data-path="../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
<a href="../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
<b>3.1.8.7.</b>
Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.8.7.1" data-path="../concepts/custom-metrics-hpa.html">
<a href="../concepts/custom-metrics-hpa.html">
<b>3.1.8.7.1.</b>
自定义指标HPA
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.9" data-path="../concepts/service-discovery.html">
<a href="../concepts/service-discovery.html">
<b>3.1.9.</b>
服务发现
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.9.1" data-path="../concepts/service.html">
<a href="../concepts/service.html">
<b>3.1.9.1.</b>
Service
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.9.2" data-path="../concepts/ingress.html">
<a href="../concepts/ingress.html">
<b>3.1.9.2.</b>
Ingress
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.9.2.1" data-path="../concepts/traefik-ingress-controller.html">
<a href="../concepts/traefik-ingress-controller.html">
<b>3.1.9.2.1.</b>
Traefik Ingress Controller
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.10" data-path="../concepts/authentication-and-permission.html">
<a href="../concepts/authentication-and-permission.html">
<b>3.1.10.</b>
身份与权限控制
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.10.1" data-path="../concepts/serviceaccount.html">
<a href="../concepts/serviceaccount.html">
<b>3.1.10.1.</b>
ServiceAccount
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.10.2" data-path="../concepts/rbac.html">
<a href="../concepts/rbac.html">
<b>3.1.10.2.</b>
RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.10.3" data-path="../concepts/network-policy.html">
<a href="../concepts/network-policy.html">
<b>3.1.10.3.</b>
NetworkPolicy
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.11" data-path="../concepts/storage.html">
<a href="../concepts/storage.html">
<b>3.1.11.</b>
存储
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.11.1" data-path="../concepts/secret.html">
<a href="../concepts/secret.html">
<b>3.1.11.1.</b>
Secret
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.11.2" data-path="../concepts/configmap.html">
<a href="../concepts/configmap.html">
<b>3.1.11.2.</b>
ConfigMap
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.11.2.1" data-path="../concepts/configmap-hot-update.html">
<a href="../concepts/configmap-hot-update.html">
<b>3.1.11.2.1.</b>
ConfigMap的热更新
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.11.3" data-path="../concepts/volume.html">
<a href="../concepts/volume.html">
<b>3.1.11.3.</b>
Volume
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.11.4" data-path="../concepts/persistent-volume.html">
<a href="../concepts/persistent-volume.html">
<b>3.1.11.4.</b>
Persistent Volume持久化卷
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.11.5" data-path="../concepts/storageclass.html">
<a href="../concepts/storageclass.html">
<b>3.1.11.5.</b>
Storage Class
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.12" data-path="../concepts/extension.html">
<a href="../concepts/extension.html">
<b>3.1.12.</b>
扩展
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.12.1" data-path="../concepts/custom-resource.html">
<a href="../concepts/custom-resource.html">
<b>3.1.12.1.</b>
使用自定义资源扩展API
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.12.2" data-path="../concepts/aggregated-api-server.html">
<a href="../concepts/aggregated-api-server.html">
<b>3.1.12.2.</b>
Aggregated API Server
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.12.3" data-path="../concepts/apiservice.html">
<a href="../concepts/apiservice.html">
<b>3.1.12.3.</b>
APIService
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">用户指南</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1" data-path="../guide/">
<a href="../guide/">
<b>4.1.</b>
用户指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2" data-path="../guide/resource-configuration.html">
<a href="../guide/resource-configuration.html">
<b>4.2.</b>
资源对象配置
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.1" data-path="../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
<a href="../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
<b>4.2.1.</b>
配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.2" data-path="../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html">
<a href="../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html">
<b>4.2.2.</b>
配置Pod的Service Account
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.3" data-path="../guide/secret-configuration.html">
<a href="../guide/secret-configuration.html">
<b>4.2.3.</b>
Secret配置
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.4" data-path="../guide/resource-quota-management.html">
<a href="../guide/resource-quota-management.html">
<b>4.2.4.</b>
管理namespace中的资源配额
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3" data-path="../guide/command-usage.html">
<a href="../guide/command-usage.html">
<b>4.3.</b>
命令使用
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.1" data-path="../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
<a href="../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
<b>4.3.1.</b>
docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.2" data-path="../guide/using-kubectl.html">
<a href="../guide/using-kubectl.html">
<b>4.3.2.</b>
kubectl命令概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.3" data-path="../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html">
<a href="../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html">
<b>4.3.3.</b>
kubectl命令技巧大全
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.4" data-path="../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html">
<a href="../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html">
<b>4.3.4.</b>
使用etcdctl访问kubernetes数据
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4" data-path="../guide/cluster-security-management.html">
<a href="../guide/cluster-security-management.html">
<b>4.4.</b>
集群安全性管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.1" data-path="../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
<b>4.4.1.</b>
管理集群中的TLS
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.2" data-path="../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
<a href="../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
<b>4.4.2.</b>
kubelet的认证授权
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.3" data-path="../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html">
<a href="../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html">
<b>4.4.3.</b>
TLS bootstrap
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.4" data-path="../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
<a href="../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
<b>4.4.4.</b>
创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.5" data-path="../guide/ip-masq-agent.html">
<a href="../guide/ip-masq-agent.html">
<b>4.4.5.</b>
IP伪装代理
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.6" data-path="../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html">
<a href="../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html">
<b>4.4.6.</b>
使用kubeconfig或token进行用户身份认证
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.7" data-path="../guide/authentication.html">
<a href="../guide/authentication.html">
<b>4.4.7.</b>
Kubernetes中的用户与身份认证授权
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5" data-path="../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
<b>4.5.</b>
访问Kubernetes集群
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.1" data-path="../guide/access-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/access-cluster.html">
<b>4.5.1.</b>
访问集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.2" data-path="../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
<a href="../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
<b>4.5.2.</b>
使用kubeconfig文件配置跨集群认证
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.3" data-path="../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
<a href="../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
<b>4.5.3.</b>
通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.4" data-path="../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html">
<b>4.5.4.</b>
使用service访问群集中的应用程序
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.5" data-path="../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html">
<b>4.5.5.</b>
从外部访问Kubernetes中的Pod
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.6" data-path="../guide/cabin-mobile-dashboard-for-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../guide/cabin-mobile-dashboard-for-kubernetes.html">
<b>4.5.6.</b>
Cabin - Kubernetes手机客户端
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.7" data-path="../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html">
<a href="../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html">
<b>4.5.7.</b>
Kubernetic - Kubernetes桌面客户端
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.8" data-path="../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html">
<a href="../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html">
<b>4.5.8.</b>
Kubernator - 更底层的Kubernetes UI
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6" data-path="../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html">
<a href="../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html">
<b>4.6.</b>
在Kubernetes中开发部署应用
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6.1" data-path="../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
<b>4.6.1.</b>
适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6.2" data-path="../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
<b>4.6.2.</b>
迁移传统应用到Kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6.3" data-path="../guide/using-statefulset.html">
<a href="../guide/using-statefulset.html">
<b>4.6.3.</b>
使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">最佳实践</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1" data-path="../practice/">
<a href="../practice/">
<b>5.1.</b>
最佳实践概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2" data-path="../practice/install-kubernetes-on-centos.html">
<a href="../practice/install-kubernetes-on-centos.html">
<b>5.2.</b>
在CentOS上部署Kubernetes集群
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.1" data-path="../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
<a href="../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
<b>5.2.1.</b>
创建TLS证书和秘钥
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.2" data-path="../practice/create-kubeconfig.html">
<a href="../practice/create-kubeconfig.html">
<b>5.2.2.</b>
创建kubeconfig文件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.3" data-path="../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html">
<b>5.2.3.</b>
创建高可用etcd集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.4" data-path="../practice/kubectl-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/kubectl-installation.html">
<b>5.2.4.</b>
安装kubectl命令行工具
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.5" data-path="../practice/master-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/master-installation.html">
<b>5.2.5.</b>
部署master节点
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.6" data-path="../practice/flannel-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/flannel-installation.html">
<b>5.2.6.</b>
安装flannel网络插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.7" data-path="../practice/node-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/node-installation.html">
<b>5.2.7.</b>
部署node节点
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.8" data-path="../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html">
<b>5.2.8.</b>
安装kubedns插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.9" data-path="../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html">
<b>5.2.9.</b>
安装dashboard插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.10" data-path="../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html">
<b>5.2.10.</b>
安装heapster插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.11" data-path="../practice/efk-addon-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/efk-addon-installation.html">
<b>5.2.11.</b>
安装EFK插件
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3" data-path="../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
<a href="../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
<b>5.3.</b>
服务发现与负载均衡
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.1" data-path="../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html">
<b>5.3.1.</b>
安装Traefik ingress
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.2" data-path="../practice/distributed-load-test.html">
<a href="../practice/distributed-load-test.html">
<b>5.3.2.</b>
分布式负载测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.3" data-path="../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
<a href="../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
<b>5.3.3.</b>
网络和集群性能测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.4" data-path="../practice/edge-node-configuration.html">
<a href="../practice/edge-node-configuration.html">
<b>5.3.4.</b>
边缘节点配置
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.5" data-path="../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html">
<b>5.3.5.</b>
安装Nginx ingress
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.6" data-path="../practice/configuring-dns.html">
<a href="../practice/configuring-dns.html">
<b>5.3.6.</b>
配置内置DNSkube-dns
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4" data-path="../practice/operation.html">
<a href="../practice/operation.html">
<b>5.4.</b>
运维管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.1" data-path="../practice/service-rolling-update.html">
<a href="../practice/service-rolling-update.html">
<b>5.4.1.</b>
服务滚动升级
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.2" data-path="../practice/app-log-collection.html">
<a href="../practice/app-log-collection.html">
<b>5.4.2.</b>
应用日志收集
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.3" data-path="../practice/configuration-best-practice.html">
<a href="../practice/configuration-best-practice.html">
<b>5.4.3.</b>
配置最佳实践
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.4" data-path="../practice/monitor.html">
<a href="../practice/monitor.html">
<b>5.4.4.</b>
集群及应用监控
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.5" data-path="../practice/data-persistence-problem.html">
<a href="../practice/data-persistence-problem.html">
<b>5.4.5.</b>
数据持久化问题
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.6" data-path="../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html">
<a href="../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html">
<b>5.4.6.</b>
管理容器的计算资源
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5" data-path="../practice/storage.html">
<a href="../practice/storage.html">
<b>5.5.</b>
存储管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.1" data-path="../practice/glusterfs.html">
<a href="../practice/glusterfs.html">
<b>5.5.1.</b>
GlusterFS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.1.1" data-path="../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>5.5.1.1.</b>
使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.1.2" data-path="../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
<a href="../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
<b>5.5.1.2.</b>
在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.2" data-path="../practice/cephfs.html">
<a href="../practice/cephfs.html">
<b>5.5.2.</b>
CephFS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.2.1" data-path="../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>5.5.2.1.</b>
使用Ceph做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.3" data-path="../practice/openebs.html">
<a href="../practice/openebs.html">
<b>5.5.3.</b>
OpenEBS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.3.1" data-path="../practice/using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="../practice/using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>5.5.3.1.</b>
使用OpenEBS做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6" data-path="../practice/monitoring.html">
<a href="../practice/monitoring.html">
<b>5.6.</b>
集群与应用监控
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.1" data-path="../practice/heapster.html">
<a href="../practice/heapster.html">
<b>5.6.1.</b>
Heapster
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.1.1" data-path="../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html">
<a href="../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html">
<b>5.6.1.1.</b>
使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.2" data-path="../practice/prometheus.html">
<a href="../practice/prometheus.html">
<b>5.6.2.</b>
Prometheus
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.2.1" data-path="../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html">
<a href="../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html">
<b>5.6.2.1.</b>
使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7" data-path="../practice/services-management-tool.html">
<a href="../practice/services-management-tool.html">
<b>5.7.</b>
服务编排管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7.1" data-path="../practice/helm.html">
<a href="../practice/helm.html">
<b>5.7.1.</b>
使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7.2" data-path="../practice/create-private-charts-repo.html">
<a href="../practice/create-private-charts-repo.html">
<b>5.7.2.</b>
构建私有Chart仓库
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8" data-path="../practice/ci-cd.html">
<a href="../practice/ci-cd.html">
<b>5.8.</b>
持续集成与发布
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8.1" data-path="../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html">
<a href="../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html">
<b>5.8.1.</b>
使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8.2" data-path="../practice/drone-ci-cd.html">
<a href="../practice/drone-ci-cd.html">
<b>5.8.2.</b>
使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9" data-path="../practice/update-and-upgrade.html">
<a href="../practice/update-and-upgrade.html">
<b>5.9.</b>
更新与升级
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9.1" data-path="../practice/manually-upgrade.html">
<a href="../practice/manually-upgrade.html">
<b>5.9.1.</b>
手动升级Kubernetes集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9.2" data-path="../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html">
<a href="../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html">
<b>5.9.2.</b>
升级dashboard
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">领域应用</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.1" data-path="../usecases/">
<a href="../usecases/">
<b>6.1.</b>
领域应用概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2" data-path="../usecases/microservices.html">
<a href="../usecases/microservices.html">
<b>6.2.</b>
微服务架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.1" data-path="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
<b>6.2.1.</b>
微服务中的服务发现
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh.html">
<b>6.3.</b>
Service Mesh 服务网格
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.1" data-path="../usecases/istio.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio.html">
<b>6.3.1.</b>
Istio
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.1.1" data-path="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
<b>6.3.1.1.</b>
安装并试用Istio service mesh
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.1.2" data-path="../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html">
<a href="../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html">
<b>6.3.1.2.</b>
配置请求的路由规则
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.1.3" data-path="../usecases/install-and-expand-istio-mesh.html">
<a href="../usecases/install-and-expand-istio-mesh.html">
<b>6.3.1.3.</b>
安装和拓展Istio service mesh
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.1.4" data-path="../usecases/integrating-vms.html">
<a href="../usecases/integrating-vms.html">
<b>6.3.1.4.</b>
集成虚拟机
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.2" data-path="../usecases/linkerd.html">
<a href="../usecases/linkerd.html">
<b>6.3.2.</b>
Linkerd
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.2.1" data-path="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
<a href="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
<b>6.3.2.1.</b>
Linkerd 使用指南
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.3" data-path="../usecases/conduit.html">
<a href="../usecases/conduit.html">
<b>6.3.3.</b>
Conduit
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.3.1" data-path="../usecases/conduit-overview.html">
<a href="../usecases/conduit-overview.html">
<b>6.3.3.1.</b>
Condiut概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.3.2" data-path="../usecases/conduit-installation.html">
<a href="../usecases/conduit-installation.html">
<b>6.3.3.2.</b>
安装Conduit
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4" data-path="../usecases/big-data.html">
<a href="../usecases/big-data.html">
<b>6.4.</b>
大数据
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.1" data-path="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
<b>6.4.1.</b>
Spark standalone on Kubernetes
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2" data-path="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
<a href="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
<b>6.4.2.</b>
运行支持Kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5" data-path="../usecases/serverless.html">
<a href="../usecases/serverless.html">
<b>6.5.</b>
Serverless架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.1" data-path="../usecases/understanding-serverless.html">
<a href="../usecases/understanding-serverless.html">
<b>6.5.1.</b>
理解Serverless
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.2" data-path="../usecases/faas.html">
<a href="../usecases/faas.html">
<b>6.5.2.</b>
FaaS-函数即服务
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.2.1" data-path="../usecases/openfaas-quick-start.html">
<a href="../usecases/openfaas-quick-start.html">
<b>6.5.2.1.</b>
OpenFaaS快速入门指南
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6" data-path="../usecases/edge-computing.html">
<a href="../usecases/edge-computing.html">
<b>6.6.</b>
边缘计算
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">开发指南</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.1" data-path="./">
<a href="./">
<b>7.1.</b>
开发指南概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2" data-path="sigs-and-working-group.html">
<a href="sigs-and-working-group.html">
<b>7.2.</b>
SIG和工作组
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3" data-path="developing-environment.html">
<a href="developing-environment.html">
<b>7.3.</b>
开发环境搭建
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4" data-path="using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html">
<a href="using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html">
<b>7.4.</b>
本地分布式开发环境搭建使用Vagrant和Virtualbox
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter active" data-level="7.5" data-path="testing.html">
<a href="testing.html">
<b>7.5.</b>
单元测试和集成测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.6" data-path="client-go-sample.html">
<a href="client-go-sample.html">
<b>7.6.</b>
client-go示例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.7" data-path="operator.html">
<a href="operator.html">
<b>7.7.</b>
Operator
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.8" data-path="advance-developer.html">
<a href="advance-developer.html">
<b>7.8.</b>
高级开发指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.9" data-path="contribute.html">
<a href="contribute.html">
<b>7.9.</b>
社区贡献
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.10" data-path="minikube.html">
<a href="minikube.html">
<b>7.10.</b>
Minikube
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">附录</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.1" data-path="../appendix/">
<a href="../appendix/">
<b>8.1.</b>
附录说明
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2" data-path="../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html">
<a href="../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html">
<b>8.2.</b>
Kubernetes中的应用故障排查
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3" data-path="../appendix/material-share.html">
<a href="../appendix/material-share.html">
<b>8.3.</b>
Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4" data-path="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
<a href="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
<b>8.4.</b>
Docker最佳实践
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.5" data-path="../appendix/tricks.html">
<a href="../appendix/tricks.html">
<b>8.5.</b>
使用技巧
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.6" data-path="../appendix/issues.html">
<a href="../appendix/issues.html">
<b>8.6.</b>
问题记录
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-changelog.html">
<b>8.7.</b>
Kubernetes版本更新日志
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7.1" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.7-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.7-changelog.html">
<b>8.7.1.</b>
Kubernetes1.7更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7.2" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.8-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.8-changelog.html">
<b>8.7.2.</b>
Kubernetes1.8更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7.3" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.9-changelog.html">
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<b>8.7.3.</b>
Kubernetes1.9更新日志
</a>
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</ul>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="8.8" data-path="../appendix/summary-and-outlook.html">
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<b>8.8.</b>
Kubernetes及云原生年度总结及展望
</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="8.8.1" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html">
<b>8.8.1.</b>
Kubernetes与云原生2017年年终总结及2018年展望
</a>
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<h1 id="kubernetes&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;">Kubernetes&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</h1>
<h2 id="&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;">&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</h2>
<p>&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4EC5;&#x4F9D;&#x8D56;&#x4E8E;&#x6E90;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF0C;&#x662F;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x903B;&#x8F91;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x7B26;&#x5408;&#x9884;&#x671F;&#x7684;&#x6700;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</strong></p>
<pre><code>make test
</code></pre><p><strong>&#x4EC5;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;package</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh"><span class="hljs-comment"># &#x5355;&#x4E2A;package</span>
make <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> WHAT=./pkg/api
<span class="hljs-comment"># &#x591A;&#x4E2A;packages</span>
make <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> WHAT=./pkg/{api,kubelet}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x6216;&#x8005;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x7528;<code>go test</code></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh">go <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> -v k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet
</code></pre>
<p><strong>&#x4EC5;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;package&#x7684;&#x67D0;&#x4E2A;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;case</strong></p>
<pre><code># Runs TestValidatePod in pkg/api/validation with the verbose flag set
make test WHAT=./pkg/api/validation KUBE_GOFLAGS=&quot;-v&quot; KUBE_TEST_ARGS=&apos;-run ^TestValidatePod$&apos;
# Runs tests that match the regex ValidatePod|ValidateConfigMap in pkg/api/validation
make test WHAT=./pkg/api/validation KUBE_GOFLAGS=&quot;-v&quot; KUBE_TEST_ARGS=&quot;-run ValidatePod\|ValidateConfigMap$&quot;
</code></pre><p>&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x7528;<code>go test</code></p>
<pre><code>go test -v k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api/validation -run ^TestValidatePod$
</code></pre><p><strong>&#x5E76;&#x884C;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</strong></p>
<p>&#x5E76;&#x884C;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x662F;root out flakes&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh"><span class="hljs-comment"># Have 2 workers run all tests 5 times each (10 total iterations).</span>
make <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span> PARALLEL=2 ITERATION=5
</code></pre>
<p><strong>&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x62A5;&#x544A;</strong></p>
<pre><code>make test KUBE_COVER=y
</code></pre><h2 id="benchmark&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;">Benchmark&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</h2>
<pre><code>go test ./pkg/apiserver -benchmem -run=XXX -bench=BenchmarkWatch
</code></pre><h2 id="&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;">&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</h2>
<p>Kubernetes&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5B89;&#x88C5;etcd&#xFF08;&#x53EA;&#x8981;&#x6309;&#x7167;&#x5373;&#x53EF;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x542F;&#x52A8;&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;</p>
<pre><code>hack/install-etcd.sh # Installs in ./third_party/etcd
echo export PATH=&quot;\$PATH:$(pwd)/third_party/etcd&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/.profile # Add to PATH
</code></pre><p>&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4F1A;&#x5728;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x542F;&#x52A8;etcd&#x548C;kubernetes&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;<a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/test/integration" target="_blank">test/integration</a>&#x91CC;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh">make <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span>-integration <span class="hljs-comment"># Run all integration tests.</span>
</code></pre>
<p><strong>&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x96C6;&#x6210;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x7528;&#x4F8B;</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh"><span class="hljs-comment"># Run integration test TestPodUpdateActiveDeadlineSeconds with the verbose flag set.</span>
make <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span>-integration KUBE_GOFLAGS=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;-v&quot;</span> KUBE_TEST_ARGS=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;-run ^TestPodUpdateActiveDeadlineSeconds$&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<h2 id="end-to-end-e2e&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;">End to end (e2e)&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</h2>
<p>End to end (e2e) &#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x6A21;&#x62DF;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;Kubernetes&#xFF0C;&#x7528;&#x6765;&#x4FDD;&#x8BC1;Kubernetes&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x6216;&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x7B26;&#x5408;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x9884;&#x671F;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5728;&#x5F00;&#x542F;e2e&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#xFF0C;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5148;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;KUBERNETES_PROVIDER&#xFF08;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x4E3A;gce&#xFF09;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code>make WHAT=&apos;test/e2e/e2e.test&apos;
make ginkgo
export KUBERNETES_PROVIDER=local
</code></pre><p><strong>&#x542F;&#x52A8;cluster&#xFF0C;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#x505C;&#x6B62;cluster</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh"><span class="hljs-comment"># build Kubernetes, up a cluster, run tests, and tear everything down</span>
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --build --up --test --down
</code></pre>
<p><strong>&#x4EC5;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x4F8B;</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh">go run hack/e2e.go -v -test --test_args=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;--ginkgo.focus=Kubectl\sclient\s\[k8s\.io\]\sKubectl\srolling\-update\sshould\ssupport\srolling\-update\sto\ssame\simage\s\[Conformance\]$&apos;</span>
</code></pre>
<p><strong>&#x7565;&#x8FC7;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x7528;&#x4F8B;</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh">go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --test --test_args=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;--ginkgo.skip=Pods.*env
</span></code></pre>
<p><strong>&#x5E76;&#x884C;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh"><span class="hljs-comment"># Run tests in parallel, skip any that must be run serially</span>
GINKGO_PARALLEL=y go run hack/e2e.go --v --test --test_args=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;--ginkgo.skip=\[Serial\]&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># Run tests in parallel, skip any that must be run serially and keep the test namespace if test failed</span>
GINKGO_PARALLEL=y go run hack/e2e.go --v --test --test_args=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;--ginkgo.skip=\[Serial\] --delete-namespace-on-failure=false&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<p><strong>&#x6E05;&#x7406;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh">go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --down
</code></pre>
<p><strong>&#x6709;&#x7528;&#x7684;<code>-ctl</code></strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh"><span class="hljs-comment"># -ctl can be used to quickly call kubectl against your e2e cluster. Useful for</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># cleaning up after a failed test or viewing logs. Use -v to avoid suppressing</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># kubectl output.</span>
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v -ctl=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;get events&apos;</span>
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v -ctl=<span class="hljs-string">&apos;delete pod foobar&apos;</span>
</code></pre>
<h2 id="fedaration-e2e&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;">Fedaration e2e&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-sh"><span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> FEDERATION=<span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> E2E_ZONES=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;us-central1-a us-central1-b us-central1-f&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># or export FEDERATION_PUSH_REPO_BASE=&quot;quay.io/colin_hom&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> FEDERATION_PUSH_REPO_BASE=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;gcr.io/<span class="hljs-variable">${GCE_PROJECT_NAME}</span>&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># build container images</span>
KUBE_RELEASE_RUN_TESTS=n KUBE_FASTBUILD=<span class="hljs-literal">true</span> go run hack/e2e.go -- -v -build
<span class="hljs-comment"># push the federation container images</span>
build/push-federation-images.sh
<span class="hljs-comment"># Deploy federation control plane</span>
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --up
<span class="hljs-comment"># Finally, run the tests</span>
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --test --test_args=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;--ginkgo.focus=\[Feature:Federation\]&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># Don&apos;t forget to teardown everything down</span>
go run hack/e2e.go -- -v --down
</code></pre>
<p>&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;<code>cluster/log-dump.sh &lt;directory&gt;</code>&#x65B9;&#x4FBF;&#x7684;&#x4E0B;&#x8F7D;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x65E5;&#x5FD7;&#xFF0C;&#x5E2E;&#x52A9;&#x6392;&#x67E5;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4E2D;&#x78B0;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="node-e2e&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;">Node e2e&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</h2>
<p>Node e2e&#x4EC5;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;Kubelet&#x7684;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5728;&#x672C;&#x5730;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x4E2D;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh"><span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> KUBERNETES_PROVIDER=<span class="hljs-built_in">local</span>
make <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span><span class="hljs-_">-e</span>2e-node FOCUS=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;InitContainer&quot;</span>
make <span class="hljs-built_in">test</span>_e2e_node TEST_ARGS=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;--experimental-cgroups-per-qos=true&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<h2 id="&#x8865;&#x5145;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;">&#x8865;&#x5145;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;</h2>
<p>&#x501F;&#x52A9;kubectl&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x7248;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x65B9;&#x4FBF;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x60F3;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x67D0;&#x4E2A;container&#x7684;&#x955C;&#x50CF;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x4E3A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-sh">kubectl get pods nginx-4263166205-ggst4 -o template <span class="hljs-string">&apos;--template={{if (exists . &quot;status&quot; &quot;containerStatuses&quot;)}}{{range .status.containerStatuses}}{{if eq .name &quot;nginx&quot;}}{{.image}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}&apos;</span>
</code></pre>
<h2 id="kubernetes&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x5DE5;&#x5177;&#x96C6;test-infra">kubernetes&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x5DE5;&#x5177;&#x96C6;test-infra</h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/test-infra" target="_blank">test-infra</a>&#x662F;&#x7531;kubernetes&#x5B98;&#x65B9;&#x5F00;&#x6E90;&#x7684;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x6846;&#x67B6;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x4E86;Kubernetes&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x5DE5;&#x5177;&#x96C6;&#x548C;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x5C55;&#x793A;&#x3002;&#x4E0B;&#x56FE;&#x5C55;&#x793A;&#x4E86;test-infra&#x7684;&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#xFF1A;</p>
<figure id="fig7.5.1"><img src="../images/kubernetes-test-architecture.jpg" alt="test-infra&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x56FE;&#xFF08;&#x56FE;&#x7247;&#x6765;&#x81EA;&#x5B98;&#x65B9;GitHub&#xFF09;"><figcaption>&#x56FE;&#x7247; - test-infra&#x67B6;&#x6784;&#x56FE;&#xFF08;&#x56FE;&#x7247;&#x6765;&#x81EA;&#x5B98;&#x65B9;GitHub&#xFF09;</figcaption></figure>
<p>&#x8BE5;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x6846;&#x67B6;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x662F;&#x771F;&#x591A;Google&#x516C;&#x6709;&#x4E91;&#x505A;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x652F;&#x6301;kubernetes1.6&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x3002;&#x8BE6;&#x89C1;<a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/test-infra" target="_blank">https://github.com/kubernetes/test-infra</a>&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x53C2;&#x8003;&#x6587;&#x6863;">&#x53C2;&#x8003;&#x6587;&#x6863;</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/testing.md" target="_blank">Kubernetes testing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/e2e-tests.md" target="_blank">End-to-End Testing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/e2e-node-tests.md" target="_blank">Node e2e test</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/writing-good-e2e-tests.md" target="_blank">How to write e2e test</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/coding-conventions.md#testing-conventions" target="_blank">Coding Conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/test-infra" target="_blank">https://github.com/kubernetes/test-infra</a></li>
</ul>
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