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1. 前言
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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<a href="../concepts/pod-overview.html">
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2.2.1 Pod
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.1.1" data-path="../concepts/pod.html">
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<a href="../concepts/pod.html">
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.1.2" data-path="../concepts/init-containers.html">
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<a href="../concepts/init-containers.html">
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.1.3" data-path="../concepts/pod-security-policy.html">
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<a href="../concepts/pod-security-policy.html">
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.1.4" data-path="../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html">
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<a href="../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html">
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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</ul>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.2" data-path="../concepts/node.html">
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<a href="../concepts/node.html">
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2.2.2 Node
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.3" data-path="../concepts/namespace.html">
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<a href="../concepts/namespace.html">
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2.2.3 Namespace
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.4" data-path="../concepts/service.html">
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<a href="../concepts/service.html">
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2.2.4 Service
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.5" data-path="../concepts/volume.html">
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<a href="../concepts/volume.html">
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.6" data-path="../concepts/deployment.html">
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<a href="../concepts/deployment.html">
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2.2.6 Deployment
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.7" data-path="../concepts/secret.html">
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<a href="../concepts/secret.html">
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2.2.7 Secret
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.8" data-path="../concepts/statefulset.html">
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<a href="../concepts/statefulset.html">
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.9" data-path="../concepts/daemonset.html">
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<a href="../concepts/daemonset.html">
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.10" data-path="../concepts/serviceaccount.html">
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<a href="../concepts/serviceaccount.html">
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.11" data-path="../concepts/replicaset.html">
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<a href="../concepts/replicaset.html">
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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||
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.12" data-path="../concepts/job.html">
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<a href="../concepts/job.html">
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2.2.12 Job
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||
</a>
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||
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||
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.13" data-path="../concepts/cronjob.html">
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||
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<a href="../concepts/cronjob.html">
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||
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2.2.13 CronJob
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||
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||
</a>
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||
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||
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||
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||
</li>
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||
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||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.14" data-path="../concepts/ingress.html">
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<a href="../concepts/ingress.html">
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||
|
||
|
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2.2.14 Ingress
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||
|
||
</a>
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||
|
||
|
||
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</li>
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||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.15" data-path="../concepts/configmap.html">
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||
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<a href="../concepts/configmap.html">
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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||
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||
</a>
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||
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||
</li>
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||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.16" data-path="../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
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||
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<a href="../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
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||
|
||
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
|
||
|
||
</a>
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.17" data-path="../concepts/label.html">
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<a href="../concepts/label.html">
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2.2.17 Label
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||
</a>
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|
||
|
||
|
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</li>
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||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.18" data-path="../concepts/garbage-collection.html">
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||
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<a href="../concepts/garbage-collection.html">
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||
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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||
|
||
</a>
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||
|
||
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||
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</li>
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||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2.19" data-path="../concepts/network-policy.html">
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||
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<a href="../concepts/network-policy.html">
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||
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||
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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||
|
||
</a>
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||
|
||
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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|
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||
</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="./">
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<a href="./">
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3. 用户指南
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</a>
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||
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||
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<ul class="articles">
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|
||
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||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1" data-path="resource-configuration.html">
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<a href="resource-configuration.html">
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3.1 资源对象配置
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||
</a>
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||
|
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||
<ul class="articles">
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||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.1" data-path="configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
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||
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<a href="configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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||
</a>
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||
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||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.2" data-path="configure-pod-service-account.html">
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||
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||
<a href="configure-pod-service-account.html">
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||
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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||
</a>
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||
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||
|
||
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||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.3" data-path="secret-configuration.html">
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||
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||
<a href="secret-configuration.html">
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||
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1.4" data-path="resource-quota-management.html">
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||
|
||
<a href="resource-quota-management.html">
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||
|
||
|
||
3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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||
|
||
</a>
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||
|
||
|
||
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||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
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||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2" data-path="command-usage.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="command-usage.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.2 命令使用
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.1" data-path="using-kubectl.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="using-kubectl.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.2.1 使用kubectl
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2.2" data-path="docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3" data-path="cluster-security-management.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="cluster-security-management.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.3 集群安全性管理
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.1" data-path="managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
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||
|
||
|
||
3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.2" data-path="kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter active" data-level="1.3.3.3" data-path="tls-bootstrapping.html">
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||
|
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<a href="tls-bootstrapping.html">
|
||
|
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||
3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.4" data-path="kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.5" data-path="rbac.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="rbac.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.6" data-path="ip-masq-agent.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="ip-masq-agent.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.3.6 IP伪装代理
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4" data-path="access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.1" data-path="access-cluster.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="access-cluster.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.4.1 访问集群
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.2" data-path="authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.3" data-path="connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.4.4" data-path="service-access-application-cluster.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="service-access-application-cluster.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5" data-path="application-development-deployment-flow.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="application-development-deployment-flow.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.1" data-path="deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.5.2" data-path="migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="../practice/">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4. 最佳实践
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1" data-path="../practice/install-kbernetes1.6-on-centos.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/install-kbernetes1.6-on-centos.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.1" data-path="../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.2" data-path="../practice/create-kubeconfig.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/create-kubeconfig.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.3" data-path="../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.4" data-path="../practice/kubectl-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/kubectl-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.5" data-path="../practice/master-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/master-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.5 部署master节点
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.6" data-path="../practice/node-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/node-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.6 部署node节点
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.7" data-path="../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.8" data-path="../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.9" data-path="../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.9 安装heapster插件
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1.10" data-path="../practice/efk-addon-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/efk-addon-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.1.10 安装EFK插件
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2" data-path="../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.1" data-path="../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.2" data-path="../practice/distributed-load-test.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/distributed-load-test.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.2.2 分布式负载测试
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.3" data-path="../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2.4" data-path="../practice/edge-node-configuration.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/edge-node-configuration.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.2.4 边缘节点配置
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3" data-path="../practice/operation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/operation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3 运维管理
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.1" data-path="../practice/service-rolling-update.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/service-rolling-update.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3.1 服务滚动升级
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.2" data-path="../practice/app-log-collection.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/app-log-collection.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3.2 应用日志收集
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.3" data-path="../practice/configuration-best-practice.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/configuration-best-practice.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3.3 配置最佳实践
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.4" data-path="../practice/monitor.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/monitor.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3.4 集群及应用监控
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.5" data-path="../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.6" data-path="../practice/data-persistence-problem.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/data-persistence-problem.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3.6 数据持久化问题
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.7" data-path="../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.8" data-path="../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3.9" data-path="../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.3.9 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4" data-path="../practice/storage.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/storage.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.4 存储管理
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.1" data-path="../practice/glusterfs.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/glusterfs.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.4.1 GlusterFS
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.1.1" data-path="../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.1.2" data-path="../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.2" data-path="../practice/cephfs.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/cephfs.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.4.2 CephFS
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4.2.1" data-path="../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="../usecases/">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5. 领域应用
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1" data-path="../usecases/microservices.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/microservices.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.1 微服务架构
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1.1" data-path="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.1" data-path="../usecases/istio.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/istio.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.1.1 Istio
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.1.1" data-path="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.1.1.1 安装istio
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.1.2" data-path="../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.2" data-path="../usecases/linkerd.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/linkerd.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.1.2 Linkerd
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2.2.1" data-path="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3" data-path="../usecases/big-data.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/big-data.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.2 大数据
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.1" data-path="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3.2" data-path="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4" data-path="../usecases/serverless.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../usecases/serverless.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
5.3 Serverless架构
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6" data-path="../develop/">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../develop/">
|
||
|
||
|
||
6. 开发指南
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.1" data-path="../develop/developing-environment.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../develop/developing-environment.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
6.1 开发环境搭建
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2" data-path="../develop/testing.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../develop/testing.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
6.2 单元测试和集成测试
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.3" data-path="../develop/client-go-sample.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../develop/client-go-sample.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
6.3 client-go示例
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.4" data-path="../develop/contribute.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../develop/contribute.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
6.4 社区贡献
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="../appendix/">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../appendix/">
|
||
|
||
|
||
7. 附录
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ul class="articles">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.1" data-path="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
7.1 Docker最佳实践
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.2" data-path="../appendix/issues.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../appendix/issues.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
7.2 问题记录
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.3" data-path="../appendix/tricks.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../appendix/tricks.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
7.3 使用技巧
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.4" data-path="../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html">
|
||
|
||
<a href="../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
7.4 kubernetes service中的故障排查
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="divider"></li>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
||
本书使用 GitBook 发布
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="book-body">
|
||
|
||
<div class="body-inner">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Title -->
|
||
<h1>
|
||
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
||
<a href=".." >3.3.3 TLS bootstrap</a>
|
||
</h1>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
|
||
<div class="page-inner">
|
||
|
||
<div class="search-plus" id="book-search-results">
|
||
<div class="search-noresults">
|
||
|
||
<section class="normal markdown-section">
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="tls-bootstrap">TLS Bootstrap</h2>
|
||
<p>本文档介绍如何为 kubelet 设置 TLS 客户端证书引导（bootstrap）。</p>
|
||
<p>Kubernetes 1.4 引入了一个用于从集群级证书颁发机构（CA）请求证书的 API。此 API 的原始目的是为 kubelet 提供 TLS 客户端证书。可以在 <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/20439" target="_blank">这里</a> 找到该提议，在 <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/features/issues/43" target="_blank">feature #43</a> 追踪该功能的进度。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="kube-apiserver-配置">kube-apiserver 配置</h2>
|
||
<p>您必须提供一个 token 文件，该文件中指定了至少一个分配给 kubelet 特定 bootstrap 组的 “bootstrap token”。</p>
|
||
<p>该组将作为 controller manager 配置中的默认批准控制器而用于审批。随着此功能的成熟，您应该确保 token 被绑定到基于角色的访问控制（RBAC）策略上，该策略严格限制了与证书配置相关的客户端请求（使用 bootstrap token）。使用 RBAC，将 token 范围划分为组可以带来很大的灵活性（例如，当您配置完成节点后，您可以禁用特定引导组的访问）。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="token-认证文件">Token 认证文件</h3>
|
||
<p>Token 可以是任意的，但应该可以表示为从安全随机数生成器（例如大多数现代操作系统中的 /dev/urandom）导出的至少128位熵。生成 token 有很多中方式。例如：</p>
|
||
<p><code>head -c 16 /dev/urandom | od -An -t x | tr -d ' '</code></p>
|
||
<p>产生的 token 类似于这样： <code>02b50b05283e98dd0fd71db496ef01e8</code>。</p>
|
||
<p>Token 文件应该类似于以下示例，其中前三个值可以是任何值，引用的组名称应如下所示：</p>
|
||
<pre><code>02b50b05283e98dd0fd71db496ef01e8,kubelet-bootstrap,10001,"system:kubelet-bootstrap"
|
||
</code></pre><p>在 kube-apiserver 命令中添加 <code>--token-auth-file=FILENAME</code> 标志（可能在您的 systemd unit 文件中）来启用 token 文件。</p>
|
||
<p>查看 <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authentication/#static-token-file" target="_blank">该文档</a> 获取更多详细信息。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="客户端证书-ca-包">客户端证书 CA 包</h3>
|
||
<p>在 kube-apiserver 命令中添加 <code>--client-ca-file=FILENAME</code> 标志启用客户端证书认证，指定包含签名证书的证书颁发机构包（例如 <code>--client-ca-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem</code>）。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="kube-controller-manager-配置">kube-controller-manager 配置</h3>
|
||
<p>请求证书的 API 向 Kubernetes controller manager 中添加证书颁发控制循环。使用磁盘上的 <a href="https://blog.cloudflare.com/introducing-cfssl/" target="_blank">cfssl</a> 本地签名文件的形式。目前，所有发型的证书均为一年有效期和并具有一系列关键用途。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="签名文件">签名文件</h3>
|
||
<p>您必须提供证书颁发机构，这样才能提供颁发证书所需的密码资料。</p>
|
||
<p>kube-apiserver 通过指定的 <code>--client-ca-file=FILENAME</code> 标志来认证和采信该 CA。CA 的管理超出了本文档的范围，但建议您为 Kubernetes 生成专用的 CA。</p>
|
||
<p>假定证书和密钥都是 PEM 编码的。</p>
|
||
<p>Kube-controller-manager 标志为：</p>
|
||
<pre><code>--cluster-signing-cert-file="/etc/path/to/kubernetes/ca/ca.crt" --cluster-signing-key-file="/etc/path/to/kubernetes/ca/ca.key"
|
||
</code></pre><h3 id="审批控制器">审批控制器</h3>
|
||
<p>在 kubernetes 1.7 版本中，实验性的 “组自动批准” 控制器被弃用，新的 <code>csrapproving</code> 控制器将作为 <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/kube-controller-manager" target="_blank">kube-controller-manager</a> 的一部分，被默认启用。</p>
|
||
<p>控制器使用 <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/#checking-api-access" target="_blank"><code>SubjectAccessReview</code> API</a> 来确定给定用户是否已被授权允许请求 CSR，然后根据授权结果进行批准。为了防止与其他批准者冲突，内置审批者没有明确地拒绝 CSR，只是忽略未经授权的请求。</p>
|
||
<p>控制器将 CSR 分为三个子资源：</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><code>nodeclient</code> ：用户的客户端认证请求 <code>O=system:nodes</code>， <code>CN=system:node:(node name)</code>。</li>
|
||
<li><code>selfnodeclient</code>：更新具有相同 <code>O</code> 和 <code>CN</code> 的客户端证书的节点。</li>
|
||
<li><code>selfnodeserver</code>：更新服务证书的节点（ALPHA，需要 feature gate）。</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>当前，确定 CSR 是否为 <code>selfnodeserver</code> 请求的检查与 kubelet 的凭据轮换实现（Alpha 功能）相关联。因此，<code>selfnodeserver</code> 的定义将来可能会改变，并且需要 Controller Manager 上的<code>RotateKubeletServerCertificate</code> feature gate。该功能的进展可以在 <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/features/issues/267" target="_blank">kubernetes/feature/#267</a> 上追踪。</p>
|
||
<pre><code>--feature-gates=RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true
|
||
</code></pre><p>以下 RBAC <code>ClusterRoles</code> 代表 <code>nodeClient</code>、<code>selfnodeclient</code> 和 <code>selfnodeserver</code> 功能。在以后的版本中可能会自动创建类似的角色。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-Yaml"><span class="hljs-comment"># A ClusterRole which instructs the CSR approver to approve a user requesting</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-comment"># node client credentials.</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">kind:</span> ClusterRole
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">apiVersion:</span> rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">metadata:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> approve-node-client-csr
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">rules:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">- apiGroups:</span> [<span class="hljs-string">"certificates.k8s.io"</span>]
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> resources:</span> [<span class="hljs-string">"certificatesigningrequests/nodeclient"</span>]
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> verbs:</span> [<span class="hljs-string">"create"</span>]
|
||
<span class="hljs-meta">---</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-comment"># A ClusterRole which instructs the CSR approver to approve a node renewing its</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-comment"># own client credentials.</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">kind:</span> ClusterRole
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">apiVersion:</span> rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">metadata:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> approve-node-client-renewal-csr
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">rules:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">- apiGroups:</span> [<span class="hljs-string">"certificates.k8s.io"</span>]
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> resources:</span> [<span class="hljs-string">"certificatesigningrequests/selfnodeclient"</span>]
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> verbs:</span> [<span class="hljs-string">"create"</span>]
|
||
<span class="hljs-meta">---</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-comment"># A ClusterRole which instructs the CSR approver to approve a node requesting a</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-comment"># serving cert matching its client cert.</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">kind:</span> ClusterRole
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">apiVersion:</span> rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">metadata:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> approve-node-server-renewal-csr
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">rules:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">- apiGroups:</span> [<span class="hljs-string">"certificates.k8s.io"</span>]
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> resources:</span> [<span class="hljs-string">"certificatesigningrequests/selfnodeserver"</span>]
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> verbs:</span> [<span class="hljs-string">"create"</span>]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>这些权力可以授予给凭证，如 bootstrap token。例如，要复制由已被移除的自动批准标志提供的行为，由单个组批准所有的 CSR：</p>
|
||
<pre><code># REMOVED: This flag no longer works as of 1.7.
|
||
--insecure-experimental-approve-all-kubelet-csrs-for-group="kubelet-bootstrap-token"
|
||
</code></pre><p>管理员将创建一个 <code>ClusterRoleBinding</code> 来定位该组。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-Yaml"><span class="hljs-comment"># Approve all CSRs for the group "kubelet-bootstrap-token"</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">kind:</span> ClusterRoleBinding
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">apiVersion:</span> rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">metadata:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> auto-approve-csrs-for-group
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">subjects:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">- kind:</span> Group
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> kubelet-bootstrap-token
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> apiGroup:</span> rbac.authorization.k8s.io
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">roleRef:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> kind:</span> ClusterRole
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> approve-node-client-csr
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> apiGroup:</span> rbac.authorization.k8s.io
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>要让节点更新自己的凭据，管理员可以构造一个 <code>ClusterRoleBinding</code> 来定位该节点的凭据。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-yaml"><span class="hljs-attr">kind:</span> ClusterRoleBinding
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">apiVersion:</span> rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">metadata:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> node1-client-cert-renewal
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">subjects:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">- kind:</span> User
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> system:node:node<span class="hljs-bullet">-1</span> <span class="hljs-comment"># Let "node-1" renew its client certificate.</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> apiGroup:</span> rbac.authorization.k8s.io
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr">roleRef:</span>
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> kind:</span> ClusterRole
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> name:</span> approve-node-client-renewal-csr
|
||
<span class="hljs-attr"> apiGroup:</span> rbac.authorization.k8s.io
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>删除该绑定将会阻止节点更新客户端凭据，一旦其证书到期，实际上就会将其从集群中删除。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="kubelet-配置">kubelet 配置</h2>
|
||
<p>要向 kube-apiserver 请求客户端证书，kubelet 首先需要一个包含 bootstrap 身份验证 token 的 kubeconfig 文件路径。您可以使用 <code>kubectl config set-cluster</code>，<code>set-credentials</code> 和 <code>set-context</code> 来构建此 kubeconfig 文件。为 <code>kubectl config set-credentials</code> 提供 <code>kubelet-bootstrap</code> 的名称，并包含 <code>--token = <token-value></code>，如下所示：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="lang-bash">kubectl config <span class="hljs-built_in">set</span>-credentials kubelet-bootstrap --token=<span class="hljs-variable">${BOOTSTRAP_TOKEN}</span> --kubeconfig=bootstrap.kubeconfig
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>启动 kubelet 时，如果 <code>--kubeconfig</code> 指定的文件不存在，则使用 bootstrap kubeconfig 向 API server 请求客户端证书。在批准 <code>kubelet</code> 的证书请求和回执时，将包含了生成的密钥和证书的 kubeconfig 文件写入由 <code>-kubeconfig</code> 指定的路径。证书和密钥文件将被放置在由 <code>--cert-dir</code> 指定的目录中。</p>
|
||
<p>启动 kubelet 时启用 bootstrap 用到的标志：</p>
|
||
<pre><code>--experimental-bootstrap-kubeconfig="/path/to/bootstrap/kubeconfig"
|
||
</code></pre><p>此外，在1.7中，kubelet 实现了 <strong>Alpha</strong> 功能，使其客户端和/或服务器都能轮转提供证书。</p>
|
||
<p>可以分别通过 kubelet 中的 <code>RotateKubeletClientCertificate</code> 和 <code>RotateKubeletServerCertificate</code> 功能标志启用此功能，但在未来版本中可能会以向后兼容的方式发生变化。</p>
|
||
<pre><code>--feature-gates=RotateKubeletClientCertificate=true,RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true
|
||
</code></pre><p><code>RotateKubeletClientCertificate</code> 可以让 kubelet 在其现有凭据到期时通过创建新的 CSR 来轮换其客户端证书。 <code>RotateKubeletServerCertificate</code> 可以让 kubelet 在其引导客户端凭据后还可以请求服务证书，并轮换该证书。服务证书目前不要求 DNS 或 IP SANs。</p>
|
||
<h2 id="kubectl-审批">kubectl 审批</h2>
|
||
<p>签名控制器不会立即签署所有证书请求。相反，它会一直等待直到适当特权的用户被标记为 “已批准” 状态。这最终将是由外部审批控制器来处理的自动化过程，但是对于 alpha 版本的 API 来说，可以由集群管理员通过 kubectl 命令手动完成。</p>
|
||
<p>管理员可以使用 <code>kubectl get csr</code> 命令列出所有的 CSR，使用 <code>kubectl describe csr <name></code> 命令描述某个 CSR的详细信息。在 1.6 版本以前，<a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/30163" target="_blank">没有直接的批准/拒绝命令</a> ，因此审批者需要直接更新 Status 信息（<a href="https://github.com/gtank/csrctl" target="_blank">查看如何实现</a>）。此后的 Kubernetes 版本中提供了 <code>kubectl certificate approve <name></code> 和 <code>kubectl certificate deny <name></code> 命令。 </p>
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_CAPTION_","label":"es-home","attributes":{},"skip":false,"key":"1.4.1.10.2"},{"backlink":"practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html#fig1.4.2.1.1","level":"1.4.2.1","list_caption":"Figure: kubernetes-dashboard","alt":"kubernetes-dashboard","nro":34,"url":"../images/traefik-dashboard.jpg","index":1,"caption_template":"图片 - _CAPTION_","label":"kubernetes-dashboard","attributes":{},"skip":false,"key":"1.4.2.1.1"},{"backlink":"practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html#fig1.4.2.1.2","level":"1.4.2.1","list_caption":"Figure: traefik-nginx","alt":"traefik-nginx","nro":35,"url":"../images/traefik-nginx.jpg","index":2,"caption_template":"图片 - _CAPTION_","label":"traefik-nginx","attributes":{},"skip":false,"key":"1.4.2.1.2"},{"backlink":"practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html#fig1.4.2.1.3","level":"1.4.2.1","list_caption":"Figure: traefik-guestbook","alt":"traefik-guestbook","nro":36,"url":"../images/traefik-guestbook.jpg","index":3,"caption_template":"图片 - _CAPTION_","label":"traefik-guestbook","attributes":{},"skip":false,"key":"1.4.2.1.3"},{"backlink":"practice/distributed-load-test.html#fig1.4.2.2.1","level":"1.4.2.2","list_caption":"Figure: 使用dashboard来扩容","alt":"使用dashboard来扩容","nro":37,"url":"../images/dashbaord-scale.jpg","index":1,"caption_template":"图片 - 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