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<title>Prometheus 查询语言 PromQL 使用说明 · Kubernetes Handbook - Kubernetes中文指南/云原生应用架构实践手册 by Jimmy Song(宋净超)</title>
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<input type="text" placeholder="输入并搜索" />
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<nav role="navigation">
<ul class="summary">
<li>
<a href="https://jimmysong.io" target="_blank" class="custom-link">回到主页</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://jimmysong.io/awesome-cloud-native" target="_blank" class="custom-link">云原生开源项目大全</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://cloudnative.to" target="_blank" class="custom-link">云原生社区</a>
</li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="header">前言</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../">
<a href="../">
<b>1.1.</b>
序言
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">云原生</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-definition.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-definition.html">
<b>2.1.</b>
云原生（Cloud Native）的定义
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.2" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-philosophy.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-philosophy.html">
<b>2.2.</b>
云原生的设计哲学
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.3" data-path="../cloud-native/quick-start.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/quick-start.html">
<b>2.3.</b>
云原生新手入门指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.4" data-path="../cloud-native/play-with-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/play-with-kubernetes.html">
<b>2.4.</b>
Play with Kubernetes
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.5" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-local-quick-start.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-local-quick-start.html">
<b>2.5.</b>
快速部署一个云原生本地实验环境
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6" data-path="../cloud-native/setup-kubernetes-with-rancher-and-aliyun.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/setup-kubernetes-with-rancher-and-aliyun.html">
<b>2.6.</b>
使用 Rancher 在阿里云上部署 Kubenretes 集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.7" data-path="../cloud-native/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html">
<b>2.7.</b>
Kubernetes 与云原生应用概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.8" data-path="../cloud-native/from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html">
<b>2.8.</b>
云原生应用之路 —— 从 Kubernetes 到 Cloud Native
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.9" data-path="../cloud-native/define-cloud-native-app.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/define-cloud-native-app.html">
<b>2.9.</b>
定义云原生应用
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.9.1" data-path="../cloud-native/oam.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/oam.html">
<b>2.9.1.</b>
OAM
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.9.1.1" data-path="../cloud-native/workload.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/workload.html">
<b>2.9.1.1.</b>
Workload
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.9.1.2" data-path="../cloud-native/component.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/component.html">
<b>2.9.1.2.</b>
Component
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.9.1.3" data-path="../cloud-native/trait.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/trait.html">
<b>2.9.1.3.</b>
Trait
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.9.1.4" data-path="../cloud-native/application-scope.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/application-scope.html">
<b>2.9.1.4.</b>
Application Scope
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.9.1.5" data-path="../cloud-native/application-configuration.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/application-configuration.html">
<b>2.9.1.5.</b>
Application Configuration
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.9.2" data-path="../cloud-native/crossplane.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/crossplane.html">
<b>2.9.2.</b>
Crossplane
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.10" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-languages.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-languages.html">
<b>2.10.</b>
云原生编程语言
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.10.1" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-ballerina.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-ballerina.html">
<b>2.10.1.</b>
云原生编程语言 Ballerina
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.10.2" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-pulumi.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-pulumi.html">
<b>2.10.2.</b>
云原生编程语言 Pulumi
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.11" data-path="../cloud-native/the-future-of-cloud-native.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/the-future-of-cloud-native.html">
<b>2.11.</b>
云原生的未来
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">概念与原理</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../concepts/">
<a href="../concepts/">
<b>3.1.</b>
Kubernetes 架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.1" data-path="../concepts/concepts.html">
<a href="../concepts/concepts.html">
<b>3.1.1.</b>
设计理念
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.2" data-path="../concepts/etcd.html">
<a href="../concepts/etcd.html">
<b>3.1.2.</b>
Etcd 解析
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.3" data-path="../concepts/open-interfaces.html">
<a href="../concepts/open-interfaces.html">
<b>3.1.3.</b>
开放接口
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.3.1" data-path="../concepts/cri.html">
<a href="../concepts/cri.html">
<b>3.1.3.1.</b>
CRI - Container Runtime Interface（容器运行时接口）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.3.2" data-path="../concepts/cni.html">
<a href="../concepts/cni.html">
<b>3.1.3.2.</b>
CNI - Container Network Interface（容器网络接口）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1.3.3" data-path="../concepts/csi.html">
<a href="../concepts/csi.html">
<b>3.1.3.3.</b>
CSI - Container Storage Interface（容器存储接口）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../concepts/networking.html">
<a href="../concepts/networking.html">
<b>3.2.</b>
Kubernetes 中的网络
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.1" data-path="../concepts/flannel.html">
<a href="../concepts/flannel.html">
<b>3.2.1.</b>
Kubernetes 中的网络解析 —— 以 flannel 为例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.2" data-path="../concepts/calico.html">
<a href="../concepts/calico.html">
<b>3.2.2.</b>
Kubernetes 中的网络解析 —— 以 calico 为例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.3" data-path="../concepts/cilium.html">
<a href="../concepts/cilium.html">
<b>3.2.3.</b>
具备 API 感知的网络和安全性管理开源软件 Cilium
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2.3.1" data-path="../concepts/cilium-concepts.html">
<a href="../concepts/cilium-concepts.html">
<b>3.2.3.1.</b>
Cilium 架构设计与概念解析
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.3" data-path="../concepts/objects.html">
<a href="../concepts/objects.html">
<b>3.3.</b>
资源对象与基本概念解析
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4" data-path="../concepts/pod-state-and-lifecycle.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-state-and-lifecycle.html">
<b>3.4.</b>
Pod 状态与生命周期管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4.1" data-path="../concepts/pod-overview.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-overview.html">
<b>3.4.1.</b>
Pod 概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4.2" data-path="../concepts/pod.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod.html">
<b>3.4.2.</b>
Pod 解析
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4.3" data-path="../concepts/init-containers.html">
<a href="../concepts/init-containers.html">
<b>3.4.3.</b>
Init 容器
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4.4" data-path="../concepts/pause-container.html">
<a href="../concepts/pause-container.html">
<b>3.4.4.</b>
Pause 容器
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4.5" data-path="../concepts/pod-security-policy.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-security-policy.html">
<b>3.4.5.</b>
Pod 安全策略
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4.6" data-path="../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-lifecycle.html">
<b>3.4.6.</b>
Pod 的生命周期
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4.7" data-path="../concepts/pod-hook.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-hook.html">
<b>3.4.7.</b>
Pod Hook
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4.8" data-path="../concepts/pod-preset.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-preset.html">
<b>3.4.8.</b>
Pod Preset
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4.9" data-path="../concepts/pod-disruption-budget.html">
<a href="../concepts/pod-disruption-budget.html">
<b>3.4.9.</b>
Pod 中断与 PDB（Pod 中断预算）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5" data-path="../concepts/cluster.html">
<a href="../concepts/cluster.html">
<b>3.5.</b>
集群资源管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5.1" data-path="../concepts/node.html">
<a href="../concepts/node.html">
<b>3.5.1.</b>
Node
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5.2" data-path="../concepts/namespace.html">
<a href="../concepts/namespace.html">
<b>3.5.2.</b>
Namespace
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5.3" data-path="../concepts/label.html">
<a href="../concepts/label.html">
<b>3.5.3.</b>
Label
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5.4" data-path="../concepts/annotation.html">
<a href="../concepts/annotation.html">
<b>3.5.4.</b>
Annotation
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5.5" data-path="../concepts/taint-and-toleration.html">
<a href="../concepts/taint-and-toleration.html">
<b>3.5.5.</b>
Taint 和 Toleration（污点和容忍）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5.6" data-path="../concepts/garbage-collection.html">
<a href="../concepts/garbage-collection.html">
<b>3.5.6.</b>
垃圾收集
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6" data-path="../concepts/controllers.html">
<a href="../concepts/controllers.html">
<b>3.6.</b>
控制器
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6.1" data-path="../concepts/deployment.html">
<a href="../concepts/deployment.html">
<b>3.6.1.</b>
Deployment
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6.2" data-path="../concepts/statefulset.html">
<a href="../concepts/statefulset.html">
<b>3.6.2.</b>
StatefulSet
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6.3" data-path="../concepts/daemonset.html">
<a href="../concepts/daemonset.html">
<b>3.6.3.</b>
DaemonSet
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6.4" data-path="../concepts/replicaset.html">
<a href="../concepts/replicaset.html">
<b>3.6.4.</b>
ReplicationController 和 ReplicaSet
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6.5" data-path="../concepts/job.html">
<a href="../concepts/job.html">
<b>3.6.5.</b>
Job
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6.6" data-path="../concepts/cronjob.html">
<a href="../concepts/cronjob.html">
<b>3.6.6.</b>
CronJob
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6.7" data-path="../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
<a href="../concepts/horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
<b>3.6.7.</b>
Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6.7.1" data-path="../concepts/custom-metrics-hpa.html">
<a href="../concepts/custom-metrics-hpa.html">
<b>3.6.7.1.</b>
自定义指标 HPA
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6.8" data-path="../concepts/admission-controller.html">
<a href="../concepts/admission-controller.html">
<b>3.6.8.</b>
准入控制器（Admission Controller）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.7" data-path="../concepts/service-discovery.html">
<a href="../concepts/service-discovery.html">
<b>3.7.</b>
服务发现
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.7.1" data-path="../concepts/service.html">
<a href="../concepts/service.html">
<b>3.7.1.</b>
Service
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.7.2" data-path="../concepts/ingress.html">
<a href="../concepts/ingress.html">
<b>3.7.2.</b>
Ingress
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.7.2.1" data-path="../concepts/traefik-ingress-controller.html">
<a href="../concepts/traefik-ingress-controller.html">
<b>3.7.2.1.</b>
Traefik Ingress Controller
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.8" data-path="../concepts/authentication-and-permission.html">
<a href="../concepts/authentication-and-permission.html">
<b>3.8.</b>
身份与权限控制
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.8.1" data-path="../concepts/serviceaccount.html">
<a href="../concepts/serviceaccount.html">
<b>3.8.1.</b>
ServiceAccount
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.8.2" data-path="../concepts/rbac.html">
<a href="../concepts/rbac.html">
<b>3.8.2.</b>
RBAC—— 基于角色的访问控制
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.8.3" data-path="../concepts/network-policy.html">
<a href="../concepts/network-policy.html">
<b>3.8.3.</b>
NetworkPolicy
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.9" data-path="../concepts/storage.html">
<a href="../concepts/storage.html">
<b>3.9.</b>
存储
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.9.1" data-path="../concepts/secret.html">
<a href="../concepts/secret.html">
<b>3.9.1.</b>
Secret
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.9.2" data-path="../concepts/configmap.html">
<a href="../concepts/configmap.html">
<b>3.9.2.</b>
ConfigMap
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.9.2.1" data-path="../concepts/configmap-hot-update.html">
<a href="../concepts/configmap-hot-update.html">
<b>3.9.2.1.</b>
ConfigMap 的热更新
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.9.3" data-path="../concepts/volume.html">
<a href="../concepts/volume.html">
<b>3.9.3.</b>
Volume
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.9.4" data-path="../concepts/persistent-volume.html">
<a href="../concepts/persistent-volume.html">
<b>3.9.4.</b>
Persistent Volume（持久化卷）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.9.5" data-path="../concepts/storageclass.html">
<a href="../concepts/storageclass.html">
<b>3.9.5.</b>
Storage Class
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.9.6" data-path="../concepts/local-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="../concepts/local-persistent-storage.html">
<b>3.9.6.</b>
本地持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.10" data-path="../concepts/extension.html">
<a href="../concepts/extension.html">
<b>3.10.</b>
集群扩展
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.10.1" data-path="../concepts/custom-resource.html">
<a href="../concepts/custom-resource.html">
<b>3.10.1.</b>
使用自定义资源扩展 API
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.10.2" data-path="../concepts/crd.html">
<a href="../concepts/crd.html">
<b>3.10.2.</b>
使用 CRD 扩展 Kubernetes API
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.10.3" data-path="../concepts/aggregated-api-server.html">
<a href="../concepts/aggregated-api-server.html">
<b>3.10.3.</b>
Aggregated API Server
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.10.4" data-path="../concepts/apiservice.html">
<a href="../concepts/apiservice.html">
<b>3.10.4.</b>
APIService
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.10.5" data-path="../concepts/service-catalog.html">
<a href="../concepts/service-catalog.html">
<b>3.10.5.</b>
Service Catalog
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.11" data-path="../concepts/scheduling.html">
<a href="../concepts/scheduling.html">
<b>3.11.</b>
资源调度
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.11.1" data-path="../concepts/qos.html">
<a href="../concepts/qos.html">
<b>3.11.1.</b>
QoS（服务质量等级）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">用户指南</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1" data-path="../guide/">
<a href="../guide/">
<b>4.1.</b>
用户指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2" data-path="../guide/resource-configuration.html">
<a href="../guide/resource-configuration.html">
<b>4.2.</b>
资源对象配置
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.1" data-path="../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
<a href="../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
<b>4.2.1.</b>
配置 Pod 的 liveness 和 readiness 探针
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.2" data-path="../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html">
<a href="../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html">
<b>4.2.2.</b>
配置 Pod 的 Service Account
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.3" data-path="../guide/secret-configuration.html">
<a href="../guide/secret-configuration.html">
<b>4.2.3.</b>
Secret 配置
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.4" data-path="../guide/resource-quota-management.html">
<a href="../guide/resource-quota-management.html">
<b>4.2.4.</b>
管理 namespace 中的资源配额
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3" data-path="../guide/command-usage.html">
<a href="../guide/command-usage.html">
<b>4.3.</b>
命令使用
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.1" data-path="../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
<a href="../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
<b>4.3.1.</b>
Docker 用户过渡到 kubectl 命令行指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.2" data-path="../guide/using-kubectl.html">
<a href="../guide/using-kubectl.html">
<b>4.3.2.</b>
kubectl 命令概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.3" data-path="../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html">
<a href="../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html">
<b>4.3.3.</b>
kubectl 命令技巧大全
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.4" data-path="../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html">
<a href="../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html">
<b>4.3.4.</b>
使用 etcdctl 访问 kubernetes 数据
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4" data-path="../guide/cluster-security-management.html">
<a href="../guide/cluster-security-management.html">
<b>4.4.</b>
集群安全性管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.1" data-path="../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
<b>4.4.1.</b>
管理集群中的 TLS
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.2" data-path="../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
<a href="../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
<b>4.4.2.</b>
kubelet 的认证授权
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.3" data-path="../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html">
<a href="../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html">
<b>4.4.3.</b>
TLS Bootstrap
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.4" data-path="../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
<a href="../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
<b>4.4.4.</b>
创建用户认证授权的 kubeconfig 文件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.5" data-path="../guide/ip-masq-agent.html">
<a href="../guide/ip-masq-agent.html">
<b>4.4.5.</b>
IP 伪装代理
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.6" data-path="../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html">
<a href="../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html">
<b>4.4.6.</b>
使用 kubeconfig 或 token 进行用户身份认证
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.7" data-path="../guide/authentication.html">
<a href="../guide/authentication.html">
<b>4.4.7.</b>
Kubernetes 中的用户与身份认证授权
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.8" data-path="../guide/kubernetes-security-best-practice.html">
<a href="../guide/kubernetes-security-best-practice.html">
<b>4.4.8.</b>
Kubernetes 集群安全性配置最佳实践
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5" data-path="../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
<b>4.5.</b>
访问 Kubernetes 集群
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.1" data-path="../guide/access-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/access-cluster.html">
<b>4.5.1.</b>
访问集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.2" data-path="../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
<a href="../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
<b>4.5.2.</b>
使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.3" data-path="../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
<a href="../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
<b>4.5.3.</b>
通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.4" data-path="../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html">
<b>4.5.4.</b>
使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.5" data-path="../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html">
<b>4.5.5.</b>
从外部访问 Kubernetes 中的 Pod
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.6" data-path="../guide/cabin-mobile-dashboard-for-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../guide/cabin-mobile-dashboard-for-kubernetes.html">
<b>4.5.6.</b>
Cabin - Kubernetes 手机客户端
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.7" data-path="../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html">
<a href="../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html">
<b>4.5.7.</b>
Lens - Kubernetes IDE/桌面客户端
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.8" data-path="../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html">
<a href="../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html">
<b>4.5.8.</b>
Kubernator - 更底层的 Kubernetes UI
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6" data-path="../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html">
<a href="../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html">
<b>4.6.</b>
在 Kubernetes 中开发部署应用
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6.1" data-path="../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
<b>4.6.1.</b>
适用于 kubernetes 的应用开发部署流程
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6.2" data-path="../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
<b>4.6.2.</b>
迁移传统应用到 Kubernetes 中 —— 以 Hadoop YARN 为例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6.3" data-path="../guide/using-statefulset.html">
<a href="../guide/using-statefulset.html">
<b>4.6.3.</b>
使用 StatefulSet 部署用状态应用
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">最佳实践</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1" data-path="./">
<a href="./">
<b>5.1.</b>
最佳实践概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2" data-path="install-kubernetes-on-centos.html">
<a href="install-kubernetes-on-centos.html">
<b>5.2.</b>
在 CentOS 上部署 Kubernetes 集群
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.1" data-path="create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
<a href="create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
<b>5.2.1.</b>
创建 TLS 证书和秘钥
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.2" data-path="create-kubeconfig.html">
<a href="create-kubeconfig.html">
<b>5.2.2.</b>
创建 kubeconfig 文件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.3" data-path="etcd-cluster-installation.html">
<a href="etcd-cluster-installation.html">
<b>5.2.3.</b>
创建高可用 etcd 集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.4" data-path="kubectl-installation.html">
<a href="kubectl-installation.html">
<b>5.2.4.</b>
安装 kubectl 命令行工具
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.5" data-path="master-installation.html">
<a href="master-installation.html">
<b>5.2.5.</b>
部署 master 节点
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.6" data-path="flannel-installation.html">
<a href="flannel-installation.html">
<b>5.2.6.</b>
安装 flannel 网络插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.7" data-path="node-installation.html">
<a href="node-installation.html">
<b>5.2.7.</b>
部署 node 节点
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.8" data-path="kubedns-addon-installation.html">
<a href="kubedns-addon-installation.html">
<b>5.2.8.</b>
安装 kubedns 插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.9" data-path="dashboard-addon-installation.html">
<a href="dashboard-addon-installation.html">
<b>5.2.9.</b>
安装 dashboard 插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.10" data-path="heapster-addon-installation.html">
<a href="heapster-addon-installation.html">
<b>5.2.10.</b>
安装 heapster 插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.11" data-path="efk-addon-installation.html">
<a href="efk-addon-installation.html">
<b>5.2.11.</b>
安装 EFK 插件
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3" data-path="install-kubernetes-with-kubeadm.html">
<a href="install-kubernetes-with-kubeadm.html">
<b>5.3.</b>
生产级的 Kubernetes 简化管理工具 kubeadm
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.1" data-path="install-kubernetes-on-ubuntu-server-16.04-with-kubeadm.html">
<a href="install-kubernetes-on-ubuntu-server-16.04-with-kubeadm.html">
<b>5.3.1.</b>
使用 kubeadm 在 Ubuntu Server 16.04 上快速构建测试集群
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4" data-path="service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
<a href="service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
<b>5.4.</b>
服务发现与负载均衡
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.1" data-path="traefik-ingress-installation.html">
<a href="traefik-ingress-installation.html">
<b>5.4.1.</b>
安装 Traefik ingress
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.2" data-path="distributed-load-test.html">
<a href="distributed-load-test.html">
<b>5.4.2.</b>
分布式负载测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.3" data-path="network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
<a href="network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
<b>5.4.3.</b>
网络和集群性能测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.4" data-path="edge-node-configuration.html">
<a href="edge-node-configuration.html">
<b>5.4.4.</b>
边缘节点配置
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.5" data-path="nginx-ingress-installation.html">
<a href="nginx-ingress-installation.html">
<b>5.4.5.</b>
安装 Nginx ingress
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.6" data-path="dns-installation.html">
<a href="dns-installation.html">
<b>5.4.6.</b>
安装配置 DNS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.6.1" data-path="configuring-dns.html">
<a href="configuring-dns.html">
<b>5.4.6.1.</b>
安装配置 Kube-dns
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.6.2" data-path="coredns.html">
<a href="coredns.html">
<b>5.4.6.2.</b>
安装配置 CoreDNS
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5" data-path="operation.html">
<a href="operation.html">
<b>5.5.</b>
运维管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.1" data-path="master-ha.html">
<a href="master-ha.html">
<b>5.5.1.</b>
Master 节点高可用
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.2" data-path="service-rolling-update.html">
<a href="service-rolling-update.html">
<b>5.5.2.</b>
服务滚动升级
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.3" data-path="app-log-collection.html">
<a href="app-log-collection.html">
<b>5.5.3.</b>
应用日志收集
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.4" data-path="configuration-best-practice.html">
<a href="configuration-best-practice.html">
<b>5.5.4.</b>
配置最佳实践
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.5" data-path="monitor.html">
<a href="monitor.html">
<b>5.5.5.</b>
集群及应用监控
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.6" data-path="data-persistence-problem.html">
<a href="data-persistence-problem.html">
<b>5.5.6.</b>
数据持久化问题
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.7" data-path="manage-compute-resources-container.html">
<a href="manage-compute-resources-container.html">
<b>5.5.7.</b>
管理容器的计算资源
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.8" data-path="federation.html">
<a href="federation.html">
<b>5.5.8.</b>
集群联邦
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6" data-path="storage.html">
<a href="storage.html">
<b>5.6.</b>
存储管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.1" data-path="glusterfs.html">
<a href="glusterfs.html">
<b>5.6.1.</b>
GlusterFS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.1.1" data-path="using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>5.6.1.1.</b>
使用 GlusterFS 做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.1.2" data-path="using-heketi-gluster-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="using-heketi-gluster-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>5.6.1.2.</b>
使用 Heketi 作为 Kubernetes 的持久存储 GlusterFS 的 external provisioner
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.1.3" data-path="storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
<a href="storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
<b>5.6.1.3.</b>
在 OpenShift 中使用 GlusterFS 做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.2" data-path="glusterd-2.0.html">
<a href="glusterd-2.0.html">
<b>5.6.2.</b>
GlusterD-2.0
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.3" data-path="ceph.html">
<a href="ceph.html">
<b>5.6.3.</b>
Ceph
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.3.1" data-path="ceph-helm-install-guide-zh.html">
<a href="ceph-helm-install-guide-zh.html">
<b>5.6.3.1.</b>
用 Helm 托管安装 Ceph 集群并提供后端存储
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.3.2" data-path="using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>5.6.3.2.</b>
使用 Ceph 做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.3.3" data-path="rbd-provisioner.html">
<a href="rbd-provisioner.html">
<b>5.6.3.3.</b>
使用 rbd-provisioner 提供 rbd 持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.4" data-path="openebs.html">
<a href="openebs.html">
<b>5.6.4.</b>
OpenEBS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.4.1" data-path="using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>5.6.4.1.</b>
使用 OpenEBS 做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.5" data-path="rook.html">
<a href="rook.html">
<b>5.6.5.</b>
Rook
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.6" data-path="nfs.html">
<a href="nfs.html">
<b>5.6.6.</b>
NFS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.6.1" data-path="using-nfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="using-nfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>5.6.6.1.</b>
利用 NFS 动态提供 Kubernetes 后端存储卷
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7" data-path="monitoring.html">
<a href="monitoring.html">
<b>5.7.</b>
集群与应用监控
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7.1" data-path="heapster.html">
<a href="heapster.html">
<b>5.7.1.</b>
Heapster
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7.1.1" data-path="using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html">
<a href="using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html">
<b>5.7.1.1.</b>
使用 Heapster 获取集群和对象的 metric 数据
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7.2" data-path="prometheus.html">
<a href="prometheus.html">
<b>5.7.2.</b>
Prometheus
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7.2.1" data-path="using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html">
<a href="using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html">
<b>5.7.2.1.</b>
使用 Prometheus 监控 kubernetes 集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter active" data-level="5.7.2.2" data-path="promql.html">
<a href="promql.html">
<b>5.7.2.2.</b>
Prometheus 查询语言 PromQL 使用说明
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7.3" data-path="vistio-visualize-your-istio-mesh.html">
<a href="vistio-visualize-your-istio-mesh.html">
<b>5.7.3.</b>
使用 Vistio 监控 Istio 服务网格中的流量
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8" data-path="distributed-tracing.html">
<a href="distributed-tracing.html">
<b>5.8.</b>
分布式跟踪
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8.1" data-path="opentracing.html">
<a href="opentracing.html">
<b>5.8.1.</b>
OpenTracing
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9" data-path="services-management-tool.html">
<a href="services-management-tool.html">
<b>5.9.</b>
服务编排管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9.1" data-path="helm.html">
<a href="helm.html">
<b>5.9.1.</b>
使用 Helm 管理 Kubernetes 应用
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9.2" data-path="create-private-charts-repo.html">
<a href="create-private-charts-repo.html">
<b>5.9.2.</b>
构建私有 Chart 仓库
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.10" data-path="ci-cd.html">
<a href="ci-cd.html">
<b>5.10.</b>
持续集成与发布
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.10.1" data-path="jenkins-ci-cd.html">
<a href="jenkins-ci-cd.html">
<b>5.10.1.</b>
使用 Jenkins 进行持续集成与发布
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.10.2" data-path="drone-ci-cd.html">
<a href="drone-ci-cd.html">
<b>5.10.2.</b>
使用 Drone 进行持续集成与发布
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.11" data-path="update-and-upgrade.html">
<a href="update-and-upgrade.html">
<b>5.11.</b>
更新与升级
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.11.1" data-path="manually-upgrade.html">
<a href="manually-upgrade.html">
<b>5.11.1.</b>
手动升级 Kubernetes 集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.11.2" data-path="dashboard-upgrade.html">
<a href="dashboard-upgrade.html">
<b>5.11.2.</b>
升级 dashboard
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.12" data-path="controller-extended.html">
<a href="controller-extended.html">
<b>5.12.</b>
扩展控制器
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.12.1" data-path="openkruise.html">
<a href="openkruise.html">
<b>5.12.1.</b>
OpenKruise
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.12.1.1" data-path="in-place-update.html">
<a href="in-place-update.html">
<b>5.12.1.1.</b>
原地升级
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">领域应用</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.1" data-path="../usecases/">
<a href="../usecases/">
<b>6.1.</b>
领域应用概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2" data-path="../usecases/microservices.html">
<a href="../usecases/microservices.html">
<b>6.2.</b>
微服务架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.1" data-path="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
<b>6.2.1.</b>
微服务中的服务发现
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.2" data-path="../usecases/microservices-for-java-developers.html">
<a href="../usecases/microservices-for-java-developers.html">
<b>6.2.2.</b>
使用 Java 构建微服务并发布到 Kubernetes 平台
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.2.1" data-path="../usecases/spring-boot-quick-start-guide.html">
<a href="../usecases/spring-boot-quick-start-guide.html">
<b>6.2.2.1.</b>
Spring Boot 快速开始指南
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3" data-path="../usecases/observability.html">
<a href="../usecases/observability.html">
<b>6.3.</b>
可观察性
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh.html">
<b>6.4.</b>
Service Mesh 服务网格
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.1" data-path="../usecases/the-enterprise-path-to-service-mesh-architectures.html">
<a href="../usecases/the-enterprise-path-to-service-mesh-architectures.html">
<b>6.4.1.</b>
企业级服务网格架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.1.1" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh-fundamental.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh-fundamental.html">
<b>6.4.1.1.</b>
Service Mesh 基础
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.1.2" data-path="../usecases/comparing-service-mesh-technologies.html">
<a href="../usecases/comparing-service-mesh-technologies.html">
<b>6.4.1.2.</b>
Service Mesh 技术对比
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.1.3" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh-adoption-and-evolution.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh-adoption-and-evolution.html">
<b>6.4.1.3.</b>
采纳和演进
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.1.4" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh-customization-and-integration.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh-customization-and-integration.html">
<b>6.4.1.4.</b>
定制和集成
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.1.5" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh-conclusion.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh-conclusion.html">
<b>6.4.1.5.</b>
总结
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2" data-path="../usecases/istio.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio.html">
<b>6.4.2.</b>
Istio
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2.1" data-path="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio-installation.html">
<b>6.4.2.1.</b>
安装并试用 Istio service mesh
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2.2" data-path="../usecases/sidecar-spec-in-istio.html">
<a href="../usecases/sidecar-spec-in-istio.html">
<b>6.4.2.2.</b>
Istio 中 sidecar 的注入规范及示例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2.3" data-path="../usecases/istio-community-tips.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio-community-tips.html">
<b>6.4.2.3.</b>
如何参与 Istio 社区及注意事项
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2.4" data-path="../usecases/istio-tutorials-collection.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio-tutorials-collection.html">
<b>6.4.2.4.</b>
Istio 免费学习资源汇总
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2.5" data-path="../usecases/understand-sidecar-injection-and-traffic-hijack-in-istio-service-mesh.html">
<a href="../usecases/understand-sidecar-injection-and-traffic-hijack-in-istio-service-mesh.html">
<b>6.4.2.5.</b>
Sidecar 的注入与流量劫持
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2.6" data-path="../usecases/envoy-sidecar-routing-of-istio-service-mesh-deep-dive.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy-sidecar-routing-of-istio-service-mesh-deep-dive.html">
<b>6.4.2.6.</b>
Envoy Sidecar 代理的路由转发
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2.7" data-path="../usecases/how-to-integrate-istio-with-vm.html">
<a href="../usecases/how-to-integrate-istio-with-vm.html">
<b>6.4.2.7.</b>
Istio 如何支持虚拟机
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2.8" data-path="../usecases/istio-vm-support.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio-vm-support.html">
<b>6.4.2.8.</b>
Istio 支持虚拟机的历史
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.3" data-path="../usecases/linkerd.html">
<a href="../usecases/linkerd.html">
<b>6.4.3.</b>
Linkerd
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.3.1" data-path="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
<a href="../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html">
<b>6.4.3.1.</b>
Linkerd 使用指南
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.4" data-path="../usecases/conduit.html">
<a href="../usecases/conduit.html">
<b>6.4.4.</b>
Conduit
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.4.1" data-path="../usecases/conduit-overview.html">
<a href="../usecases/conduit-overview.html">
<b>6.4.4.1.</b>
Condiut 概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.4.2" data-path="../usecases/conduit-installation.html">
<a href="../usecases/conduit-installation.html">
<b>6.4.4.2.</b>
安装 Conduit
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.5" data-path="../usecases/envoy.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy.html">
<b>6.4.5.</b>
Envoy
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.5.1" data-path="../usecases/envoy-terminology.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy-terminology.html">
<b>6.4.5.1.</b>
Envoy 的架构与基本术语
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.5.2" data-path="../usecases/envoy-front-proxy.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy-front-proxy.html">
<b>6.4.5.2.</b>
Envoy 作为前端代理
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.5.3" data-path="../usecases/envoy-mesh-in-kubernetes-tutorial.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy-mesh-in-kubernetes-tutorial.html">
<b>6.4.5.3.</b>
Envoy mesh 教程
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.6" data-path="../usecases/mosn.html">
<a href="../usecases/mosn.html">
<b>6.4.6.</b>
MOSN
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5" data-path="../usecases/big-data.html">
<a href="../usecases/big-data.html">
<b>6.5.</b>
大数据
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.1" data-path="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
<b>6.5.1.</b>
Spark standalone on Kubernetes
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.2" data-path="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
<a href="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
<b>6.5.2.</b>
运行支持 Kubernetes 原生调度的 Spark 程序
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6" data-path="../usecases/serverless.html">
<a href="../usecases/serverless.html">
<b>6.6.</b>
Serverless 架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.1" data-path="../usecases/understanding-serverless.html">
<a href="../usecases/understanding-serverless.html">
<b>6.6.1.</b>
理解 Serverless
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.2" data-path="../usecases/faas.html">
<a href="../usecases/faas.html">
<b>6.6.2.</b>
FaaS（函数即服务）
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.2.1" data-path="../usecases/openfaas-quick-start.html">
<a href="../usecases/openfaas-quick-start.html">
<b>6.6.2.1.</b>
OpenFaaS 快速入门指南
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.3" data-path="../usecases/knative.html">
<a href="../usecases/knative.html">
<b>6.6.3.</b>
Knative
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.7" data-path="../usecases/edge-computing.html">
<a href="../usecases/edge-computing.html">
<b>6.7.</b>
边缘计算
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.8" data-path="../usecases/ai.html">
<a href="../usecases/ai.html">
<b>6.8.</b>
人工智能
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">开发指南</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.1" data-path="../develop/">
<a href="../develop/">
<b>7.1.</b>
开发指南概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2" data-path="../develop/sigs-and-working-group.html">
<a href="../develop/sigs-and-working-group.html">
<b>7.2.</b>
SIG 和工作组
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3" data-path="../develop/developing-environment.html">
<a href="../develop/developing-environment.html">
<b>7.3.</b>
开发环境搭建
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3.1" data-path="../develop/using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html">
<a href="../develop/using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html">
<b>7.3.1.</b>
本地分布式开发环境搭建（使用 Vagrant 和 Virtualbox）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4" data-path="../develop/testing.html">
<a href="../develop/testing.html">
<b>7.4.</b>
单元测试和集成测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.5" data-path="../develop/client-go-sample.html">
<a href="../develop/client-go-sample.html">
<b>7.5.</b>
client-go 示例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.6" data-path="../develop/operator.html">
<a href="../develop/operator.html">
<b>7.6.</b>
Operator
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.6.1" data-path="../develop/operator-sdk.html">
<a href="../develop/operator-sdk.html">
<b>7.6.1.</b>
operator-sdk
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.7" data-path="../develop/kubebuilder.html">
<a href="../develop/kubebuilder.html">
<b>7.7.</b>
kubebuilder
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.7.1" data-path="../develop/kubebuilder-example.html">
<a href="../develop/kubebuilder-example.html">
<b>7.7.1.</b>
使用 kubebuilder 创建 operator 示例
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.8" data-path="../develop/advance-developer.html">
<a href="../develop/advance-developer.html">
<b>7.8.</b>
高级开发指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.9" data-path="../develop/contribute.html">
<a href="../develop/contribute.html">
<b>7.9.</b>
社区贡献
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.10" data-path="../develop/minikube.html">
<a href="../develop/minikube.html">
<b>7.10.</b>
Minikube
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">CNCF（云原生计算基金会）</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.1" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf.html">
<b>8.1.</b>
CNCF - 云原生计算基金会简介
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-charter.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-charter.html">
<b>8.2.</b>
CNCF 章程
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-sig.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-sig.html">
<b>8.3.</b>
CNCF 特别兴趣小组（SIG）说明
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-sandbox-criteria.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-sandbox-criteria.html">
<b>8.4.</b>
开源项目加入 CNCF Sandbox 的要求
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.5" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-project-governing.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-project-governing.html">
<b>8.5.</b>
CNCF 中的项目治理
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.6" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-ambassador.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-ambassador.html">
<b>8.6.</b>
CNCF Ambassador
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">附录</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.1" data-path="../appendix/">
<a href="../appendix/">
<b>9.1.</b>
附录说明
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.2" data-path="../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html">
<a href="../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html">
<b>9.2.</b>
Kubernetes 中的应用故障排查
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.3" data-path="../appendix/material-share.html">
<a href="../appendix/material-share.html">
<b>9.3.</b>
Kubernetes 相关资讯和情报链接
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.4" data-path="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
<a href="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
<b>9.4.</b>
Docker 最佳实践
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.5" data-path="../appendix/tricks.html">
<a href="../appendix/tricks.html">
<b>9.5.</b>
使用技巧
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.6" data-path="../appendix/issues.html">
<a href="../appendix/issues.html">
<b>9.6.</b>
问题记录
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.</b>
Kubernetes 版本更新日志
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.1" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.7-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.7-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.1.</b>
Kubernetes1.7 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.2" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.8-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.8-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.2.</b>
Kubernetes1.8 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.3" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.9-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.9-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.3.</b>
Kubernetes1.9 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.4" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.10-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.10-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.4.</b>
Kubernetes1.10 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.5" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.11-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.11-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.5.</b>
Kubernetes1.11 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.6" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.12-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.12-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.6.</b>
Kubernetes1.12 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.7" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.13-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.13-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.7.</b>
Kubernetes1.13 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.8" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.14-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.14-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.8.</b>
Kubernetes1.14 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.9" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.15-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.15-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.9.</b>
Kubernetes1.15 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.10" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.16-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.16-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.10.</b>
Kubernetes1.16 更新日志
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.11" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-1.17-changelog.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-1.17-changelog.html">
<b>9.7.11.</b>
Kubernetes1.17 更新日志
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.8" data-path="../appendix/summary-and-outlook.html">
<a href="../appendix/summary-and-outlook.html">
<b>9.8.</b>
Kubernetes 及云原生年度总结及展望
</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.8.1" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html">
<b>9.8.1.</b>
Kubernetes 与云原生 2017 年年终总结及 2018 年展望
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.8.2" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2018-and-outlook-for-2019.html">
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<b>9.8.2.</b>
Kubernetes 与云原生 2018 年年终总结及 2019 年展望
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.9" data-path="../appendix/cncf-annual-report.html">
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<b>9.9.</b>
CNCF 年度报告解读
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.9.1" data-path="../appendix/cncf-annual-report-2018.html">
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<b>9.9.1.</b>
CNCF 2018 年年度报告解读
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</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.10" data-path="../appendix/about-kcsp.html">
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<b>9.10.</b>
Kubernetes 认证服务提供商（KCSP）说明
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.11" data-path="../appendix/about-cka-candidate.html">
<a href="../appendix/about-cka-candidate.html">
<b>9.11.</b>
认证 Kubernetes 管理员（CKA）说明
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<a href=".." >Prometheus 查询语言 PromQL 使用说明</a>
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<h1 id="prometheus-&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;-promql-&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;">Prometheus &#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x8BED;&#x8A00; PromQL &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;</h1>
<p>&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x4E91;&#x539F;&#x751F;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x4E86; Prometheus &#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x76D1;&#x63A7;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x5728; Istio &#x4E2D;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2; Prometheus &#x6307;&#x6807;&#x3002;</p>
<p>Prometheus &#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#xFF0C;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x5B9E;&#x65F6;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x548C;&#x6C47;&#x603B;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x3002;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x4E3A;&#x56FE;&#x5F62;&#x3001;&#x8868;&#x683C;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x7531;&#x5916;&#x90E8;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x901A;&#x8FC7; <a href="https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/" target="_blank">RESTful API</a> &#x6D88;&#x8D39;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;">&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;</h2>
<p>Prometheus &#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x7B80;&#x79F0; PromQL&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0B;&#x56DB;&#x7C7B;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF1A;</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Instant vector&#xFF08;&#x5373;&#x65F6;&#x5411;&#x91CF;&#xFF09;</strong>&#xFF1A;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#xFF0C;&#x62E5;&#x6709;&#x5171;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x6233;&#xFF0C;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x4E2D;&#x90FD;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6837;&#x672C;&#x3002;</li>
<li><strong>Range vector&#xFF08;&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#x5411;&#x91CF;&#xFF09;</strong>&#xFF1A;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x90FD;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x4E00;&#x7CFB;&#x5217;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x8303;&#x56F4;&#x5185;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x70B9;&#x3002;</li>
<li><strong>Scalar&#xFF08;&#x6807;&#x91CF;&#xFF09;</strong>&#xFF1A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x7684;&#x6D6E;&#x70B9;&#x503C;&#x3002;</li>
<li><strong>String&#xFF08;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#xFF09;</strong>&#xFF1A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x7684;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#xFF0C;&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x6682;&#x672A;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3002;</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="&#x793A;&#x4F8B;">&#x793A;&#x4F8B;</h2>
<p>&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7; Prometheus web &#x9875;&#x9762;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x3002;</p>
<figure id="fig5.7.2.2.1"><a href="../images/006tNbRwly1fwcl7v28rhj30xl0onadv.jpg" data-lightbox="d020b490-19f4-40bb-a703-b1a55aadb6aa" data-title="Prometheus &#x7684;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x9875;&#x9762;"><img src="../images/006tNbRwly1fwcl7v28rhj30xl0onadv.jpg" alt="Prometheus &#x7684;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x9875;&#x9762;"></a><figcaption>&#x56FE; 5.7.2.2.1&#xFF1A;Prometheus &#x7684;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x9875;&#x9762;</figcaption></figure>
<p>&#x8FD8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; HTTP API &#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x4F60;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <a href="https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-vagrant-centos-cluster" target="_blank">kubernetes-vagrant-centos-cluster</a> &#x90E8;&#x7F72;&#x4E86; <a href="https://istio.io" target="_blank">Istio</a>&#xFF0C;&#x4F1A;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x5B89;&#x88C5; Prometheus&#xFF0C;&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5728;&#x6D4F;&#x89C8;&#x5668;&#x4E2D;&#x8BF7;&#x6C42; <a href="http://prometheus.istio.jimmysong.io/api/v1/query?query=http_requests_total{job=%22kubernetes-nodes%22}" target="_blank">http://prometheus.istio.jimmysong.io/api/v1/query?query=http_requests_total{job=%22kubernetes-nodes%22}</a>&#xFF0C;&#x5C06;&#x4F1A;&#x770B;&#x5230;&#x5982;&#x4E0B;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x7684; json &#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x503C;&#x3002;</p>
<pre class="language-"><code class="lang-json"><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;status&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;success&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;data&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;resultType&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;vector&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;result&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;metric&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;__name__&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;http_requests_total&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;beta_kubernetes_io_arch&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;amd64&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;beta_kubernetes_io_os&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;linux&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;code&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;200&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;handler&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;prometheus&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;instance&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;node1&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;job&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;kubernetes-nodes&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;kubernetes_io_hostname&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;node1&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;method&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;get&quot;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token number">1539861026.814</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token string">&quot;556&quot;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;metric&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;__name__&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;http_requests_total&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;beta_kubernetes_io_arch&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;amd64&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;beta_kubernetes_io_os&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;linux&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;code&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;200&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;handler&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;prometheus&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;instance&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;node2&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;job&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;kubernetes-nodes&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;kubernetes_io_hostname&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;node2&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;method&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;get&quot;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token number">1539861026.814</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token string">&quot;555&quot;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;metric&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;__name__&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;http_requests_total&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;beta_kubernetes_io_arch&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;amd64&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;beta_kubernetes_io_os&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;linux&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;code&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;200&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;handler&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;prometheus&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;instance&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;node3&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;job&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;kubernetes-nodes&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;kubernetes_io_hostname&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;node3&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;method&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;get&quot;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token property">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token number">1539861026.814</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token string">&quot;556&quot;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre>
<p><strong>HTTP API &#x8BF4;&#x660E;</strong></p>
<p>&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#x662F;&#x5BF9;&#x6700;&#x5E38;&#x7528;&#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x7684;&#x5373;&#x65F6;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x662F;&#x5BF9;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x7684;&#x7B80;&#x8981;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x3002;</p>
<ul>
<li><code>status</code>&#xFF1A;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4E3A; <code>success</code> &#x548C; <code>error</code>&#xFF0C; &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4E3A; <code>error</code>&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x663E;&#x793A; <code>data</code> &#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x663E;&#x793A; <code>errorType</code> &#x548C; <code>error</code>&#x3002;</li>
<li><code>resultType</code>&#xFF1A;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4E3A; <code>matrix</code>&#x3001;<code>vector</code>&#x3001;<code>scalar</code> &#x6216; <code>string</code>&#x3002;</li>
<li><code>metric</code>&#xFF1A;&#x5373;&#x65F6;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x7684;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x76D1;&#x63A7; metric&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x9879;&#x4E3A; label&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5728;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2; URL &#x4E2D;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x5668;&#x6765;&#x8FC7;&#x6EE4; metric&#x3002;</li>
<li><code>value</code> &#xFF1A;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6570;&#x5B57;&#x662F; UNIX &#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x6233;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982; <code>1539861026.814</code> &#x8868;&#x793A;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x5317;&#x4EAC;&#x65F6;&#x95F4; <code>2018/10/18 19:10:26.814</code>&#xFF08;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF1A;&#x5C0F;&#x6570;&#x70B9;&#x540E;&#x6BEB;&#x79D2;&#x6570;&#xFF09;&#x3002;Prometheus &#x4E2D;&#x7684; metric &#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x4EE5; UTC&#xFF08;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#xFF09;&#x4E3A;&#x5355;&#x4F4D;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x65E0;&#x6CD5;&#x8C03;&#x6574;&#x65F6;&#x533A;&#xFF0C;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5728;&#x524D;&#x7AEF;&#x5C55;&#x793A;&#x65F6;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x6765;&#x8C03;&#x6574;&#x3002;</li>
</ul>
<p>&#x60A8;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x6BB5;&#x3001;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4; metric&#x3001;Prometheus &#x4E2D;&#x7684; target&#x3001;rule&#x3001;metadata &#x7B49;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x3002;&#x5173;&#x4E8E; Prometheus RESTful API &#x7684;&#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#x7528;&#x6CD5;&#x8BF7;&#x53C2;&#x8003; <a href="https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/" target="_blank">HTTP API</a>&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x53C2;&#x8003;">&#x53C2;&#x8003;</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/basics/" target="_blank">QUERYING PROMETHEUS - prometheus.io</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-vagrant-centos-cluster" target="_blank">Setting up a distributed Kubernetes cluster along with Istio service mesh locally with Vagrant and VirtualBox - github.com</a></li>
</ul>
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