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<title>Horizontal Pod Autoscaling · Kubernetes Handbook - Kubernetes 中文指南/云原生应用架构实践手册 · Jimmy Song</title>
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<a href="https://jimmysong.io" target="_blank" class="custom-link">回到主页</a>
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<a href="https://jimmysong.io/awesome-cloud-native" target="_blank" class="custom-link">云原生开源项目大全</a>
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<a href="https://cloudnative.to" target="_blank" class="custom-link">云原生社区</a>
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<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="header">前言</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="../">
<a href="../">
<b>1.1.</b>
序言
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">云原生</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-definition.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-definition.html">
<b>2.1.</b>
云原生的定义
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.2" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-philosophy.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-philosophy.html">
<b>2.2.</b>
云原生的设计哲学
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.3" data-path="../cloud-native/kubernetes-history.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/kubernetes-history.html">
<b>2.3.</b>
Kubernetes 的诞生
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.4" data-path="../cloud-native/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-app-overview.html">
<b>2.4.</b>
Kubernetes 与云原生应用概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.5" data-path="../cloud-native/from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/from-kubernetes-to-cloud-native.html">
<b>2.5.</b>
云原生应用之路 —— 从 Kubernetes 到云原生
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6" data-path="../cloud-native/define-cloud-native-app.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/define-cloud-native-app.html">
<b>2.6.</b>
定义云原生应用
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6.1" data-path="../cloud-native/oam.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/oam.html">
<b>2.6.1.</b>
OAM
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6.1.1" data-path="../cloud-native/workload.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/workload.html">
<b>2.6.1.1.</b>
Workload
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6.1.2" data-path="../cloud-native/component.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/component.html">
<b>2.6.1.2.</b>
Component
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6.1.3" data-path="../cloud-native/trait.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/trait.html">
<b>2.6.1.3.</b>
Trait
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6.1.4" data-path="../cloud-native/application-scope.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/application-scope.html">
<b>2.6.1.4.</b>
Application Scope
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6.1.5" data-path="../cloud-native/application-configuration.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/application-configuration.html">
<b>2.6.1.5.</b>
Application Configuration
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6.2" data-path="../cloud-native/crossplane.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/crossplane.html">
<b>2.6.2.</b>
Crossplane
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.7" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-languages.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-languages.html">
<b>2.7.</b>
云原生平台配置语言
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.7.1" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-ballerina.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-ballerina.html">
<b>2.7.1.</b>
Ballerina
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.7.2" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-pulumi.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-programming-language-pulumi.html">
<b>2.7.2.</b>
Pulumi
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="2.8" data-path="../cloud-native/the-future-of-cloud-native.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/the-future-of-cloud-native.html">
<b>2.8.</b>
云原生的未来
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">快速入门</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="../cloud-native/quick-start.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/quick-start.html">
<b>3.1.</b>
云原生新手入门指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="../cloud-native/play-with-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/play-with-kubernetes.html">
<b>3.2.</b>
Play with Kubernetes
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.3" data-path="../cloud-native/cloud-native-local-quick-start.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cloud-native-local-quick-start.html">
<b>3.3.</b>
快速部署一个云原生本地实验环境
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4" data-path="../cloud-native/setup-kubernetes-with-rancher-and-aliyun.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/setup-kubernetes-with-rancher-and-aliyun.html">
<b>3.4.</b>
使用 Rancher 在阿里云上部署 Kubenretes 集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">概念与原理</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1" data-path="./">
<a href="./">
<b>4.1.</b>
Kubernetes 架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.1" data-path="concepts.html">
<a href="concepts.html">
<b>4.1.1.</b>
Kubernetes 的设计理念
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.2" data-path="etcd.html">
<a href="etcd.html">
<b>4.1.2.</b>
Etcd 解析
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.3" data-path="open-interfaces.html">
<a href="open-interfaces.html">
<b>4.1.3.</b>
开放接口
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.3.1" data-path="cri.html">
<a href="cri.html">
<b>4.1.3.1.</b>
容器运行时接口（CRI）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.3.2" data-path="cni.html">
<a href="cni.html">
<b>4.1.3.2.</b>
容器网络接口（CNI）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.3.3" data-path="csi.html">
<a href="csi.html">
<b>4.1.3.3.</b>
容器存储接口（CSI）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1.4" data-path="objects.html">
<a href="objects.html">
<b>4.1.4.</b>
Kubernetes 中的资源对象
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2" data-path="pod-state-and-lifecycle.html">
<a href="pod-state-and-lifecycle.html">
<b>4.2.</b>
Pod 状态与生命周期管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.1" data-path="pod-overview.html">
<a href="pod-overview.html">
<b>4.2.1.</b>
Pod 概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.2" data-path="pod.html">
<a href="pod.html">
<b>4.2.2.</b>
Pod 解析
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.3" data-path="init-containers.html">
<a href="init-containers.html">
<b>4.2.3.</b>
Init 容器
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.4" data-path="pause-container.html">
<a href="pause-container.html">
<b>4.2.4.</b>
Pause 容器
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.5" data-path="pod-security-policy.html">
<a href="pod-security-policy.html">
<b>4.2.5.</b>
Pod 安全策略
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.6" data-path="pod-lifecycle.html">
<a href="pod-lifecycle.html">
<b>4.2.6.</b>
Pod 的生命周期
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.7" data-path="pod-hook.html">
<a href="pod-hook.html">
<b>4.2.7.</b>
Pod Hook
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.8" data-path="pod-preset.html">
<a href="pod-preset.html">
<b>4.2.8.</b>
Pod Preset
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2.9" data-path="pod-disruption-budget.html">
<a href="pod-disruption-budget.html">
<b>4.2.9.</b>
Pod 中断与 PDB（Pod 中断预算）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3" data-path="cluster.html">
<a href="cluster.html">
<b>4.3.</b>
集群资源管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.1" data-path="node.html">
<a href="node.html">
<b>4.3.1.</b>
Node
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.2" data-path="namespace.html">
<a href="namespace.html">
<b>4.3.2.</b>
Namespace
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.3" data-path="label.html">
<a href="label.html">
<b>4.3.3.</b>
Label
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.4" data-path="annotation.html">
<a href="annotation.html">
<b>4.3.4.</b>
Annotation
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.5" data-path="taint-and-toleration.html">
<a href="taint-and-toleration.html">
<b>4.3.5.</b>
Taint 和 Toleration（污点和容忍）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3.6" data-path="garbage-collection.html">
<a href="garbage-collection.html">
<b>4.3.6.</b>
垃圾收集
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4" data-path="controllers.html">
<a href="controllers.html">
<b>4.4.</b>
控制器
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.1" data-path="deployment.html">
<a href="deployment.html">
<b>4.4.1.</b>
Deployment
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.2" data-path="statefulset.html">
<a href="statefulset.html">
<b>4.4.2.</b>
StatefulSet
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.3" data-path="daemonset.html">
<a href="daemonset.html">
<b>4.4.3.</b>
DaemonSet
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.4" data-path="replicaset.html">
<a href="replicaset.html">
<b>4.4.4.</b>
ReplicationController 和 ReplicaSet
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.5" data-path="job.html">
<a href="job.html">
<b>4.4.5.</b>
Job
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.6" data-path="cronjob.html">
<a href="cronjob.html">
<b>4.4.6.</b>
CronJob
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter active" data-level="4.4.7" data-path="horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
<a href="horizontal-pod-autoscaling.html">
<b>4.4.7.</b>
Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.7.1" data-path="custom-metrics-hpa.html">
<a href="custom-metrics-hpa.html">
<b>4.4.7.1.</b>
自定义指标 HPA
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4.8" data-path="admission-controller.html">
<a href="admission-controller.html">
<b>4.4.8.</b>
准入控制器（Admission Controller）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5" data-path="service-discovery.html">
<a href="service-discovery.html">
<b>4.5.</b>
服务发现与路由
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.1" data-path="service.html">
<a href="service.html">
<b>4.5.1.</b>
Service
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.2" data-path="topology-aware-routing.html">
<a href="topology-aware-routing.html">
<b>4.5.2.</b>
拓扑感知路由
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.3" data-path="ingress.html">
<a href="ingress.html">
<b>4.5.3.</b>
Ingress
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.3.1" data-path="traefik-ingress-controller.html">
<a href="traefik-ingress-controller.html">
<b>4.5.3.1.</b>
Traefik Ingress Controller
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5.4" data-path="gateway.html">
<a href="gateway.html">
<b>4.5.4.</b>
Gateway
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6" data-path="authentication-and-permission.html">
<a href="authentication-and-permission.html">
<b>4.6.</b>
身份与权限控制
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6.1" data-path="serviceaccount.html">
<a href="serviceaccount.html">
<b>4.6.1.</b>
ServiceAccount
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6.2" data-path="rbac.html">
<a href="rbac.html">
<b>4.6.2.</b>
基于角色的访问控制（RBAC）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6.3" data-path="network-policy.html">
<a href="network-policy.html">
<b>4.6.3.</b>
NetworkPolicy
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.7" data-path="networking.html">
<a href="networking.html">
<b>4.7.</b>
网络
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.7.1" data-path="flannel.html">
<a href="flannel.html">
<b>4.7.1.</b>
扁平网络 Flannel
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.7.2" data-path="calico.html">
<a href="calico.html">
<b>4.7.2.</b>
非 Overlay 扁平网络 Calico
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.7.3" data-path="cilium.html">
<a href="cilium.html">
<b>4.7.3.</b>
基于 eBPF 的网络 Cilium
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.7.3.1" data-path="cilium-concepts.html">
<a href="cilium-concepts.html">
<b>4.7.3.1.</b>
Cilium 架构设计与概念解析
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.8" data-path="storage.html">
<a href="storage.html">
<b>4.8.</b>
存储
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.8.1" data-path="secret.html">
<a href="secret.html">
<b>4.8.1.</b>
Secret
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.8.2" data-path="configmap.html">
<a href="configmap.html">
<b>4.8.2.</b>
ConfigMap
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.8.2.1" data-path="configmap-hot-update.html">
<a href="configmap-hot-update.html">
<b>4.8.2.1.</b>
ConfigMap 的热更新
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.8.3" data-path="volume.html">
<a href="volume.html">
<b>4.8.3.</b>
Volume
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.8.4" data-path="persistent-volume.html">
<a href="persistent-volume.html">
<b>4.8.4.</b>
持久化卷（Persistent Volume）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.8.5" data-path="storageclass.html">
<a href="storageclass.html">
<b>4.8.5.</b>
Storage Class
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.8.6" data-path="local-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="local-persistent-storage.html">
<b>4.8.6.</b>
本地持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.9" data-path="extension.html">
<a href="extension.html">
<b>4.9.</b>
集群扩展
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.9.1" data-path="custom-resource.html">
<a href="custom-resource.html">
<b>4.9.1.</b>
使用自定义资源扩展 API
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.9.2" data-path="crd.html">
<a href="crd.html">
<b>4.9.2.</b>
使用 CRD 扩展 Kubernetes API
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.9.3" data-path="aggregated-api-server.html">
<a href="aggregated-api-server.html">
<b>4.9.3.</b>
Aggregated API Server
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.9.4" data-path="apiservice.html">
<a href="apiservice.html">
<b>4.9.4.</b>
APIService
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.9.5" data-path="service-catalog.html">
<a href="service-catalog.html">
<b>4.9.5.</b>
服务目录（Service Catalog）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.10" data-path="multicluster.html">
<a href="multicluster.html">
<b>4.10.</b>
多集群管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.10.1" data-path="multi-cluster-services-api.html">
<a href="multi-cluster-services-api.html">
<b>4.10.1.</b>
多集群服务 API（Multi-Cluster Services API）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.10.2" data-path="../practice/federation.html">
<a href="../practice/federation.html">
<b>4.10.2.</b>
集群联邦（Cluster Federation）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.11" data-path="scheduling.html">
<a href="scheduling.html">
<b>4.11.</b>
资源调度
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="4.11.1" data-path="qos.html">
<a href="qos.html">
<b>4.11.1.</b>
服务质量等级（QoS）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">用户指南</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1" data-path="../guide/">
<a href="../guide/">
<b>5.1.</b>
用户指南概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2" data-path="../guide/resource-configuration.html">
<a href="../guide/resource-configuration.html">
<b>5.2.</b>
资源对象配置
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.1" data-path="../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
<a href="../guide/configure-liveness-readiness-probes.html">
<b>5.2.1.</b>
配置 Pod 的 liveness 和 readiness 探针
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.2" data-path="../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html">
<a href="../guide/configure-pod-service-account.html">
<b>5.2.2.</b>
配置 Pod 的 Service Account
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.3" data-path="../guide/secret-configuration.html">
<a href="../guide/secret-configuration.html">
<b>5.2.3.</b>
Secret 配置
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2.4" data-path="../guide/resource-quota-management.html">
<a href="../guide/resource-quota-management.html">
<b>5.2.4.</b>
管理 namespace 中的资源配额
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3" data-path="../guide/command-usage.html">
<a href="../guide/command-usage.html">
<b>5.3.</b>
命令使用
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.1" data-path="../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
<a href="../guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.html">
<b>5.3.1.</b>
Docker 用户过渡到 kubectl 命令行指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.2" data-path="../guide/using-kubectl.html">
<a href="../guide/using-kubectl.html">
<b>5.3.2.</b>
kubectl 命令概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.3" data-path="../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html">
<a href="../guide/kubectl-cheatsheet.html">
<b>5.3.3.</b>
kubectl 命令技巧大全
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3.4" data-path="../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html">
<a href="../guide/using-etcdctl-to-access-kubernetes-data.html">
<b>5.3.4.</b>
使用 etcdctl 访问 Kubernetes 数据
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4" data-path="../guide/cluster-security-management.html">
<a href="../guide/cluster-security-management.html">
<b>5.4.</b>
集群安全性管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.1" data-path="../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/managing-tls-in-a-cluster.html">
<b>5.4.1.</b>
管理集群中的 TLS
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.2" data-path="../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
<a href="../guide/kubelet-authentication-authorization.html">
<b>5.4.2.</b>
kubelet 的认证授权
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.3" data-path="../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html">
<a href="../guide/tls-bootstrapping.html">
<b>5.4.3.</b>
TLS Bootstrap
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.4" data-path="../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
<a href="../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html">
<b>5.4.4.</b>
创建用户认证授权的 kubeconfig 文件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.5" data-path="../guide/ip-masq-agent.html">
<a href="../guide/ip-masq-agent.html">
<b>5.4.5.</b>
IP 伪装代理
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.6" data-path="../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html">
<a href="../guide/auth-with-kubeconfig-or-token.html">
<b>5.4.6.</b>
使用 kubeconfig 或 token 进行用户身份认证
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.7" data-path="../guide/authentication.html">
<a href="../guide/authentication.html">
<b>5.4.7.</b>
Kubernetes 中的用户与身份认证授权
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4.8" data-path="../guide/kubernetes-security-best-practice.html">
<a href="../guide/kubernetes-security-best-practice.html">
<b>5.4.8.</b>
Kubernetes 集群安全性配置最佳实践
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5" data-path="../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/access-kubernetes-cluster.html">
<b>5.5.</b>
访问 Kubernetes 集群
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.1" data-path="../guide/access-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/access-cluster.html">
<b>5.5.1.</b>
访问集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.2" data-path="../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
<a href="../guide/authenticate-across-clusters-kubeconfig.html">
<b>5.5.2.</b>
使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.3" data-path="../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
<a href="../guide/connecting-to-applications-port-forward.html">
<b>5.5.3.</b>
通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.4" data-path="../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/service-access-application-cluster.html">
<b>5.5.4.</b>
使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.5" data-path="../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html">
<a href="../guide/accessing-kubernetes-pods-from-outside-of-the-cluster.html">
<b>5.5.5.</b>
从外部访问 Kubernetes 中的 Pod
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.6" data-path="../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html">
<a href="../guide/kubernetes-desktop-client.html">
<b>5.5.6.</b>
Lens - Kubernetes IDE
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5.7" data-path="../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html">
<a href="../guide/kubernator-kubernetes-ui.html">
<b>5.5.7.</b>
Kubernator - 更底层的 Kubernetes UI
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6" data-path="../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html">
<a href="../guide/application-development-deployment-flow.html">
<b>5.6.</b>
在 Kubernetes 中开发部署应用
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.1" data-path="../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../guide/deploy-applications-in-kubernetes.html">
<b>5.6.1.</b>
适用于 Kubernetes 的应用开发部署流程
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.2" data-path="../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../guide/migrating-hadoop-yarn-to-kubernetes.html">
<b>5.6.2.</b>
迁移传统应用到 Kubernetes 中 —— 以 Hadoop YARN 为例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6.3" data-path="../guide/using-statefulset.html">
<a href="../guide/using-statefulset.html">
<b>5.6.3.</b>
使用 StatefulSet 部署用状态应用
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">最佳实践</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.1" data-path="../practice/">
<a href="../practice/">
<b>6.1.</b>
最佳实践概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2" data-path="../practice/install-kubernetes-on-centos.html">
<a href="../practice/install-kubernetes-on-centos.html">
<b>6.2.</b>
在 CentOS 上部署 Kubernetes 集群
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.1" data-path="../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
<a href="../practice/create-tls-and-secret-key.html">
<b>6.2.1.</b>
创建 TLS 证书和秘钥
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.2" data-path="../practice/create-kubeconfig.html">
<a href="../practice/create-kubeconfig.html">
<b>6.2.2.</b>
创建 kubeconfig 文件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.3" data-path="../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/etcd-cluster-installation.html">
<b>6.2.3.</b>
创建高可用 etcd 集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.4" data-path="../practice/kubectl-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/kubectl-installation.html">
<b>6.2.4.</b>
安装 kubectl 命令行工具
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.5" data-path="../practice/master-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/master-installation.html">
<b>6.2.5.</b>
部署 master 节点
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.6" data-path="../practice/flannel-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/flannel-installation.html">
<b>6.2.6.</b>
安装 flannel 网络插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.7" data-path="../practice/node-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/node-installation.html">
<b>6.2.7.</b>
部署 node 节点
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.8" data-path="../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/kubedns-addon-installation.html">
<b>6.2.8.</b>
安装 kubedns 插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.9" data-path="../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/dashboard-addon-installation.html">
<b>6.2.9.</b>
安装 dashboard 插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.10" data-path="../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/heapster-addon-installation.html">
<b>6.2.10.</b>
安装 heapster 插件
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2.11" data-path="../practice/efk-addon-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/efk-addon-installation.html">
<b>6.2.11.</b>
安装 EFK 插件
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3" data-path="../practice/install-kubernetes-with-kubeadm.html">
<a href="../practice/install-kubernetes-with-kubeadm.html">
<b>6.3.</b>
生产级的 Kubernetes 简化管理工具 kubeadm
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3.1" data-path="../practice/install-kubernetes-on-ubuntu-server-16.04-with-kubeadm.html">
<a href="../practice/install-kubernetes-on-ubuntu-server-16.04-with-kubeadm.html">
<b>6.3.1.</b>
使用 kubeadm 在 Ubuntu Server 16.04 上快速构建测试集群
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4" data-path="../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
<a href="../practice/service-discovery-and-loadbalancing.html">
<b>6.4.</b>
服务发现与负载均衡
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.1" data-path="../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/traefik-ingress-installation.html">
<b>6.4.1.</b>
安装 Traefik ingress
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.2" data-path="../practice/distributed-load-test.html">
<a href="../practice/distributed-load-test.html">
<b>6.4.2.</b>
分布式负载测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.3" data-path="../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
<a href="../practice/network-and-cluster-perfermance-test.html">
<b>6.4.3.</b>
网络和集群性能测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.4" data-path="../practice/edge-node-configuration.html">
<a href="../practice/edge-node-configuration.html">
<b>6.4.4.</b>
边缘节点配置
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.5" data-path="../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/nginx-ingress-installation.html">
<b>6.4.5.</b>
安装 Nginx ingress
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.6" data-path="../practice/dns-installation.html">
<a href="../practice/dns-installation.html">
<b>6.4.6.</b>
安装配置 DNS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.6.1" data-path="../practice/configuring-dns.html">
<a href="../practice/configuring-dns.html">
<b>6.4.6.1.</b>
安装配置 Kube-dns
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4.6.2" data-path="../practice/coredns.html">
<a href="../practice/coredns.html">
<b>6.4.6.2.</b>
安装配置 CoreDNS
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5" data-path="../practice/operation.html">
<a href="../practice/operation.html">
<b>6.5.</b>
运维管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.1" data-path="../practice/master-ha.html">
<a href="../practice/master-ha.html">
<b>6.5.1.</b>
Master 节点高可用
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.2" data-path="../practice/service-rolling-update.html">
<a href="../practice/service-rolling-update.html">
<b>6.5.2.</b>
服务滚动升级
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.3" data-path="../practice/app-log-collection.html">
<a href="../practice/app-log-collection.html">
<b>6.5.3.</b>
应用日志收集
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.4" data-path="../practice/configuration-best-practice.html">
<a href="../practice/configuration-best-practice.html">
<b>6.5.4.</b>
配置最佳实践
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.5" data-path="../practice/monitor.html">
<a href="../practice/monitor.html">
<b>6.5.5.</b>
集群及应用监控
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.6" data-path="../practice/data-persistence-problem.html">
<a href="../practice/data-persistence-problem.html">
<b>6.5.6.</b>
数据持久化问题
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5.7" data-path="../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html">
<a href="../practice/manage-compute-resources-container.html">
<b>6.5.7.</b>
管理容器的计算资源
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6" data-path="../practice/storage.html">
<a href="../practice/storage.html">
<b>6.6.</b>
存储管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.1" data-path="../practice/glusterfs.html">
<a href="../practice/glusterfs.html">
<b>6.6.1.</b>
GlusterFS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.1.1" data-path="../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="../practice/using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>6.6.1.1.</b>
使用 GlusterFS 做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.1.2" data-path="../practice/using-heketi-gluster-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="../practice/using-heketi-gluster-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>6.6.1.2.</b>
使用 Heketi 作为 Kubernetes 的持久存储 GlusterFS 的 external provisioner
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.1.3" data-path="../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
<a href="../practice/storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html">
<b>6.6.1.3.</b>
在 OpenShift 中使用 GlusterFS 做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.2" data-path="../practice/glusterd-2.0.html">
<a href="../practice/glusterd-2.0.html">
<b>6.6.2.</b>
GlusterD-2.0
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.3" data-path="../practice/ceph.html">
<a href="../practice/ceph.html">
<b>6.6.3.</b>
Ceph
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.3.1" data-path="../practice/ceph-helm-install-guide-zh.html">
<a href="../practice/ceph-helm-install-guide-zh.html">
<b>6.6.3.1.</b>
用 Helm 托管安装 Ceph 集群并提供后端存储
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.3.2" data-path="../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="../practice/using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>6.6.3.2.</b>
使用 Ceph 做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.3.3" data-path="../practice/rbd-provisioner.html">
<a href="../practice/rbd-provisioner.html">
<b>6.6.3.3.</b>
使用 rbd-provisioner 提供 rbd 持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.4" data-path="../practice/openebs.html">
<a href="../practice/openebs.html">
<b>6.6.4.</b>
OpenEBS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.4.1" data-path="../practice/using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="../practice/using-openebs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>6.6.4.1.</b>
使用 OpenEBS 做持久化存储
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.5" data-path="../practice/rook.html">
<a href="../practice/rook.html">
<b>6.6.5.</b>
Rook
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.6" data-path="../practice/nfs.html">
<a href="../practice/nfs.html">
<b>6.6.6.</b>
NFS
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6.6.1" data-path="../practice/using-nfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<a href="../practice/using-nfs-for-persistent-storage.html">
<b>6.6.6.1.</b>
利用 NFS 动态提供 Kubernetes 后端存储卷
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.7" data-path="../practice/monitoring.html">
<a href="../practice/monitoring.html">
<b>6.7.</b>
集群与应用监控
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.7.1" data-path="../practice/heapster.html">
<a href="../practice/heapster.html">
<b>6.7.1.</b>
Heapster
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.7.1.1" data-path="../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html">
<a href="../practice/using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html">
<b>6.7.1.1.</b>
使用 Heapster 获取集群和对象的 metric 数据
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.7.2" data-path="../practice/prometheus.html">
<a href="../practice/prometheus.html">
<b>6.7.2.</b>
Prometheus
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.7.2.1" data-path="../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html">
<a href="../practice/using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html">
<b>6.7.2.1.</b>
使用 Prometheus 监控 Kubernetes 集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.7.2.2" data-path="../practice/promql.html">
<a href="../practice/promql.html">
<b>6.7.2.2.</b>
Prometheus 查询语言 PromQL 使用说明
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.8" data-path="../practice/distributed-tracing.html">
<a href="../practice/distributed-tracing.html">
<b>6.8.</b>
分布式追踪
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.8.1" data-path="../practice/opentracing.html">
<a href="../practice/opentracing.html">
<b>6.8.1.</b>
OpenTracing
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.9" data-path="../practice/services-management-tool.html">
<a href="../practice/services-management-tool.html">
<b>6.9.</b>
服务编排管理
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.9.1" data-path="../practice/helm.html">
<a href="../practice/helm.html">
<b>6.9.1.</b>
使用 Helm 管理 Kubernetes 应用
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.9.2" data-path="../practice/create-private-charts-repo.html">
<a href="../practice/create-private-charts-repo.html">
<b>6.9.2.</b>
构建私有 Chart 仓库
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.10" data-path="../practice/ci-cd.html">
<a href="../practice/ci-cd.html">
<b>6.10.</b>
持续集成与发布（CI/CD）
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.10.1" data-path="../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html">
<a href="../practice/jenkins-ci-cd.html">
<b>6.10.1.</b>
使用 Jenkins 进行持续集成与发布
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.10.2" data-path="../practice/drone-ci-cd.html">
<a href="../practice/drone-ci-cd.html">
<b>6.10.2.</b>
使用 Drone 进行持续集成与发布
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.11" data-path="../practice/update-and-upgrade.html">
<a href="../practice/update-and-upgrade.html">
<b>6.11.</b>
更新与升级
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.11.1" data-path="../practice/manually-upgrade.html">
<a href="../practice/manually-upgrade.html">
<b>6.11.1.</b>
手动升级 Kubernetes 集群
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.11.2" data-path="../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html">
<a href="../practice/dashboard-upgrade.html">
<b>6.11.2.</b>
升级 dashboard
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.12" data-path="../practice/controller-extended.html">
<a href="../practice/controller-extended.html">
<b>6.12.</b>
扩展控制器
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.12.1" data-path="../practice/openkruise.html">
<a href="../practice/openkruise.html">
<b>6.12.1.</b>
OpenKruise
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.12.1.1" data-path="../practice/in-place-update.html">
<a href="../practice/in-place-update.html">
<b>6.12.1.1.</b>
原地升级
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.13" data-path="../practice/security-policy.html">
<a href="../practice/security-policy.html">
<b>6.13.</b>
安全策略
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.13.1" data-path="../practice/open-policy-agent.html">
<a href="../practice/open-policy-agent.html">
<b>6.13.1.</b>
开放策略代理（OPA）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.13.2" data-path="../practice/cloud-native-security.html">
<a href="../practice/cloud-native-security.html">
<b>6.13.2.</b>
云原生安全
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">服务网格</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.1" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh.html">
<b>7.1.</b>
服务网格（Service Mesh）
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2" data-path="../usecases/the-enterprise-path-to-service-mesh-architectures.html">
<a href="../usecases/the-enterprise-path-to-service-mesh-architectures.html">
<b>7.2.</b>
企业级服务网格架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2.1" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh-fundamental.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh-fundamental.html">
<b>7.2.1.</b>
服务网格基础
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2.2" data-path="../usecases/comparing-service-mesh-technologies.html">
<a href="../usecases/comparing-service-mesh-technologies.html">
<b>7.2.2.</b>
服务网格技术对比
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2.3" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh-vs-api-gateway.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh-vs-api-gateway.html">
<b>7.2.3.</b>
服务网格对比 API 网关
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2.4" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh-adoption-and-evolution.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh-adoption-and-evolution.html">
<b>7.2.4.</b>
采纳和演进
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2.5" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh-customization-and-integration.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh-customization-and-integration.html">
<b>7.2.5.</b>
定制和集成
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2.6" data-path="../usecases/service-mesh-conclusion.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-mesh-conclusion.html">
<b>7.2.6.</b>
总结
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3" data-path="../usecases/istio.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio.html">
<b>7.3.</b>
Istio
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3.1" data-path="../usecases/before-using-istio.html">
<a href="../usecases/before-using-istio.html">
<b>7.3.1.</b>
使用 Istio 前需要考虑的问题
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3.2" data-path="../usecases/sidecar-spec-in-istio.html">
<a href="../usecases/sidecar-spec-in-istio.html">
<b>7.3.2.</b>
Istio 中 sidecar 的注入规范及示例
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3.3" data-path="../usecases/istio-community-tips.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio-community-tips.html">
<b>7.3.3.</b>
如何参与 Istio 社区及注意事项
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3.4" data-path="../usecases/istio-tutorials-collection.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio-tutorials-collection.html">
<b>7.3.4.</b>
Istio 免费学习资源汇总
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3.5" data-path="../usecases/understand-sidecar-injection-and-traffic-hijack-in-istio-service-mesh.html">
<a href="../usecases/understand-sidecar-injection-and-traffic-hijack-in-istio-service-mesh.html">
<b>7.3.5.</b>
Sidecar 的注入与流量劫持
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3.6" data-path="../usecases/envoy-sidecar-routing-of-istio-service-mesh-deep-dive.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy-sidecar-routing-of-istio-service-mesh-deep-dive.html">
<b>7.3.6.</b>
Envoy Sidecar 代理的路由转发
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3.7" data-path="../usecases/how-to-integrate-istio-with-vm.html">
<a href="../usecases/how-to-integrate-istio-with-vm.html">
<b>7.3.7.</b>
Istio 如何支持虚拟机
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3.8" data-path="../usecases/istio-vm-support.html">
<a href="../usecases/istio-vm-support.html">
<b>7.3.8.</b>
Istio 支持虚拟机的历史
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4" data-path="../usecases/envoy.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy.html">
<b>7.4.</b>
Envoy
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4.1" data-path="../usecases/envoy-terminology.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy-terminology.html">
<b>7.4.1.</b>
Envoy 的架构与基本术语
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4.2" data-path="../usecases/envoy-front-proxy.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy-front-proxy.html">
<b>7.4.2.</b>
Envoy 作为前端代理
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4.3" data-path="../usecases/envoy-mesh-in-kubernetes-tutorial.html">
<a href="../usecases/envoy-mesh-in-kubernetes-tutorial.html">
<b>7.4.3.</b>
Envoy mesh 教程
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">领域应用</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.1" data-path="../usecases/">
<a href="../usecases/">
<b>8.1.</b>
领域应用概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2" data-path="../usecases/microservices.html">
<a href="../usecases/microservices.html">
<b>8.2.</b>
微服务架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2.1" data-path="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
<a href="../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html">
<b>8.2.1.</b>
微服务中的服务发现
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2.2" data-path="../usecases/microservices-for-java-developers.html">
<a href="../usecases/microservices-for-java-developers.html">
<b>8.2.2.</b>
使用 Java 构建微服务并发布到 Kubernetes 平台
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2.2.1" data-path="../usecases/spring-boot-quick-start-guide.html">
<a href="../usecases/spring-boot-quick-start-guide.html">
<b>8.2.2.1.</b>
Spring Boot 快速开始指南
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3" data-path="../usecases/big-data.html">
<a href="../usecases/big-data.html">
<b>8.3.</b>
大数据
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3.1" data-path="../usecases/spark-on-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../usecases/spark-on-kubernetes.html">
<b>8.3.1.</b>
Spark 与 Kubernetes
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3.1.1" data-path="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
<a href="../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html">
<b>8.3.1.1.</b>
Spark standalone on Kubernetes
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3.1.2" data-path="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
<a href="../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html">
<b>8.3.1.2.</b>
运行支持 Kubernetes 原生调度的 Spark 程序
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4" data-path="../usecases/serverless.html">
<a href="../usecases/serverless.html">
<b>8.4.</b>
Serverless 架构
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4.1" data-path="../usecases/understanding-serverless.html">
<a href="../usecases/understanding-serverless.html">
<b>8.4.1.</b>
理解 Serverless
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4.2" data-path="../usecases/faas.html">
<a href="../usecases/faas.html">
<b>8.4.2.</b>
FaaS（函数即服务）
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4.2.1" data-path="../usecases/openfaas-quick-start.html">
<a href="../usecases/openfaas-quick-start.html">
<b>8.4.2.1.</b>
OpenFaaS 快速入门指南
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4.3" data-path="../usecases/knative.html">
<a href="../usecases/knative.html">
<b>8.4.3.</b>
Knative
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.5" data-path="../usecases/edge-computing.html">
<a href="../usecases/edge-computing.html">
<b>8.5.</b>
边缘计算
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.6" data-path="../usecases/ai.html">
<a href="../usecases/ai.html">
<b>8.6.</b>
人工智能
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7" data-path="../usecases/observability.html">
<a href="../usecases/observability.html">
<b>8.7.</b>
可观察性
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">开发指南</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.1" data-path="../develop/">
<a href="../develop/">
<b>9.1.</b>
开发指南概览
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.2" data-path="../develop/sigs-and-working-group.html">
<a href="../develop/sigs-and-working-group.html">
<b>9.2.</b>
SIG 和工作组
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.3" data-path="../develop/developing-environment.html">
<a href="../develop/developing-environment.html">
<b>9.3.</b>
开发环境搭建
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.3.1" data-path="../develop/using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html">
<a href="../develop/using-vagrant-and-virtualbox-for-development.html">
<b>9.3.1.</b>
本地分布式开发环境搭建（使用 Vagrant 和 Virtualbox）
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.4" data-path="../develop/testing.html">
<a href="../develop/testing.html">
<b>9.4.</b>
单元测试和集成测试
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.5" data-path="../develop/client-go-sample.html">
<a href="../develop/client-go-sample.html">
<b>9.5.</b>
client-go 示例
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.5.1" data-path="../develop/client-go-informer-sourcecode-analyse.html">
<a href="../develop/client-go-informer-sourcecode-analyse.html">
<b>9.5.1.</b>
client-go 中的 informer 源码分析
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.6" data-path="../develop/operator.html">
<a href="../develop/operator.html">
<b>9.6.</b>
Operator
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.6.1" data-path="../develop/operator-sdk.html">
<a href="../develop/operator-sdk.html">
<b>9.6.1.</b>
operator-sdk
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7" data-path="../develop/kubebuilder.html">
<a href="../develop/kubebuilder.html">
<b>9.7.</b>
kubebuilder
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7.1" data-path="../develop/kubebuilder-example.html">
<a href="../develop/kubebuilder-example.html">
<b>9.7.1.</b>
使用 kubebuilder 创建 operator 示例
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.8" data-path="../develop/advance-developer.html">
<a href="../develop/advance-developer.html">
<b>9.8.</b>
高级开发指南
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.9" data-path="../develop/contribute.html">
<a href="../develop/contribute.html">
<b>9.9.</b>
社区贡献
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.10" data-path="../develop/minikube.html">
<a href="../develop/minikube.html">
<b>9.10.</b>
Minikube
</a>
</li>
<li class="header">社区及生态</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf.html">
<b>10.1.</b>
云原生计算基金会（CNCF）
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1.1" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-charter.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-charter.html">
<b>10.1.1.</b>
CNCF 章程
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1.2" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-sig.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-sig.html">
<b>10.1.2.</b>
CNCF 特别兴趣小组（SIG）说明
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1.3" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-sandbox-criteria.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-sandbox-criteria.html">
<b>10.1.3.</b>
开源项目加入 CNCF Sandbox 的要求
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1.4" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-project-governing.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-project-governing.html">
<b>10.1.4.</b>
CNCF 中的项目治理
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1.5" data-path="../cloud-native/cncf-ambassador.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/cncf-ambassador.html">
<b>10.1.5.</b>
CNCF Ambassador
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.2" data-path="../cloud-native/certification.html">
<a href="../cloud-native/certification.html">
<b>10.2.</b>
认证及培训
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.2.1" data-path="../appendix/about-kcsp.html">
<a href="../appendix/about-kcsp.html">
<b>10.2.1.</b>
认证 Kubernetes 服务提供商（KCSP）说明
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.2.2" data-path="../appendix/about-cka-candidate.html">
<a href="../appendix/about-cka-candidate.html">
<b>10.2.2.</b>
认证 Kubernetes 管理员（CKA）说明
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="header">附录</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.1" data-path="../appendix/">
<a href="../appendix/">
<b>11.1.</b>
附录说明
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.2" data-path="../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html">
<a href="../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html">
<b>11.2.</b>
Kubernetes 中的应用故障排查
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.3" data-path="../appendix/material-share.html">
<a href="../appendix/material-share.html">
<b>11.3.</b>
Kubernetes 相关资讯和情报链接
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.4" data-path="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
<a href="../appendix/docker-best-practice.html">
<b>11.4.</b>
Docker 最佳实践
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.5" data-path="../appendix/tricks.html">
<a href="../appendix/tricks.html">
<b>11.5.</b>
Kubernetes 使用技巧
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.6" data-path="../appendix/issues.html">
<a href="../appendix/issues.html">
<b>11.6.</b>
Kubernetes 相关问题记录
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.7" data-path="../appendix/summary-and-outlook.html">
<a href="../appendix/summary-and-outlook.html">
<b>11.7.</b>
Kubernetes 及云原生年度总结及展望
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.7.1" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2017-and-outlook-for-2018.html">
<b>11.7.1.</b>
Kubernetes 与云原生 2017 年年终总结及 2018 年展望
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.7.2" data-path="../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2018-and-outlook-for-2019.html">
<a href="../appendix/kubernetes-and-cloud-native-summary-in-2018-and-outlook-for-2019.html">
<b>11.7.2.</b>
Kubernetes 与云原生 2018 年年终总结及 2019 年展望
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.8" data-path="../appendix/cncf-annual-report.html">
<a href="../appendix/cncf-annual-report.html">
<b>11.8.</b>
CNCF 年度报告解读
</a>
<ul class="articles">
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.8.1" data-path="../appendix/cncf-annual-report-2018.html">
<a href="../appendix/cncf-annual-report-2018.html">
<b>11.8.1.</b>
CNCF 2018 年年度报告解读
</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.8.2" data-path="../appendix/cncf-annual-report-2020.html">
<a href="../appendix/cncf-annual-report-2020.html">
<b>11.8.2.</b>
CNCF 2020 年年度报告解读
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
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<section class="normal markdown-section">
<h1 id="horizontal-pod-autoscaling">Horizontal Pod Autoscaling</h1>
<p>&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x90FD;&#x6709;&#x9AD8;&#x5CF0;&#x548C;&#x4F4E;&#x8C37;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x524A;&#x5CF0;&#x586B;&#x8C37;&#xFF0C;&#x63D0;&#x9AD8;&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x7684;&#x6574;&#x4F53;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#xFF0C;&#x8BA9; service &#x4E2D;&#x7684; Pod &#x4E2A;&#x6570;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x8C03;&#x6574;&#x5462;&#xFF1F;&#x8FD9;&#x5C31;&#x6709;&#x8D56;&#x4E8E; Horizontal Pod Autoscaling &#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x987E;&#x540D;&#x601D;&#x4E49;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F; Pod &#x6C34;&#x5E73;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x7F29;&#x653E;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A; Object&#xFF08;&#x8DDF; Pod&#x3001;Deployment &#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x90FD;&#x662F; API resource&#xFF09;&#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x6700;&#x80FD;&#x4F53;&#x73B0; kubernetes &#x4E4B;&#x4E8E;&#x4F20;&#x7EDF;&#x8FD0;&#x7EF4;&#x4EF7;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x5730;&#x65B9;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x518D;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x624B;&#x52A8;&#x6269;&#x5BB9;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x7EC8;&#x4E8E;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x5316;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x6307;&#x6807;&#xFF0C;&#x6CA1;&#x51C6;&#x672A;&#x6765;&#x8FD8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x4EBA;&#x5DE5;&#x667A;&#x80FD;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x8FDB;&#x5316;&#x5462;&#xFF01;</p>
<p>HPA &#x5C5E;&#x4E8E; Kubernetes &#x4E2D;&#x7684; <strong>autoscaling</strong> SIG&#xFF08;Special Interest Group&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E0B;&#x6709;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A; feature&#xFF1A;</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/features/issues/117" target="_blank">Arbitrary/Custom Metrics in the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler#117</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/features/issues/118" target="_blank">Monitoring Pipeline Metrics HPA API #118</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Kubernetes &#x81EA; 1.2 &#x7248;&#x672C;&#x5F15;&#x5165; HPA &#x673A;&#x5236;&#xFF0C;&#x5230; 1.6 &#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x4E00;&#x76F4;&#x662F;&#x901A;&#x8FC7; kubelet &#x6765;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x76D1;&#x63A7;&#x6307;&#x6807;&#x6765;&#x5224;&#x65AD;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x6269;&#x7F29;&#x5BB9;&#xFF0C;1.6 &#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E4B;&#x540E;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x901A;&#x8FC7; API server&#x3001;Heapseter &#x6216;&#x8005; kube-aggregator &#x6765;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x76D1;&#x63A7;&#x6307;&#x6807;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E; 1.6 &#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#x5F00;&#x542F;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; HPA &#x8BF7;&#x53C2;&#x8003; <a href="https://medium.com/@marko.luksa/kubernetes-autoscaling-based-on-custom-metrics-without-using-a-host-port-b783ed6241ac" target="_blank">Kubernetes autoscaling based on custom metrics without using a host port</a>&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="hpa-&#x89E3;&#x6790;">HPA &#x89E3;&#x6790;</h2>
<p>Horizontal Pod Autoscaling &#x4EC5;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x4E8E; Deployment &#x548C; ReplicaSet&#xFF0C;&#x5728; v1 &#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#x4EC5;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x6839;&#x636E; Pod &#x7684; CPU &#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#x6269;&#x7F29;&#x5BB9;&#xFF0C;&#x5728; v1alpha &#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x548C;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x7684; metric &#x6269;&#x7F29;&#x5BB9;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x4E0D;&#x60F3;&#x770B;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x7AE0;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x770B;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#x56FE;&#xFF0C;&#x7EC4;&#x4EF6;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x3001;&#x7EC4;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x3001;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x793A;&#x4F8B;&#xFF0C;&#x90FD;&#x753B;&#x5728;&#x56FE;&#x4E0A;&#x4E86;&#x3002;</p>
<p>Horizontal Pod Autoscaling &#x7531; API server &#x548C; controller &#x5171;&#x540C;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x3002;</p>
<figure id="fig4.4.7.1"><a href="../images/horizontal-pod-autoscaler.png" data-lightbox="b607f63f-1fb9-4ff8-addb-2a4377076396" data-title="horizontal-pod-autoscaler"><img src="../images/horizontal-pod-autoscaler.png" alt="horizontal-pod-autoscaler"></a><figcaption>&#x56FE; 4.4.7.1&#xFF1A;horizontal-pod-autoscaler</figcaption></figure>
<h2 id="metrics-&#x652F;&#x6301;">Metrics &#x652F;&#x6301;</h2>
<p>&#x5728;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x7684; API &#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;HPA autoscale &#x65F6;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0B;&#x6307;&#x6807;&#x6765;&#x5224;&#x65AD;&#xFF1A;</p>
<ul>
<li>autoscaling/v1<ul>
<li>CPU</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>autoscaling/v1alpha1<ul>
<li>&#x5185;&#x5B58;</li>
<li>&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metrics<ul>
<li>kubernetes1.6 &#x8D77;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metrics&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x5728; kube-controller-manager &#x4E2D;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x5982;&#x4E0B;&#x4E24;&#x9879;&#xFF1A;<ul>
<li><code>--horizontal-pod-autoscaler-use-rest-clients=true</code></li>
<li><code>--api-server</code> &#x6307;&#x5411; <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kube-aggregator" target="_blank">kube-aggregator</a>&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; heapster &#x6765;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5728;&#x542F;&#x52A8; heapster &#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x6307;&#x5B9A; <code>--api-server=true</code>&#x3002;&#x67E5;&#x770B; <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/metrics" target="_blank">kubernetes metrics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>&#x591A;&#x79CD; metrics &#x7EC4;&#x5408;<ul>
<li>HPA &#x4F1A;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A; metric &#x7684;&#x503C;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x51FA; scale &#x7684;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x5C06;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x90A3;&#x4E2A;&#x503C;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x6269;&#x5BB9;&#x7684;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x3002;</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="&#x4F7F;&#x7528;-kubectl-&#x7BA1;&#x7406;">&#x4F7F;&#x7528; kubectl &#x7BA1;&#x7406;</h2>
<p>Horizontal Pod Autoscaling &#x4F5C;&#x4E3A; API resource &#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x50CF; Pod&#x3001;Deployment &#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; kubeclt &#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x7BA1;&#x7406;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x8DDF;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x540D;&#x79F0;&#x4E3A; <code>hpa</code>&#x3002;</p>
<pre class="language-"><code class="lang-bash">kubectl create hpa
kubectl get hpa
kubectl describe hpa
kubectl delete hpa
</code></pre>
<p>&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x70B9;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>kubectl autoscale</code> &#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x521B;&#x5EFA; Horizontal Pod Autoscaler&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x7528;&#x6CD5;&#x5982;&#x4E0B;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre class="language-"><code class="lang-bash">kubectl autoscale <span class="token punctuation">(</span>-f FILENAME <span class="token operator">|</span> TYPE NAME <span class="token operator">|</span> TYPE/NAME<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>--min<span class="token operator">=</span>MINPODS<span class="token punctuation">]</span> --max<span class="token operator">=</span>MAXPODS
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>--cpu-percent<span class="token operator">=</span>CPU<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>flags<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4E3E;&#x4E2A;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre class="language-"><code class="lang-bash">kubectl autoscale deployment foo --min<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">2</span> --max<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">5</span> --cpu-percent<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">80</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4E3A; Deployment foo &#x521B;&#x5EFA; &#x4E00;&#x4E2A; autoscaler&#xFF0C;&#x5F53; Pod &#x7684; CPU &#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#x8FBE;&#x5230; 80% &#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#xFF0C;RC &#x7684; replica &#x6570;&#x5728; 2 &#x5230; 5 &#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x3002;</p>
<p><strong>&#x6CE8;&#x610F;</strong> &#xFF1A;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4E3A; ReplicaSet &#x521B;&#x5EFA; HPA &#x7684;&#x8BDD;&#xFF0C;&#x65E0;&#x6CD5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; rolling update&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E; Deployment &#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#x662F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A; Deployment &#x5728;&#x6267;&#x884C; rolling update &#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x4F1A;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x65B0;&#x7684; ReplicationController&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x662F;-horizontal-pod-autoscaling&#xFF1F;">&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x662F; Horizontal Pod Autoscaling&#xFF1F;</h2>
<p>&#x5229;&#x7528; Horizontal Pod Autoscaling&#xFF0C;kubernetes &#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x76D1;&#x6D4B;&#x5230;&#x7684; CPU &#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#xFF08;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x5728; alpha &#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x7684;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7684; metric&#xFF09;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x6269;&#x5BB9; replication controller&#xFF0C;deployment &#x548C; replica set&#x3002;</p>
<p>Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x4F5C;&#x4E3A; kubernetes API resource &#x548C; controller &#x7684;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x3002;Resource &#x786E;&#x5B9A; controller &#x7684;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x3002;Controller &#x4F1A;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x76D1;&#x6D4B;&#x5230;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x7684; CPU &#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#x5468;&#x671F;&#x6027;&#x5F97;&#x8C03;&#x6574; replication controller &#x6216; deployment &#x7684; replica &#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="horizontal-pod-autoscaler-&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#xFF1F;">Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#xFF1F;</h2>
<p>Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x7531;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x5FAA;&#x73AF;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#xFF0C;&#x5FAA;&#x73AF;&#x5468;&#x671F;&#x7531; controller manager &#x4E2D;&#x7684; <code>--horizontal-pod-autoscaler-sync-period</code> &#x6807;&#x5FD7;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#xFF08;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x662F; 30 &#x79D2;&#xFF09;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5728;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x5468;&#x671F;&#x5185;&#xFF0C;controller manager &#x4F1A;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2; HorizontalPodAutoscaler &#x4E2D;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x7684; metric &#x7684;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#x3002;Controller manager &#x4ECE; resource metric API&#xFF08;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A; pod &#x7684; resource metric&#xFF09;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric API&#xFF08;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684; metric&#xFF09;&#x4E2D;&#x83B7;&#x53D6; metric&#x3002;</p>
<ul>
<li>&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A; Pod &#x7684; resource metric&#xFF08;&#x4F8B;&#x5982; CPU&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;controller &#x901A;&#x8FC7; resource metric API &#x83B7;&#x53D6; HorizontalPodAutoscaler &#x4E2D;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x7684;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A; Pod &#x4E2D;&#x7684; metric&#x3002;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E86;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#xFF0C;controller &#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x4E0E;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A; Pod &#x7684;&#x5BB9;&#x5668;&#x91CC;&#x7684; resource request &#x503C;&#x7684;&#x767E;&#x5206;&#x6BD4;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E86;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x5C06;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8BE5;&#x539F;&#x59CB; metric &#x503C;&#x3002;&#x7136;&#x540E; controller &#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x76EE;&#x6807; Pod &#x7684;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#x6216;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x503C;&#xFF08;&#x53D6;&#x51B3;&#x4E8E;&#x6240;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF09;&#x7684;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x7F29;&#x653E;&#x6240;&#x9700; replica &#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x6BD4;&#x7387;&#x3002; &#x8BF7;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B; Pod &#x7684;&#x5BB9;&#x5668;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684; resource request &#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; Pod &#x7684; CPU &#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14; Aucoscaler &#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5BF9;&#x8BE5; metric &#x91C7;&#x53D6;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x3002;</li>
<li>&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A; Pod &#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x7684; metric&#xFF0C;controller &#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E8E;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A; Pod &#x7684; resource metric&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x5B83;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x503C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#x503C;&#x3002;</li>
<li>&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E; object metric&#xFF0C;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x5355;&#x4E2A;&#x5EA6;&#x91CF;&#xFF08;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x6709;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E0E;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x503C;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x5982;&#x4E0A;&#x6240;&#x8FF0;&#x7684;&#x6BD4;&#x7387;&#x3002;</li>
</ul>
<p>HorizontalPodAutoscaler &#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x5668;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4EE5;&#x4E24;&#x79CD;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x83B7;&#x53D6; metric &#xFF1A;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x7684; Heapster &#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x548C; REST &#x5BA2;&#x6237;&#x7AEF;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5F53;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x7684; Heapster &#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;HorizontalPodAutoscaler &#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7; API &#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x670D;&#x52A1;&#x4EE3;&#x7406;&#x5B50;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2; Heapster&#x3002;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5728;&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x4E0A;&#x90E8;&#x7F72; Heapster &#x5E76;&#x5728; kube-system namespace &#x4E2D;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>Autoscaler &#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684; replication controller&#xFF0C;deployment &#x6216; replica set &#x6765;&#x7F29;&#x653E;&#x5B50;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x3002;</p>
<p>Scale &#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x60A8;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x526F;&#x672C;&#x6570;&#x5E76;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x5176;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x7684;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="api-object">API Object</h2>
<p>Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x662F; kubernetes &#x7684; <code>autoscaling</code> API &#x7EC4;&#x4E2D;&#x7684; API &#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x3002;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x7A33;&#x5B9A;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x652F;&#x6301; CPU &#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x6269;&#x7F29;&#x5BB9;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5728; <code>autoscaling/v1</code> API &#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#x627E;&#x5230;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5728; alpha &#x7248;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x548C;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric &#x6269;&#x7F29;&#x5BB9;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5728; <code>autoscaling/v2alpha1</code> &#x4E2D;&#x627E;&#x5230;&#x3002;<code>autoscaling/v2alpha1</code> &#x4E2D;&#x5F15;&#x5165;&#x7684;&#x65B0;&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#x5728; <code>autoscaling/v1</code> &#x4E2D;&#x662F;&#x505A;&#x4E3A; annotation &#x800C;&#x4FDD;&#x5B58;&#x7684;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x5728;-kubectl-&#x4E2D;&#x652F;&#x6301;-horizontal-pod-autoscaling">&#x5728; kubectl &#x4E2D;&#x652F;&#x6301; Horizontal Pod Autoscaling</h2>
<p>Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x548C;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709; API &#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x8FC7; <code>kubectl</code> &#x4EE5;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>kubectl create</code> &#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x7684; autoscaler&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>kubectl get hpa</code> &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684; autoscaler&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>kubectl describe hpa</code> &#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x5176;&#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6700;&#x540E;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>kubectl delete hpa</code> &#x5220;&#x9664; autoscaler&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x53E6;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>kubectl autoscale</code> &#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#xFF0C;&#x5F88;&#x8F7B;&#x6613;&#x7684;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; Horizontal Pod Autoscaler&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF0C;&#x6267;&#x884C; <code>kubectl autoscale rc foo &#x2014;min=2 &#x2014;max=5 &#x2014;cpu-percent=80</code> &#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x5C06;&#x4E3A; replication controller <em>foo</em> &#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; autoscaler&#xFF0C;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x7684; CPU &#x5229;&#x7528;&#x7387;&#x662F; <code>80%</code>&#xFF0C;replica &#x7684;&#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x4ECB;&#x4E8E; 2 &#x548C; 5 &#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x6EDA;&#x52A8;&#x66F4;&#x65B0;&#x671F;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x6269;&#x7F29;&#x5BB9;">&#x6EDA;&#x52A8;&#x66F4;&#x65B0;&#x671F;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x6269;&#x7F29;&#x5BB9;</h2>
<p>&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x5728; Kubernetes &#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x7BA1;&#x7406; replication controller &#x6216;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; deployment &#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x6765;&#x6267;&#x884C; &#x6EDA;&#x52A8;&#x66F4;&#x65B0;&#xFF0C;&#x8BE5; deployment &#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x4E3A;&#x60A8;&#x7BA1;&#x7406;&#x57FA;&#x7840; replication controller&#x3002;</p>
<p>Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x4EC5;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x540E;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#xFF1A;Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x88AB;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x5230; deployment &#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E; deployment &#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#xFF0C;deployment &#x8D1F;&#x8D23;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x5E95;&#x5C42; replication controller &#x7684;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#x3002;</p>
<p>Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C; replication controller &#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6EDA;&#x52A8;&#x66F4;&#x65B0;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x5C06; Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x5230; replication controller&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6EDA;&#x52A8;&#x66F4;&#x65B0;&#xFF08;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>kubectl rolling-update</code>&#xFF09;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x4E0D;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x56E0;&#x662F;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x6EDA;&#x52A8;&#x66F4;&#x65B0;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x7684; replication controller &#x65F6;&#xFF0C;Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x5C06;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x5230;&#x65B0;&#x7684; replication controller &#x4E0A;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;-metric">&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x591A;&#x4E2A; metric</h2>
<p>Kubernetes 1.6 &#x4E2D;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x4E86;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x57FA;&#x4E8E;&#x591A;&#x4E2A; metric &#x7684;&#x6269;&#x7F29;&#x5BB9;&#x3002;&#x60A8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>autoscaling/v2alpha1</code> API &#x7248;&#x672C;&#x6765;&#x4E3A; Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x591A;&#x4E2A; metric&#x3002;&#x7136;&#x540E; Horizontal Pod Autoscaler controller &#x5C06;&#x6743;&#x8861;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; metric&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x8BE5; metric &#x63D0;&#x8BAE;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x7684; scale&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x63D0;&#x8BAE;&#x91CC;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x90A3;&#x4E2A; scale &#x5C06;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#x7684; scale&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;-metric">&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric</h2>
<p><strong>&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF1A;</strong> Kubernetes 1.2 &#x6839;&#x636E;&#x7279;&#x5B9A;&#x4E8E;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7684; metric &#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x6CE8;&#x91CA;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x4E86;&#x5BF9;&#x7F29;&#x653E;&#x7684; alpha &#x652F;&#x6301;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5728; Kubernetes 1.6 &#x4E2D;&#x5220;&#x9664;&#x4E86;&#x5BF9;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x6CE8;&#x91CA;&#x7684;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x5229;&#x4E8E; <code>autoscaling/v2alpha1</code> API&#x3002; &#x867D;&#x7136;&#x65E7;&#x7684;&#x6536;&#x96C6;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric &#x7684;&#x65E7;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x4ECD;&#x7136;&#x53EF;&#x7528;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B; metric &#x5C06;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x4F9B; Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x8981;&#x7F29;&#x653E;&#x7684;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric &#x7684;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x6CE8;&#x91CA;&#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x5728;&#x53D7; Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x8BA4;&#x53EF;&#x3002;</p>
<p>Kubernetes 1.6 &#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x4E86;&#x5728; Horizontal Pod Autoscale r &#x4E2D;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric &#x7684;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x60A8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4E3A; <code>autoscaling/v2alpha1</code> API &#x4E2D;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684; Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x6DFB;&#x52A0;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric &#x3002;</p>
<p>Kubernetes &#x7136;&#x540E;&#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric API &#x6765;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric &#x7684;&#x503C;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x524D;&#x63D0;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;">&#x524D;&#x63D0;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;</h2>
<p>&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x5728; Horizontal Pod Autoscaler &#x4E2D;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric&#xFF0C;&#x60A8;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x5728;&#x60A8;&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x7684; controller manager &#x4E2D;&#x5C06; <code>--horizontal-pod-autoscaler-use-rest-clients</code> &#x6807;&#x5FD7;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E3A; true&#x3002;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x60A8;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5C06; controller manager &#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807; API server &#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E3A; API server aggregator&#xFF08;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>--apiserver</code> &#x6807;&#x5FD7;&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x60A8;&#x7684; controller manager &#x901A;&#x8FC7; API server aggregator &#x4E0E; API server &#x901A;&#x4FE1;&#x3002; Resource metric API &#x548C;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric API &#x4E5F;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x5411; API server aggregator &#x6CE8;&#x518C;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x7531;&#x96C6;&#x7FA4;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x7684; API server &#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x60A8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; Heapster &#x5B9E;&#x73B0; resource metric API&#xFF0C;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x662F;&#x5C06; <code>--api-server</code> &#x6807;&#x5FD7;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E3A; true &#x5E76;&#x8FD0;&#x884C; Heapster&#x3002; &#x5355;&#x72EC;&#x7684;&#x7EC4;&#x4EF6;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric API&#xFF08;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metric API &#x7684;&#x66F4;&#x591A;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4ECE; <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/metrics" target="_blank">k8s.io/metrics repository</a> &#x83B7;&#x5F97;&#xFF09;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x53C2;&#x8003;">&#x53C2;&#x8003;</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/horizontal-pod-autoscale/" target="_blank">HPA &#x8BF4;&#x660E; - kubernetes.io</a></li>
<li><a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/horizontal-pod-autoscale-walkthrough/" target="_blank">HPA &#x8BE6;&#x89E3; - kubernetes.io</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/metrics" target="_blank">&#x81EA;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49; metrics &#x5F00;&#x53D1; - github.com</a></li>
</ul>
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