2017-11-24 12:30:57 +08:00
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## 多阶段构建
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2017-11-24 18:36:30 +08:00
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### 之前的做法
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在 Docker 17.05 版本之前,我们构建 Docker 镜像时,通常会采用两种方式:
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#### 全部放入一个 Dockerfile
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一种方式是将所有的构建过程编包含在一个 `Dockerfile` 中,包括项目及其依赖库的编译、测试、打包等流程,这里可能会带来的一些问题:
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* `Dockerfile` 特别长,可维护性降低
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* 镜像层次多,镜像体积较大,部署时间变长
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* 源代码存在泄露的风险
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例如
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编写 `app.go` 文件,该程序输出 `Hello World!`
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```go
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package main
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import "fmt"
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func main(){
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fmt.Printf("Hello World!");
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}
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```
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编写 `Dockerfile.one` 文件
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```docker
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FROM golang:1.9-alpine
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RUN apk --no-cache add git ca-certificates
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WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/
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COPY app.go .
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RUN go get -d -v github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql \
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&& CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o app . \
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&& cp /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app /root
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WORKDIR /root/
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CMD ["./app"]
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```
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构建镜像
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```bash
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$ docker build -t go/helloworld:1 -f Dockerfile.one .
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```
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#### 分散到多个 Dockerfile
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另一种方式,就是我们事先在一个 `Dockerfile` 将项目及其依赖库编译测试打包好后,再将其拷贝到运行环境中,这种方式需要我们编写两个 `Dockerfile` 和一些编译脚本才能将其两个阶段自动整合起来,这种方式虽然可以很好地规避第一种方式存在的风险,但明显部署过程较复杂。
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例如
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编写 `Dockerfile.build` 文件
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```docker
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FROM golang:1.9-alpine
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RUN apk --no-cache add git
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WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld
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COPY app.go .
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RUN go get -d -v github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql \
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&& CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o app .
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```
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编写 `Dockerfile.copy` 文件
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```docker
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FROM alpine:latest
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RUN apk --no-cache add ca-certificates
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WORKDIR /root/
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COPY app .
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CMD ["./app"]
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```
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新建 `build.sh`
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```bash
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#!/bin/sh
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echo Building go/helloworld:build
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docker build -t go/helloworld:build . -f Dockerfile.build
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docker create --name extract go/helloworld:build
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docker cp extract:/go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app ./app
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docker rm -f extract
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echo Building go/helloworld:2
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docker build --no-cache -t go/helloworld:2 . -f Dockerfile.copy
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rm ./app
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```
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现在运行脚本即可构建镜像
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```bash
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$ chmod +x build.sh
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$ ./build.sh
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```
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对比两种方式生成的镜像大小
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```bash
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2017-12-05 09:40:50 +08:00
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$ docker image ls
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2017-11-24 18:36:30 +08:00
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2017-12-03 10:27:05 +08:00
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REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
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go/helloworld 2 f7cf3465432c 22 seconds ago 6.47MB
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go/helloworld 1 f55d3e16affc 2 minutes ago 295MB
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2017-11-24 18:36:30 +08:00
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```
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### 使用多阶段构建
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为解决以上问题,Docker v17.05 开始支持多阶段构建 (`multistage builds`)。使用多阶段构建我们就可以很容易解决前面提到的问题,并且只需要编写一个 `Dockerfile`:
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例如
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编写 `Dockerfile` 文件
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```docker
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2018-03-10 09:16:43 +08:00
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FROM golang:1.9-alpine as builder
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2017-11-24 18:36:30 +08:00
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RUN apk --no-cache add git
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WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/
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RUN go get -d -v github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
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COPY app.go .
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RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o app .
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2018-03-10 09:16:43 +08:00
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FROM alpine:latest as prod
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2017-11-24 18:36:30 +08:00
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RUN apk --no-cache add ca-certificates
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WORKDIR /root/
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COPY --from=0 /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app .
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CMD ["./app"]
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```
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构建镜像
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```bash
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$ docker build -t go/helloworld:3 .
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```
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对比三个镜像大小
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```bash
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2017-12-05 09:40:50 +08:00
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$ docker image ls
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2017-11-24 18:36:30 +08:00
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2017-12-03 10:27:05 +08:00
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REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
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go/helloworld 3 d6911ed9c846 7 seconds ago 6.47MB
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go/helloworld 2 f7cf3465432c 22 seconds ago 6.47MB
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go/helloworld 1 f55d3e16affc 2 minutes ago 295MB
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2017-11-24 18:36:30 +08:00
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```
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很明显使用多阶段构建的镜像体积小,同时也完美解决了上边提到的问题。
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2018-03-10 09:16:43 +08:00
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#### 只构建某一阶段的镜像
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我们可以使用 `as` 来为某一阶段命名,例如
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```dockerfile
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FROM golang:1.9-alpine as builder
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```
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例如当我们只想构建 `builder` 阶段的镜像时,我们可以在使用 `docker build` 命令时加上 `--target` 参数即可
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```bash
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$ docker build --target builder -t username/imagename:tag .
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```
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#### 构建时从其他镜像复制文件
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上面例子中我们使用 `COPY --from=0 /go/src/github.com/go/helloworld/app .` 从上一阶段的镜像中复制文件,我们也可以复制任意镜像中的文件。
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```dockerfile
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$ COPY --from=nginx:latest /etc/nginx/nginx.conf /nginx.conf
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```
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