mirror of https://github.com/dunwu/db-tutorial.git
📝 Writing docs.
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README.md
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# 数据库(Database)
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- [x] [数据库系统概论](docs/数据库系统概论.md)
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- [x] [数据库优化](docs/数据库优化.md)
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- [x] [数据库面试题](docs/数据库面试题.md)
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- [x] [Sql](docs/sql.md)
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- [x] [Mysql](docs/mysql.md)
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- [x] [H2](docs/h2.md)
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- [x] [Redis](docs/redis/redis.md)
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- [数据库系统概论](docs/数据库系统概论.md)
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- [数据库优化](docs/数据库优化.md)
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- [数据库面试题](docs/数据库面试题.md)
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- [Sql](docs/sql.md)
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- [Mysql](docs/mysql.md)
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- [H2](docs/h2.md)
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- [Redis](docs/redis/redis.md)
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- [Flyway](docs/flyway.md)
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# Flyway
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> Flyway 是一个数据迁移工具。
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>
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> 关键词:
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<!-- TOC depthFrom:2 depthTo:3 -->
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- [简介](#简介)
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- [什么是 Flyway?](#什么是-flyway)
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- [为什么要使用数据迁移?](#为什么要使用数据迁移)
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- [Flyway 如何工作?](#flyway-如何工作)
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- [快速上手](#快速上手)
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- [命令行](#命令行)
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- [JAVA API](#java-api)
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- [Maven](#maven)
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- [Gradle](#gradle)
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- [入门篇](#入门篇)
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- [概念](#概念)
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- [命令](#命令)
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- [支持的数据库](#支持的数据库)
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- [资料](#资料)
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<!-- /TOC -->
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## 简介
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### 什么是 Flyway?
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**Flyway 是一个开源的数据库迁移工具。**
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### 为什么要使用数据迁移?
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为了说明数据迁移的作用,我们来举一个示例:
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(1)假设,有一个叫做 Shiny 的项目,它的架构是一个叫做 Shiny Soft 的 App 连接叫做 Shiny DB 的数据库。
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(2)对于大多数项目而言,最简单的持续集成场景如下所示:
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![flyway-sample](https://flywaydb.org/assets/balsamiq/Environments.png)
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这意味着,我们不仅仅要处理一份环境中的修改,由此会引入一些版本冲突问题:
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在代码侧(即应用软件)的版本问题比较容易解决:
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- 有方便的版本控制工具
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- 有可复用的构建和持续集成
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- 规范的发布和部署过程
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那么,数据库层面的版本问题如何解决呢?
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目前仍然没有方便的数据库版本工具。许多项目仍使用 sql 脚本来解决版本冲突,甚至是遇到冲突问题时才想起用 sql 语句去解决。
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由此,引发一些问题:
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- 机器上的数据库是什么状态?
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- 脚本到底生效没有?
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- 生产环境修复的问题是否也在测试环境修复了?
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- 如何建立一个新的数据库实例?
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数据迁移就是用来搞定这些混乱的问题:
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- 通过草稿重建一个数据库。
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- 在任何时候都可以清楚的了解数据库的状态。
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- 以一种明确的方式将数据库从当前版本迁移到一个新版本。
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### Flyway 如何工作?
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最简单的场景是指定 Flyway 迁移到一个空的数据库。
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![image](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/3101171-bb6e9f39e56ebbda.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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Flyway 会尝试查找它的 schema 历史表,如果数据库是空的,Flyway 就不再查找,而是直接创建数据库。
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现再你就有了一个仅包含一张空表的数据库,默认情况下,这张表叫 _flyway_schema_history_。
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![image](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/3101171-410eb31c6313b389.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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这张表将被用于追踪数据库的状态。
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然后,Flyway 将开始扫描文件系统或应用 classpath 中的 **migrations**。这些 **migrations** 可以是 sql 或 java。
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这些 **migrations** 将根据他们的版本号进行排序。
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![image](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/3101171-d36ee07ada4efbcd.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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任意 migration 应用后,schema 历史表将更新。当元数据和初始状态替换后,可以称之为:迁移到新版本。
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Flyway 一旦扫描了文件系统或应用 classpath 下的 migrations,这些 migrations 会检查 schema 历史表。如果它们的版本号低于或等于当前的版本,将被忽略。保留下来的 migrations 是等待的 migrations,有效但没有应用。
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![image](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/3101171-99a88fea7a31a070.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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migrations 将根据版本号排序并按序执行。
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![image](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/3101171-b444fef6e5c13b71.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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## 快速上手
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Flyway 有 4 种使用方式:
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- 命令行
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- JAVA API
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- Maven
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- Gradle
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### 命令行
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适用于非 Java 用户,无需构建。
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```shell
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> flyway migrate -url=... -user=... -password=...
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```
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(1)**下载解压**
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进入[官方下载页面](https://flywaydb.org/download/),选择合适版本,下载并解压到本地。
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(2)**配置 flyway**
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编辑 `/conf/flyway.conf`:
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```properties
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flyway.url=jdbc:h2:file:./foobardb
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flyway.user=SA
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flyway.password=
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```
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(3)**创建第一个 migration**
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在 `/sql` 目录下创建 `V1__Create_person_table.sql` 文件,内容如下:
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```sql
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create table PERSON (
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ID int not null,
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NAME varchar(100) not null
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);
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```
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(4)**迁移数据库**
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运行 Flyway 来迁移数据库:
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```bash
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flyway-5.1.4> flyway migrate
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```
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运行正常的情况下,应该可以看到如下结果:
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```
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Database: jdbc:h2:file:./foobardb (H2 1.4)
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Successfully validated 1 migration (execution time 00:00.008s)
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Creating Schema History table: "PUBLIC"."flyway_schema_history"
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Current version of schema "PUBLIC": << Empty Schema >>
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Migrating schema "PUBLIC" to version 1 - Create person table
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Successfully applied 1 migration to schema "PUBLIC" (execution time 00:00.033s)
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```
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(5)**添加第二个 migration**
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在 `/sql` 目录下创建 `V2__Add_people.sql` 文件,内容如下:
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```sql
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insert into PERSON (ID, NAME) values (1, 'Axel');
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insert into PERSON (ID, NAME) values (2, 'Mr. Foo');
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insert into PERSON (ID, NAME) values (3, 'Ms. Bar');
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```
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运行 Flyway
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```bash
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flyway-5.1.4> flyway migrate
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```
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运行正常的情况下,应该可以看到如下结果:
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```
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Database: jdbc:h2:file:./foobardb (H2 1.4)
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Successfully validated 2 migrations (execution time 00:00.018s)
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Current version of schema "PUBLIC": 1
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Migrating schema "PUBLIC" to version 2 - Add people
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Successfully applied 1 migration to schema "PUBLIC" (execution time 00:00.016s)
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```
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### JAVA API
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(1)**准备**
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- Java8+
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- Maven 3.x
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(2)**添加依赖**
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在 `pom.xml` 中添加依赖:
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```xml
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<project ...>
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...
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<dependencies>
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<dependency>
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<groupId>org.flywaydb</groupId>
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<artifactId>flyway-core</artifactId>
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<version>5.1.4</version>
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</dependency>
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<dependency>
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<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
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<artifactId>h2</artifactId>
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<version>1.3.170</version>
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</dependency>
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...
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</dependencies>
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...
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</project>
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```
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(3)**集成 Flyway**
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添加 `App.java` 文件,内容如下:
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```java
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import org.flywaydb.core.Flyway;
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public class App {
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public static void main(String[] args) {
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// Create the Flyway instance
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Flyway flyway = new Flyway();
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// Point it to the database
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flyway.setDataSource("jdbc:h2:file:./target/foobar", "sa", null);
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// Start the migration
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flyway.migrate();
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}
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}
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```
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(4)**创建第一个 migration**
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添加 `src/main/resources/db/migration/V1__Create_person_table.sql` 文件,内容如下:
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```sql
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create table PERSON (
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ID int not null,
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NAME varchar(100) not null
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);
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```
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(5)**执行程序**
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执行 `App#main`:
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运行正常的情况下,应该可以看到如下结果:
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```
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INFO: Creating schema history table: "PUBLIC"."flyway_schema_history"
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INFO: Current version of schema "PUBLIC": << Empty Schema >>
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INFO: Migrating schema "PUBLIC" to version 1 - Create person table
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INFO: Successfully applied 1 migration to schema "PUBLIC" (execution time 00:00.062s).
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```
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(6)**添加第二个 migration**
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添加 src/main/resources/db/migration/V2\_\_Add_people.sql 文件,内容如下:
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```sql
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insert into PERSON (ID, NAME) values (1, 'Axel');
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insert into PERSON (ID, NAME) values (2, 'Mr. Foo');
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insert into PERSON (ID, NAME) values (3, 'Ms. Bar');
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```
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运行正常的情况下,应该可以看到如下结果:
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```
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INFO: Current version of schema "PUBLIC": 1
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INFO: Migrating schema "PUBLIC" to version 2 - Add people
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INFO: Successfully applied 1 migration to schema "PUBLIC" (execution time 00:00.090s).
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```
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### Maven
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与 Java API 方式大体相同,区别在 **集成 Flyway** 步骤:
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Maven 方式使用插件来集成 Flyway:
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```xml
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<project xmlns="...">
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...
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<build>
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<plugins>
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<plugin>
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<groupId>org.flywaydb</groupId>
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<artifactId>flyway-maven-plugin</artifactId>
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<version>5.1.4</version>
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<configuration>
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<url>jdbc:h2:file:./target/foobar</url>
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<user>sa</user>
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</configuration>
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<dependencies>
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<dependency>
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<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
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<artifactId>h2</artifactId>
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<version>1.4.191</version>
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</dependency>
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</dependencies>
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</plugin>
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</plugins>
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</build>
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</project>
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```
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因为用的是插件,所以执行方式不再是运行 Java 类,而是执行 maven 插件:
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```bash
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> mvn flyway:migrate
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```
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> :point_right: 参考:[示例源码](https://github.com/dunwu/Database/tree/master/codes/middleware/flyway)
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### Gradle
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本人不用 Gradle,略。
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## 入门篇
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### 概念
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#### Migrations
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在 Flyway 中,对于数据库的任何改变都称之为 **Migrations**。
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Migrations 可以分为 Versioned migrations 和 Repeatable migrations。
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Versioned migrations 有 2 种形式:regular 和 undo。
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Versioned migrations 和 Repeatable migrations 都可以使用 SQL 或 JAVA 来编写。
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##### Versioned migrations
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由一个版本号(version)、一段描述(description)、一个校验(checksum)组成。版本号必须是惟一的。Versioned migrations 只能按顺序执行一次。
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一般用于:
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- 增删改 tables/indexes/foreign keys/enums/UDTs。
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- 引用数据更新
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- 用户数据校正
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Regular 示例:
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```sql
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CREATE TABLE car (
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id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
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license_plate VARCHAR NOT NULL,
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color VARCHAR NOT NULL
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);
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ALTER TABLE owner ADD driver_license_id VARCHAR;
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INSERT INTO brand (name) VALUES ('DeLorean');
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```
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##### Undo migrations
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> 注:仅专业版支持
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Undo Versioned Migrations 负责撤销 Regular Versioned migrations 的影响。
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Undo 示例:
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```sql
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DELETE FROM brand WHERE name='DeLorean';
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ALTER TABLE owner DROP driver_license_id;
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DROP TABLE car;
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```
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##### Repeatable migrations
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由一段描述(description)、一个校验(checksum)组成。Versioned migrations 每次执行后,校验(checksum)会更新。
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Repeatable migrations 用于管理可以通过一个文件来维护版本控制的数据库对象。
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一般用于:
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- 创建(重建)views/procedures/functions/packages 等。
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- 大量引用数据重新插入
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示例:
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```sql
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CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW blue_cars AS
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SELECT id, license_plate FROM cars WHERE color='blue';
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```
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##### 基于 SQL 的 migrations
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migrations 最常用的编写形式就是 SQL。
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基于 SQL 的 migrations 一般用于:
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- DDL 变更(针对 TABLES,VIEWS,TRIGGERS,SEQUENCES 等的 CREATE/ALTER/DROP 操作)
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- 简单的引用数据变更(引用数据表中的 CRUD)
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- 简单的大量数据变更(常规数据表中的 CRUD)
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**命名规则**
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为了被 Flyway 自动识别,SQL migrations 的文件命名必须遵循规定的模式:
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![sql-migrations](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dunwu/Database/master/images/flyway/sql-migrations.png)
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- **Prefix** - `V` 代表 versioned migrations (可配置), `U` 代表 undo migrations (可配置)、 `R` 代表 repeatable migrations (可配置)
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- **Version** - 版本号通过`.`(点)或`_`(下划线)分隔 (repeatable migrations 不需要)
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- **Separator** - `__` (两个下划线) (可配置)
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- **Description** - 下划线或空格分隔的单词
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- **Suffix** - `.sql` (可配置)
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##### 基于 JAVA 的 migrations
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基于 JAVA 的 migrations 适用于使用 SQL 不容易表达的场景:
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- BLOB 和 CLOB 变更
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- 大量数据的高级变更(重新计算、高级格式变更)
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**命名规则**
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为了被 Flyway 自动识别,JAVA migrations 的文件命名必须遵循规定的模式:
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||||
|
||||
![java-migrations](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dunwu/Database/master/images/flyway/java-migrations.png)
|
||||
|
||||
- **Prefix** - `V` 代表 versioned migrations (可配置), `U` 代表 undo migrations (可配置)、 `R` 代表 repeatable migrations (可配置)
|
||||
- **Version** - 版本号通过`.`(点)或`_`(下划线)分隔 (repeatable migrations 不需要)
|
||||
- **Separator** - `__` (两个下划线) (可配置)
|
||||
- **Description** - 下划线或空格分隔的单词
|
||||
|
||||
> :point_right: 更多细节请参考:https://flywaydb.org/documentation/migrations
|
||||
|
||||
#### Callbacks
|
||||
|
||||
> 注:部分 events 仅专业版支持。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管 Migrations 可能已经满足绝大部分场景的需要,但是某些情况下需要你一遍又一遍的执行相同的行为。这可能会重新编译存储过程,更新视图以及许多其他类型的开销。
|
||||
|
||||
因为以上原因,Flyway 提供了 Callbacks,用于在 Migrations 生命周期中添加钩子。
|
||||
|
||||
Callbacks 可以用 SQL 或 JAVA 来实现。
|
||||
|
||||
##### SQL Callbacks
|
||||
|
||||
SQL Callbacks 的命名规则为:event 名 + SQL migration。
|
||||
|
||||
如: `beforeMigrate.sql`, `beforeEachMigrate.sql`, `afterEachMigrate.sql` 等。
|
||||
|
||||
SQL Callbacks 也可以包含描述(description)。这种情况下,SQL Callbacks 文件名 = event 名 + 分隔符 + 描述 + 后缀。例:`beforeRepair__vacuum.sql`
|
||||
|
||||
当同一个 event 有多个 SQL callbacks,将按照它们描述(description)的顺序执行。
|
||||
|
||||
> **注:** Flyway 也支持你配置的 `sqlMigrationSuffixes`。
|
||||
|
||||
##### JAVA Callbacks
|
||||
|
||||
> 当 SQL Callbacks 不够方便时,才应考虑 JAVA Callbacks。
|
||||
|
||||
JAVA Callbacks 有 3 种形式:
|
||||
|
||||
1. **基于 Java 的 Migrations** - 实现 JdbcMigration、SpringJdbcMigration、MigrationInfoProvider、MigrationChecksumProvider、ConfigurationAware、FlywayConfiguration
|
||||
2. **基于 Java 的 Callbacks** - 实现 org.flywaydb.core.api.callback 接口。
|
||||
3. **自定义 Migration resolvers 和 executors** - 实现 MigrationResolver、MigrationExecutor、ConfigurationAware、FlywayConfiguration 接口。
|
||||
|
||||
> :point_right: 更多细节请参考:https://flywaydb.org/documentation/callbacks
|
||||
|
||||
#### Error Handlers
|
||||
|
||||
> 注:仅专业版支持。
|
||||
|
||||
(略)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Dry Runs
|
||||
|
||||
> 注:仅专业版支持。
|
||||
|
||||
(略)
|
||||
|
||||
### 命令
|
||||
|
||||
Flyway 的功能主要围绕着 7 个基本命令:[Migrate](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/command/migrate)、[Clean](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/command/clean)、[Info](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/command/info)、[Validate](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/command/validate)、[Undo](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/command/undo)、[Baseline](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/command/baseline) 和 [Repair](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/command/repair)。
|
||||
|
||||
注:各命令的使用方法细节请查阅官方文档。
|
||||
|
||||
### 支持的数据库
|
||||
|
||||
- [Oracle](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/oracle)
|
||||
- [SQL Server](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/sqlserver)
|
||||
- [DB2](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/db2)
|
||||
- [MySQL](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/mysql)
|
||||
- [MariaDB](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/mariadb)
|
||||
- [PostgreSQL](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/postgresql)
|
||||
- [Redshift](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/redshift)
|
||||
- [CockroachDB](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/cockroachdb)
|
||||
- [SAP HANA](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/saphana)
|
||||
- [Sybase ASE](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/sybasease)
|
||||
- [Informix](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/informix)
|
||||
- [H2](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/h2)
|
||||
- [HSQLDB](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/hsqldb)
|
||||
- [Derby](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/derby)
|
||||
- [SQLite](https://flywaydb.org/documentation/database/sqlite)
|
||||
|
||||
## 资料
|
||||
|
||||
| [Github](https://github.com/flyway/flyway) | [官方文档](https://flywaydb.org/) |
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue