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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.4.3.8" data-path = "using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
< a href = "using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
< / a >
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< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.4.4" data-path = "storage.html" >
< a href = "storage.html" >
4.4 存储管理
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.4.4.1" data-path = "glusterfs.html" >
< a href = "glusterfs.html" >
4.4.1 GlusterFS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.4.4.1.1" data-path = "using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.4.4.1.2" data-path = "storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
< a href = "storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
< / a >
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< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.4.4.2" data-path = "cephfs.html" >
< a href = "cephfs.html" >
4.4.2 CephFS
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.4.4.2.1" data-path = "using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
< / a >
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< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5" data-path = "../usecases/" >
< a href = "../usecases/" >
5. 领域应用
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.1" data-path = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
5.1 微服务架构
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.1.1" data-path = "../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/service-discovery-in-microservices.html" >
5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2" data-path = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.1" data-path = "../usecases/istio.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/istio.html" >
5.1.1 Istio
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.1.1" data-path = "../usecases/istio-installation.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/istio-installation.html" >
5.1.1.1 安装istio
< / a >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.1.2" data-path = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.2" data-path = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd.html" >
5.1.2 Linkerd
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.2.2.1" data-path = "../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/linkerd-user-guide.html" >
5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.3" data-path = "../usecases/big-data.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/big-data.html" >
5.2 大数据
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.3.1" data-path = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
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2017-08-30 14:20:52 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/spark-standalone-on-kubernetes.html" >
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2017-08-30 14:20:52 +08:00
5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< / a >
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< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.3.2" data-path = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
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2017-09-14 15:57:50 +08:00
< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
2017-08-31 14:23:44 +08:00
5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
< / a >
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< / li >
< / ul >
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< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.4" data-path = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
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< a href = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
5.3 Serverless架构
< / a >
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< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6" data-path = "../develop/" >
< a href = "../develop/" >
6. 开发指南
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.1" data-path = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
< a href = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
6.1 开发环境搭建
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.2" data-path = "../develop/testing.html" >
< a href = "../develop/testing.html" >
6.2 单元测试和集成测试
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.3" data-path = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
< a href = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
6.3 client-go示例
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.4" data-path = "../develop/contribute.html" >
< a href = "../develop/contribute.html" >
6.4 社区贡献
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7" data-path = "../appendix/" >
< a href = "../appendix/" >
7. 附录
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.1" data-path = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
7.1 Docker最佳实践
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.2" data-path = "../appendix/issues.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/issues.html" >
7.2 问题记录
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.3" data-path = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/tricks.html" >
7.3 使用技巧
< / a >
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.4" data-path = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
< a href = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
7.4 kubernetes service中的故障排查
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< / li >
< / ul >
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< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://www.gitbook.com" target = "blank" class = "gitbook-link" >
2017-09-19 22:01:07 +08:00
本书使用 GitBook 发布
2017-08-21 17:44:43 +08:00
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / div >
< div class = "book-body" >
< div class = "body-inner" >
< div class = "book-header" role = "navigation" >
<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
< i class = "fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin" > < / i >
< a href = ".." > 4.2 服务发现与负载均衡< / a >
< / h1 >
< / div >
< div class = "page-wrapper" tabindex = "-1" role = "main" >
< div class = "page-inner" >
< div class = "search-plus" id = "book-search-results" >
< div class = "search-noresults" >
< section class = "normal markdown-section" >
< h1 id = "服务发现与负载均衡" > 服 务 发 现 与 负 载 均 衡 < / h1 >
< p > Kubernetes在 设 计 之 初 就 充 分 考 虑 了 针 对 容 器 的 服 务 发 现 与 负 载 均 衡 机 制 ， 提 供 了 Service资 源 ， 并 通 过 kube-proxy配 合 cloud provider来 适 应 不 同 的 应 用 场 景 。 随 着 kubernetes用 户 的 激 增 ， 用 户 场 景 的 不 断 丰 富 ， 又 产 生 了 一 些 新 的 负 载 均 衡 机 制 。 目 前 ， kubernetes中 的 负 载 均 衡 大 致 可 以 分 为 以 下 几 种 机 制 ， 每 种 机 制 都 有 其 特 定 的 应 用 场 景 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > Service： 直 接 用 Service提 供 cluster内 部 的 负 载 均 衡 ， 并 借 助 cloud provider提 供 的 LB提 供 外 部 访 问 < / li >
< li > Ingress Controller： 还 是 用 Service提 供 cluster内 部 的 负 载 均 衡 ， 但 是 通 过 自 定 义 LB提 供 外 部 访 问 < / li >
< li > Service Load Balancer： 把 load balancer直 接 跑 在 容 器 中 ， 实 现 Bare Metal的 Service Load Balancer< / li >
< li > Custom Load Balancer： 自 定 义 负 载 均 衡 ， 并 替 代 kube-proxy， 一 般 在 物 理 部 署 Kubernetes时 使 用 ， 方 便 接 入 公 司 已 有 的 外 部 服 务 < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "service" > Service< / h2 >
< p > Service是 对 一 组 提 供 相 同 功 能 的 Pods的 抽 象 ， 并 为 它 们 提 供 一 个 统 一 的 入 口 。 借 助 Service， 应 用 可 以 方 便 的 实 现 服 务 发 现 与 负 载 均 衡 ， 并 实 现 应 用 的 零 宕 机 升 级 。 Service通 过 标 签 来 选 取 服 务 后 端 ， 一 般 配 合 Replication Controller或 者 Deployment来 保 证 后 端 容 器 的 正 常 运 行 。 < / p >
< p > Service有 三 种 类 型 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > ClusterIP： 默 认 类 型 ， 自 动 分 配 一 个 仅 cluster内 部 可 以 访 问 的 虚 拟 IP< / li >
< li > NodePort： 在 ClusterIP基 础 上 为 Service在 每 台 机 器 上 绑 定 一 个 端 口 ， 这 样 就 可 以 通 过 < code > < NodeIP> :NodePort< / code > 来 访 问 改 服 务 < / li >
< li > LoadBalancer： 在 NodePort的 基 础 上 ， 借 助 cloud provider创 建 一 个 外 部 的 负 载 均 衡 器 ， 并 将 请 求 转 发 到 < code > < NodeIP> :NodePort< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 另 外 ， 也 可 以 将 已 有 的 服 务 以 Service的 形 式 加 入 到 Kubernetes集 群 中 来 ， 只 需 要 在 创 建 Service的 时 候 不 指 定 Label selector， 而 是 在 Service创 建 好 后 手 动 为 其 添 加 endpoint。 < / p >
< h2 id = "ingress-controller" > Ingress Controller< / h2 >
< p > Service虽 然 解 决 了 服 务 发 现 和 负 载 均 衡 的 问 题 ， 但 它 在 使 用 上 还 是 有 一 些 限 制 ， 比 如 < / p >
< ul >
< li > 对 外 访 问 的 时 候 ， NodePort类 型 需 要 在 外 部 搭 建 额 外 的 负 载 均 衡 ， 而 LoadBalancer要 求 kubernetes必 须 跑 在 支 持 的 cloud provider上 面 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > Ingress就 是 为 了 解 决 这 些 限 制 而 引 入 的 新 资 源 ， 主 要 用 来 将 服 务 暴 露 到 cluster外 面 ， 并 且 可 以 自 定 义 服 务 的 访 问 策 略 。 比 如 想 要 通 过 负 载 均 衡 器 实 现 不 同 子 域 名 到 不 同 服 务 的 访 问 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > foo.bar.com --| |-> foo.bar.com s1:80
| 178.91.123.132 |
bar.foo.com --| |-> bar.foo.com s2:80
< / code > < / pre > < p > 可 以 这 样 来 定 义 Ingress： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > extensions/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Ingress
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > test
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > rules:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - host:< / span > foo.bar.com
< span class = "hljs-attr" > http:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > paths:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - backend:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > serviceName:< / span > s1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > servicePort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - host:< / span > bar.foo.com
< span class = "hljs-attr" > http:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > paths:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - backend:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > serviceName:< / span > s2
< span class = "hljs-attr" > servicePort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > < strong > 注 意 ： < / strong > Ingress本 身 并 不 会 自 动 创 建 负 载 均 衡 器 ， cluster中 需 要 运 行 一 个 ingress controller来 根 据 Ingress的 定 义 来 管 理 负 载 均 衡 器 。 目 前 社 区 提 供 了 nginx和 gce的 参 考 实 现 。 < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://traefik.io" target = "_blank" > Traefik< / a > 提 供 了 易 用 的 Ingress Controller， 使 用 方 法 见 < a href = "https://docs.traefik.io/user-guide/kubernetes/" target = "_blank" > https://docs.traefik.io/user-guide/kubernetes/< / a > 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "service-load-balancer" > Service Load Balancer< / h2 >
< p > 在 Ingress出 现 以 前 ， Service Load Balancer是 推 荐 的 解 决 Service局 限 性 的 方 式 。 Service Load Balancer将 haproxy跑 在 容 器 中 ， 并 监 控 service和 endpoint的 变 化 ， 通 过 容 器 IP对 外 提 供 4层 和 7层 负 载 均 衡 服 务 。 < / p >
< p > 社 区 提 供 的 Service Load Balancer支 持 四 种 负 载 均 衡 协 议 ： TCP、 HTTP、 HTTPS和 SSL TERMINATION， 并 支 持 ACL访 问 控 制 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "custom-load-balancer" > Custom Load Balancer< / h2 >
< p > 虽 然 Kubernetes提 供 了 丰 富 的 负 载 均 衡 机 制 ， 但 在 实 际 使 用 的 时 候 ， 还 是 会 碰 到 一 些 复 杂 的 场 景 是 它 不 能 支 持 的 ， 比 如 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 接 入 已 有 的 负 载 均 衡 设 备 < / li >
< li > 多 租 户 网 络 情 况 下 ， 容 器 网 络 和 主 机 网 络 是 隔 离 的 ， 这 样 < code > kube-proxy< / code > 就 不 能 正 常 工 作 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 这 个 时 候 就 可 以 自 定 义 组 件 ， 并 代 替 kube-proxy来 做 负 载 均 衡 。 基 本 的 思 路 是 监 控 kubernetes中 service和 endpoints的 变 化 ， 并 根 据 这 些 变 化 来 配 置 负 载 均 衡 器 。 比 如 weave flux、 nginx plus、 kube2haproxy等 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "endpoints" > Endpoints< / h2 >
< p > 有 几 种 情 况 下 需 要 用 到 没 有 selector的 service。 < / p >
< ul >
< li > 使 用 kubernetes集 群 外 部 的 数 据 库 时 < / li >
< li > service中 用 到 了 其 他 namespace或 kubernetes集 群 中 的 service< / li >
< li > 在 kubernetes的 工 作 负 载 与 集 群 外 的 后 端 之 间 互 相 迁 移 < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 可 以 这 样 定 义 一 个 没 有 selector的 service。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Service
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > my-service
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - protocol:< / span > TCP
< span class = "hljs-attr" > port:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 80< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > targetPort:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 9376< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 定 义 一 个 Endpoints来 对 应 该 service。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Endpoints
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > my-service
< span class = "hljs-attr" > subsets:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - addresses:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - ip:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 1.2< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .3< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > .4< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - port:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 9376< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 访 问 没 有 selector的 service跟 访 问 有 selector的 service时 没 有 任 何 区 别 。 < / p >
< p > 使 用 kubernetes时 有 一 个 很 常 见 的 需 求 ， 就 是 当 数 据 库 部 署 在 kubernetes集 群 之 外 的 时 候 ， 集 群 内 的 service如 何 访 问 数 据 库 呢 ？ 当 然 你 可 以 直 接 使 用 数 据 库 的 IP地 址 和 端 口 号 来 直 接 访 问 ， 有 没 有 什 么 优 雅 的 方 式 呢 ？ 你 需 要 用 到 < code > ExternalName Service< / code > 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > Service
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > my-service
< span class = "hljs-attr" > namespace:< / span > prod
< span class = "hljs-attr" > spec:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > type:< / span > ExternalName
< span class = "hljs-attr" > externalName:< / span > my.database.example.com
< span class = "hljs-attr" > ports:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - port:< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 12345< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这 个 例 子 中 ， 在 kubernetes集 群 内 访 问 < code > my-service< / code > 实 际 上 会 重 定 向 到 < code > my.database.example.com:12345< / code > 这 个 地 址 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "参考资料" > 参 考 资 料 < / h2 >
< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/" target = "_blank" > https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/ingress/" target = "_blank" > http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/ingress/< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/service-loadbalancer" target = "_blank" > https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/service-loadbalancer< / a > < / li >
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