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1. 前言
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 使用kubectl
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3.2.2 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 kubectl的用户认证授权
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.5 使用Jenkins进行持续构建与发布
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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4.4.2 CephFS
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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5. 领域应用
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5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< a href = ".." > 4.3.8 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群< / a >
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< h1 id = "使用prometheus监控kubernetes集群" > 使 用 Prometheus监 控 kubernetes集 群 < / h1 >
< p > 我 们 使 用 Giantswarm 开 源 的 < a href = "https://github.com/giantswarm/kubernetes-prometheus" target = "_blank" > kubernetes-promethues< / a > 来 监 控 kubernetes 集 群 ， 所 有 的 YAML 文 件 可 以 在 < a href = "../manifests/prometheus" > manifests/prometheus< / a > 目 录 下 找 到 。 < / p >
< p > 需 要 用 到 的 镜 像 有 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/prometheus-alertmanager:v0.7.1< / li >
< li > sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/grafana:4.2.0< / li >
< li > sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/giantswarm-tiny-tools:latest< / li >
< li > sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/prom-prometheus:v1.7.0< / li >
< li > sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/kube-state-metrics:v1.0.1< / li >
< li > sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/dockermuenster-caddy:0.9.3< / li >
< li > sz-pg-oam-docker-hub-001.tendcloud.com/library/prom-node-exporter:v0.14.0< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 同 时 备 份 到 时 速 云 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > index.tenxcloud.com/jimmy/prometheus-alertmanager:v0.7.1< / li >
< li > index.tenxcloud.com/jimmy/grafana:4.2.0< / li >
< li > index.tenxcloud.com/jimmy/giantswarm-tiny-tools:latest< / li >
< li > index.tenxcloud.com/jimmy/prom-prometheus:v1.7.0< / li >
< li > index.tenxcloud.com/jimmy/kube-state-metrics:v1.0.1< / li >
< li > index.tenxcloud.com/jimmy/dockermuenster-caddy:0.9.3< / li >
< li > index.tenxcloud.com/jimmy/prom-node-exporter:v0.14.0< / li >
< / ul >
< p > < strong > 注 < / strong > ： 所 有 镜 像 都 是 从 官 方 镜 像 仓 库 下 载 下 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "部署" > 部 署 < / h2 >
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< p > 我 将 部 署 时 需 要 用 的 的 配 置 文 件 分 成 了 namespace、 serviceaccount、 configmaps、 clusterrolebinding 和 最 后 的 部 署 prometheus、 grafana 的 过 程 。 < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > ## 创 建 monitoring namespaece< / span >
kubectl create -f prometheus-monitoring-ns.yaml
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< span class = "hljs-comment" > ## 创 建 serviceaccount< / span >
kubectl create -f prometheus-monitoring-serviceaccount.yaml
< span class = "hljs-comment" > ## 创 建 configmaps< / span >
kubectl create -f prometheus-configmaps.yaml
< span class = "hljs-comment" > ## 创 建 clusterrolebinding< / span >
kubectl create clusterrolebinding kube-state-metrics --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=monitoring:kube-state-metrics
kubectl create clusterrolebinding prometheus --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=monitoring:prometheus
< span class = "hljs-comment" > ## 部 署 Prometheus< / span >
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kubectl create -f prometheus-monitoring.yaml
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 访 问 kubernetes 任 何 一 个 node 上 的 Grafana service 的 nodeport： < / p >
< figure id = "fig1.4.3.8.1" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-prometheus-monitoring.jpg" alt = "Grafana页面" > < figcaption > Figure: Grafana页 面 < / figcaption > < / figure >
< p > 该 图 中 的 数 据 显 示 明 显 有 问 题 ， 还 需 要 修 正 。 < / p >
< p > < code > prometheus-monitoring.yaml< / code > 文 件 中 有 一 个 Job 就 是 用 来 导 入 grafana dashboard 配 置 信 息 的 ， 如 果 该 Job 执 行 失 败 ， 可 以 单 独 在 在 < code > monitoring< / code > 的 namespace 中 启 动 一 个 容 器 ， 将 < code > manifests/prometheus< / code > 目 录 下 的 json 文 件 复 制 到 容 器 中 ， 然 后 进 入 容 器 json 文 件 的 目 录 下 执 行 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > file < span class = "hljs-keyword" > in< / span > *-datasource.json ; < span class = "hljs-keyword" > do< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > [ < span class = "hljs-_" > -e< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " < span class = "hljs-variable" > $file< / span > " < / span > ] ; < span class = "hljs-keyword" > then< / span >
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > echo< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " importing < span class = "hljs-variable" > $file< / span > " < / span > & &
curl --silent --fail --show-error \
--request POST http://admin:admin@grafana:3000/api/datasources \
--header < span class = "hljs-string" > " Content-Type: application/json" < / span > \
--data-binary < span class = "hljs-string" > " @< span class = "hljs-variable" > $file< / span > " < / span > ;
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > echo< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > ;
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > fi< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > done< / span > ;
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > file < span class = "hljs-keyword" > in< / span > *-dashboard.json ; < span class = "hljs-keyword" > do< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > [ < span class = "hljs-_" > -e< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " < span class = "hljs-variable" > $file< / span > " < / span > ] ; < span class = "hljs-keyword" > then< / span >
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > echo< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " importing < span class = "hljs-variable" > $file< / span > " < / span > & &
( < span class = "hljs-built_in" > echo< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > ' {" dashboard" :' < / span > ; \
cat < span class = "hljs-string" > " < span class = "hljs-variable" > $file< / span > " < / span > ; \
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > echo< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > ' ," overwrite" :true," inputs" :[{" name" :" DS_PROMETHEUS" ," type" :" datasource" ," pluginId" :" prometheus" ," value" :" prometheus" }]}' < / span > ) \
| jq -c < span class = "hljs-string" > ' .' < / span > \
| curl --silent --fail --show-error \
--request POST http://admin:admin@grafana:3000/api/dashboards/import \
--header < span class = "hljs-string" > " Content-Type: application/json" < / span > \
--data-binary < span class = "hljs-string" > " @-" < / span > ;
< span class = "hljs-built_in" > echo< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " " < / span > ;
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > fi< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > done< / span >
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< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 这 样 也 可 以 向 grafana 中 导 入 dashboard。 < / p >
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< h2 id = "存在的问题" > 存 在 的 问 题 < / h2 >
< p > 该 项 目 的 代 码 中 存 在 几 个 问 题 。 < / p >
< h3 id = "1-rbac-角色授权问题" > 1. RBAC 角 色 授 权 问 题 < / h3 >
< p > 需 要 用 到 两 个 clusterrolebinding： < / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > kube-state-metrics< / code > ， 对 应 的 < code > serviceaccount< / code > 是 < code > kube-state-metrics< / code > < / li >
< li > < code > prometheus< / code > ， 对 应 的 < code > serviceaccount< / code > 是 < code > prometheus-k8s< / code > < / li >
< / ul >
< p > 在 部 署 Prometheus 之 前 应 该 先 创 建 serviceaccount、 clusterrole、 clusterrolebinding 等 对 象 ， 否 则 在 安 装 过 程 中 可 能 因 为 权 限 问 题 而 导 致 各 种 错 误 ， 所 以 这 些 配 置 应 该 写 在 一 个 单 独 的 文 件 中 ， 而 不 应 该 跟 其 他 部 署 写 在 一 起 ， 即 使 要 写 在 一 个 文 件 中 ， 也 应 该 写 在 文 件 的 最 前 面 ， 因 为 使 用 < code > kubectl< / code > 部 署 的 时 候 ， kubectl 不 会 判 断 YAML 文 件 中 的 资 源 依 赖 关 系 ， 只 是 简 单 的 从 头 部 开 始 执 行 部 署 ， 因 此 写 在 文 件 前 面 的 对 象 会 先 部 署 。 < / p >
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< p > < strong > 解 决 方 法 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 也 可 以 绕 过 复 杂 的 RBAC 设 置 ， 直 接 使 用 下 面 的 命 令 将 对 应 的 serviceaccount 设 置 成 admin 权 限 ， 如 下 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl create clusterrolebinding kube-state-metrics --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=monitoring:kube-state-metrics
kubectl create clusterrolebinding prometheus --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=monitoring:prometheus
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 参 考 < a href = "../guide/rbac.html" > RBAC— — 基 于 角 色 的 访 问 控 制 < / a > < / p >
< h3 id = "2-api-兼容问题" > 2. API 兼 容 问 题 < / h3 >
< p > 从 < code > kube-state-metrics< / code > 日 志 中 可 以 看 出 用 户 kube-state-metrics 没 有 权 限 访 问 如 下 资 源 类 型 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > *v1.Job< / li >
< li > *v1.PersistentVolumeClaim< / li >
< li > *v1beta1.StatefulSet< / li >
< li > *v2alpha1.CronJob< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 而 在 我 们 使 用 的 kubernetes 1.6.0 版 本 的 集 群 中 API 路 径 跟 < code > kube-state-metrics< / code > 中 不 同 ， 无 法 list 以 上 三 种 资 源 对 象 的 资 源 。 详 情 见 ： < a href = "https://github.com/giantswarm/kubernetes-prometheus/issues/77" target = "_blank" > https://github.com/giantswarm/kubernetes-prometheus/issues/77< / a > < / p >
< h3 id = "3-job-中的权限认证问题" > 3. Job 中 的 权 限 认 证 问 题 < / h3 >
< p > 在 < code > grafana-import-dashboards< / code > 这 个 job 中 有 个 < code > init-containers< / code > 其 中 指 定 的 command 执 行 错 误 ， 应 该 使 用 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > curl < span class = "hljs-_" > -s< / span > X GET -H < span class = "hljs-string" > " Authorization:bearer `cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token`" < / span > -k https://kubernetes.default/api/v1/namespaces/monitoring/endpoints/grafana
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 不 需 要 指 定 csr 文 件 ， 只 需 要 token 即 可 。 < / p >
< p > 参 考 < a href = "https://github.com/giantswarm/kubernetes-prometheus/issues/56" target = "_blank" > wait-for-endpoints init-containers fails to load with k8s 1.6.0 #56< / a > < / p >
< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/giantswarm/kubernetes-prometheus" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes Setup for Prometheus and Grafana< / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "../guide/rbac.html" > RBAC— — 基 于 角 色 的 访 问 控 制 < / a > < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/giantswarm/kubernetes-prometheus/issues/56" target = "_blank" > wait-for-endpoints init-containers fails to load with k8s 1.6.0 #56< / a > < / p >
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