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序言
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1. Kubernetes与云原生应用概览
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2. 概念原理
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2.1 设计理念
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2.2 Objects
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2.2.1 Pod
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2.2.1.1 Pod解析
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2.2.1.2 Init容器
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2.2.1.3 Pod安全策略
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2.2.1.4 Pod的生命周期
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2.2.2 Node
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2.2.3 Namespace
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2.2.4 Service
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2.2.5 Volume和Persistent Volume
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2.2.6 Deployment
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2.2.7 Secret
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2.2.8 StatefulSet
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2.2.9 DaemonSet
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2.2.10 ServiceAccount
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2.2.11 ReplicationController和ReplicaSet
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2.2.12 Job
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2.2.13 CronJob
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2.2.14 Ingress
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2.2.15 ConfigMap
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2.2.15.1 ConfigMap的热更新
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2.2.16 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
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2.2.17 Label
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2.2.18 垃圾收集
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2.2.19 NetworkPolicy
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2.2.20 Annotation
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3. 用户指南
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3.1 资源对象配置
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3.1.1 配置Pod的liveness和readiness探针
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3.1.2 配置Pod的Service Account
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3.1.3 Secret配置
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3.2.3 管理namespace中的资源配额
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3.2 命令使用
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3.2.1 docker用户过度到kubectl命令行指南
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3.2.2 kubectl命令概览
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3.2.3 kubectl命令技巧大全
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3.3 集群安全性管理
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3.3.1 管理集群中的TLS
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3.3.2 kubelet的认证授权
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3.3.3 TLS bootstrap
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3.3.4 创建用户认证授权的kubeconfig文件
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3.3.5 RBAC——基于角色的访问控制
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3.3.6 IP伪装代理
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3.3.7 使用kubeconfig或token进行用户身份认证
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3.4 访问 Kubernetes 集群
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3.4.1 访问集群
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3.4.2 使用 kubeconfig 文件配置跨集群认证
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3.4.3 通过端口转发访问集群中的应用程序
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3.4.4 使用 service 访问群集中的应用程序
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3.5 在kubernetes中开发部署应用
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3.5.1 适用于kubernetes的应用开发部署流程
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3.5.2 迁移传统应用到kubernetes中——以Hadoop YARN为例
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3.5.3 使用StatefulSet部署用状态应用
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4. 最佳实践
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4.1 在CentOS上部署kubernetes1.6集群
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4.1.1 创建TLS证书和秘钥
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4.1.2 创建kubeconfig文件
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4.1.3 创建高可用etcd集群
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4.1.4 安装kubectl命令行工具
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4.1.5 部署master节点
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4.1.6 部署node节点
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4.1.7 安装kubedns插件
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4.1.8 安装dashboard插件
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4.1.9 安装heapster插件
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4.1.10 安装EFK插件
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4.2 服务发现与负载均衡
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4.2.1 安装Traefik ingress
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4.2.2 分布式负载测试
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4.2.3 网络和集群性能测试
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4.2.4 边缘节点配置
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4.2.5 安装Nginx ingress
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4.3 运维管理
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4.3.1 服务滚动升级
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4.3.2 应用日志收集
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4.3.3 配置最佳实践
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4.3.4 集群及应用监控
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4.3.6 数据持久化问题
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< a href = "manage-compute-resources-container.html" >
4.3.7 管理容器的计算资源
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4.4 存储管理
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4.4.1 GlusterFS
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.4.1.1" data-path = "using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
< a href = "using-glusterfs-for-persistent-storage.html" >
4.4.1.1 使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.4.1.2" data-path = "storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
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< a href = "storage-for-containers-using-glusterfs-with-openshift.html" >
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4.4.1.2 在OpenShift中使用GlusterFS做持久化存储
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< a href = "cephfs.html" >
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4.4.2 CephFS
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< a href = "using-ceph-for-persistent-storage.html" >
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4.4.2.1 使用Ceph做持久化存储
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.5" data-path = "monitoring.html" >
< a href = "monitoring.html" >
4.5 集群与应用监控
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< ul class = "articles" >
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< a href = "heapster.html" >
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4.5.1 Heapster
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< ul class = "articles" >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.5.1.1" data-path = "using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
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< a href = "using-heapster-to-get-object-metrics.html" >
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4.5.1.1 使用Heapster获取集群和对象的metric数据
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< a href = "prometheus.html" >
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4.5.2 Prometheus
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.5.2.1" data-path = "using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
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< a href = "using-prometheus-to-monitor-kuberentes-cluster.html" >
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4.5.2.1 使用Prometheus监控kubernetes集群
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< a href = "services-management-tool.html" >
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4.6 服务编排管理
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4.6.1 使用Helm管理kubernetes应用
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.6.2" data-path = "create-private-charts-repo.html" >
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< a href = "create-private-charts-repo.html" >
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4.6.2 构建私有Chart仓库
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.7" data-path = "ci-cd.html" >
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< a href = "ci-cd.html" >
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4.7 持续集成与发布
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.7.1" data-path = "jenkins-ci-cd.html" >
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< a href = "jenkins-ci-cd.html" >
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4.7.1 使用Jenkins进行持续集成与发布
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.7.2" data-path = "drone-ci-cd.html" >
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< a href = "drone-ci-cd.html" >
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4.7.2 使用Drone进行持续集成与发布
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.8" data-path = "update-and-upgrade.html" >
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< a href = "update-and-upgrade.html" >
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4.8 更新与升级
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.5.8.1" data-path = "manually-upgrade.html" >
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< a href = "manually-upgrade.html" >
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4.8.1 手动升级kubernetes集群
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< li class = "chapter active" data-level = "1.5.8.2" data-path = "dashboard-upgrade.html" >
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4.8.2 升级dashboard
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< a href = "../usecases/" >
5. 领域应用
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.1" data-path = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/microservices.html" >
5.1 微服务架构
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5.1.1 微服务中的服务发现
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.2" data-path = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/service-mesh.html" >
5.2 Service Mesh 服务网格
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5.1.1 Istio
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5.1.1.1 安装并试用Istio service mesh
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< a href = "../usecases/configuring-request-routing.html" >
5.1.1.2 配置请求的路由规则
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.2.1.3" data-path = "../usecases/install-and-expand-istio-mesh.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/install-and-expand-istio-mesh.html" >
5.1.1.3 安装和拓展Istio service mesh
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.2.1.4" data-path = "../usecases/integrating-vms.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/integrating-vms.html" >
5.1.1.4 集成虚拟机
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5.1.2 Linkerd
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5.1.2.1 Linkerd 使用指南
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5.2 大数据
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5.2.1 Spark standalone on Kubernetes
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.3.2" data-path = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/running-spark-with-kubernetes-native-scheduler.html" >
5.2.2 运行支持kubernetes原生调度的Spark程序
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.4" data-path = "../usecases/serverless.html" >
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5.3 Serverless架构
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.6.5" data-path = "../usecases/edge-computing.html" >
< a href = "../usecases/edge-computing.html" >
5.4 边缘计算
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< a href = "../develop/" >
6. 开发指南
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.1" data-path = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
< a href = "../develop/developing-environment.html" >
6.1 开发环境搭建
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.2" data-path = "../develop/testing.html" >
< a href = "../develop/testing.html" >
6.2 单元测试和集成测试
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.3" data-path = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
< a href = "../develop/client-go-sample.html" >
6.3 client-go示例
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.7.4" data-path = "../develop/contribute.html" >
< a href = "../develop/contribute.html" >
6.4 社区贡献
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6.5 Minikube
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7. 附录
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.8.1" data-path = "../appendix/docker-best-practice.html" >
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7.1 Docker最佳实践
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7.2 问题记录
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7.3 使用技巧
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.8.4" data-path = "../appendix/debug-kubernetes-services.html" >
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7.4 kubernetes中的应用故障排查
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7.5 Kubernetes相关资讯和情报链接
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本书使用 GitBook 发布
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< a href = ".." > 4.8.2 升级dashboard< / a >
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< h1 id = "升级dashboard" > 升 级 Dashboard< / h1 >
< p > 我 们 在 kubernetes1.6的 时 候 同 时 安 装 了 dashboard插 件 ， 该 插 件 也 是 基 于 kubernetes1.6版 本 开 发 的 。 如 今 kubernetes1.8版 本 业 已 发 布 ， 如 何 升 级 dashboard以 获 取 新 版 中 功 能 呢 ？ < / p >
< p > Dashboard的 升 级 比 较 简 单 ， 因 为 它 仅 仅 是 一 个 前 端 应 用 ， 用 来 展 现 集 群 信 息 和 与 后 端 API交 互 ， 理 论 上 只 需 要 更 新 原 先 dashboard的 yaml配 置 文 件 中 的 镜 像 就 可 以 了 ， 但 是 为 了 使 用 dashboard1.7版 本 中 的 用 户 登 陆 功 能 ， 还 需 要 做 一 些 额 外 的 操 作 。 < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard" target = "_blank" > dashboard< / a > 的 更 新 日 志 请 见 < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/releases" target = "_blank" > release note< / a > ， 当 前 的 最 新 版 本 为 v1.7.1， 下 面 将 介 绍 将 dashboard从 v1.6.3升 级 到 v1.7.1并 开 启 用 户 登 陆 认 证 的 详 细 步 骤 。 < / p >
< h2 id = "升级步骤" > 升 级 步 骤 < / h2 >
< p > < strong > 删 除 原 来 的 版 本 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 首 先 删 除 原 来 的 dashboard资 源 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl delete < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > dashboard/
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 将 < code > dashboard< / code > 目 录 下 的 所 有 yaml文 件 中 的 资 源 全 部 删 除 ， 包 括 Deployment、 service和 角 色 绑 定 等 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 部 署 新 版 本 < / strong > < / p >
< p > 我 们 使 用 官 方 的 配 置 文 件 来 安 装 ， 首 先 下 载 官 方 配 置 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/master/src/deploy/recommended/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 修 改 其 中 的 两 个 镜 像 地 址 为 我 们 的 私 有 地 址 。 < / p >
< ul >
< li > gcr.io/google_containers/kubernetes-dashboard-init-amd64:v1.0.1< / li >
< li > gcr.io/google_containers/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.7.1< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 这 个 两 个 镜 像 可 以 同 时 从 < strong > 时 速 云 < / strong > 上 获 取 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > index.tenxcloud.com/jimmy/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.7.1< / li >
< li > index.tenxcloud.com/jimmy/kubernetes-dashboard-init-amd64:v1.0.1< / li >
< / ul >
< p > 将 service type设 置 为 < code > NodePort< / code > ， 修 改 后 的 yaml文 件 见 < a href = "https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-handbook/tree/master/manifests/dashboard-1.7.1/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml" target = "_blank" > kubernetes-dashboard.yaml< / a > ， 然 后 就 可 以 部 署 新 版 本 的 dashboard了 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 获 取 dashboard的 外 网 访 问 端 口 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl -n kube-system get svc kubernetes-dashboard
NAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes-dashboard 10.254.177.181 < nodes> 443:32324/TCP 49m
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 访 问 集 群 中 的 任 何 一 个 节 点 ， 即 可 打 开 dashboard登 陆 页 面 ， 如 < a href = "https://172.20.0.113:32324/（请使用https访问），支持使用`kubeconfig`和`token`两种的认证方式：" target = "_blank" > https://172.20.0.113:32324/（ 请 使 用 https访 问 ） ， 支 持 使 用 `kubeconfig`和 `token`两 种 的 认 证 方 式 ： < / a > < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.8.2.1" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-dashboard-1.7.1-login.jpg" alt = "登陆界面" > < figcaption > 图 片 - 登 陆 界 面 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 选 择 本 地 的 < code > kubeconfig< / code > 文 件 以 登 陆 集 群 ， < code > kubeconfig< / code > 文 件 中 包 括 登 陆 的 用 户 名 、 证 书 和 token信 息 。 < / p >
< p > 登 陆 之 后 首 先 看 到 的 界 面 是 这 样 的 ： < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.8.2.2" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-dashboard-1.7.1-default-page.jpg" alt = "首页" > < figcaption > 图 片 - 首 页 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 这 是 因 为 该 用 户 没 有 对 < code > default< / code > 命 名 空 间 的 访 问 权 限 。 < / p >
< p > 修 改 URL地 址 中 的 < code > namespace< / code > 字 段 为 该 用 户 有 权 限 访 问 的 命 名 空 间 如 brand： < a href = "https://172.20.0.113:32324/#!/overview?namespace=brand" target = "_blank" > https://172.20.0.113:32324/#!/overview?namespace=brand< / a > ： < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.8.2.3" > < img src = "../images/kubernetes-dashboard-1.7.1-brand.jpg" alt = "用户空间" > < figcaption > 图 片 - 用 户 空 间 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< h2 id = "身份认证" > 身 份 认 证 < / h2 >
< p > 登 陆 dashboard 的 时 候 支 持 kubeconfig 和 token 两 种 认 证 方 式 ， kubeconfig 中 也 依 赖 token 字 段 ， 所 以 生 成 token 这 一 步 是 必 不 可 少 的 。 < / p >
< p > 下 文 分 两 块 来 讲 解 两 种 登 陆 认 证 方 式 ： < / p >
< ul >
< li > 为 brand 命 名 空 间 下 的 brand 用 户 创 建 kubeconfig 文 件 < / li >
< li > 为 集 群 的 管 理 员 （ 拥 有 所 有 命 名 空 间 的 amdin 权 限 ） 创 建 token< / li >
< / ul >
< h3 id = "使用-kubeconfig" > 使 用 kubeconfig< / h3 >
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< p > 登 陆 dashboard的 时 候 可 以 指 定 < code > kubeconfig< / code > 文 件 来 认 证 用 户 权 限 ， 如 何 生 成 登 陆 dashboard时 指 定 的 < code > kubeconfig< / code > 文 件 请 参 考 < a href = "../guide/kubectl-user-authentication-authorization.html" > 创 建 用 户 认 证 授 权 的 kubeconfig文 件 < / a > 。 < / p >
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< blockquote >
< p > 注 意 我 们 生 成 的 kubeconfig 文 件 中 没 有 token 字 段 ， 需 要 手 动 添 加 该 字 段 。 < / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 比 如 我 们 为 brand namespace 下 的 brand 用 户 生 成 了 名 为 < code > brand.kubeconfig< / code > 的 kubeconfig 文 件 ， 还 要 再 该 文 件 中 追 加 一 行 < code > token< / code > 的 配 置 （ 如 何 生 成 token 将 在 下 文 介 绍 ） ， 如 下 所 示 ： < / p >
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< figure id = "fig1.5.8.2.4" > < img src = "../images/brand-kubeconfig-yaml.jpg" alt = "kubeconfig文件" > < figcaption > 图 片 - kubeconfig文 件 < / figcaption > < / figure >
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< p > 这 样 就 可 以 使 用 < code > brand.kubeconfig< / code > 文 件 来 登 陆 dashboard了 ， 而 且 只 能 访 问 和 操 作 < code > brand< / code > 命 名 空 间 下 的 对 象 。 < / p >
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< h3 id = "生成-token" > 生 成 token< / h3 >
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< p > 需 要 创 建 一 个 admin用 户 并 授 予 admin角 色 绑 定 ， 使 用 下 面 的 yaml文 件 创 建 admin用 户 并 赋 予 他 管 理 员 权 限 ， 然 后 可 以 通 过 token登 陆 dashbaord， 该 文 件 见 < a href = "https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-handbook/tree/master/manifests/dashboard-1.7.1/admin-role.yaml" target = "_blank" > admin-role.yaml< / a > 。 这 种 认 证 方 式 本 质 上 是 通 过 Service Account 的 身 份 认 证 加 上 Bearer token 请 求 API server 的 方 式 实 现 ， 参 考 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authentication/" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes 中 的 认 证 < / a > 。 < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-yaml" > < span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ClusterRoleBinding
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > admin
< span class = "hljs-attr" > annotations:< / span >
rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: < span class = "hljs-string" > " true" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > roleRef:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ClusterRole
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > cluster-admin
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiGroup:< / span > rbac.authorization.k8s.io
< span class = "hljs-attr" > subjects:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > - kind:< / span > ServiceAccount
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > admin
< span class = "hljs-attr" > namespace:< / span > kube-system
< span class = "hljs-meta" > ---< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > apiVersion:< / span > v1
< span class = "hljs-attr" > kind:< / span > ServiceAccount
< span class = "hljs-attr" > metadata:< / span >
< span class = "hljs-attr" > name:< / span > admin
< span class = "hljs-attr" > namespace:< / span > kube-system
< span class = "hljs-attr" > labels:< / span >
kubernetes.io/cluster-service: < span class = "hljs-string" > " true" < / span >
addonmanager.kubernetes.io/mode: Reconcile
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 然 后 执 行 下 面 的 命 令 创 建 serviceaccount 和 角 色 绑 定 ， 对 于 其 他 命 名 空 间 的 其 他 用 户 只 要 修 改 上 述 yaml 中 的 < code > name< / code > 和 < code > namespace< / code > 字 段 即 可 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl create < span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > admin-role.yaml
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 创 建 完 成 后 获 取 secret和 token的 值 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > # 获 取 admin-token的 secret名 字 < / span >
$ kubectl -n kube-system get secret|grep admin-token
admin-token-nwphb kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 6m
< span class = "hljs-comment" > # 获 取 token的 值 < / span >
$ kubectl -n kube-system describe secret admin-token-nwphb
Name: admin-token-nwphb
Namespace: kube-system
Labels: < none>
Annotations: kubernetes.io/service-account.name=admin
kubernetes.io/service-account.uid=f37bd044-bfb3-11e7-87c0< span class = "hljs-_" > -f< / span > 4e9d49f8ed0
Type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token
Data
====
namespace: 11 bytes
token: 非 常 长 的 字 符 串
ca.crt: 1310 bytes
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 在 dashboard 登 录 页 面 上 使 用 上 面 输 出 中 的 那 个 < strong > 非 常 长 的 字 符 串 进 行 < code > base64< / code > 解 码 后 < / strong > 作 为 token 登 录 ， 即 可 以 拥 有 管 理 员 权 限 操 作 整 个 kubernetes集 群 中 的 对 象 。 当 然 您 也 可 以 将 这 串 token 进 行 < code > base64< / code > 解 码 后 ， 加 到 admin 用 户 的 < code > kubeconfig< / code > 文 件 中 ， 继 续 使 用 < code > kubeconfig< / code > 登 录 ， 两 种 认 证 方 式 任 您 选 择 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 注 意 < / strong > ： 一 定 要 将 kubectl 的 输 出 中 的 token 值 进 行 < code > base64< / code > 解 码 ， 在 线 解 码 工 具 < a href = "https://www.base64decode.org/" target = "_blank" > base64decode< / a > ， Linux 和 Mac 有 自 带 的 < code > base64< / code > 命 令 也 可 以 直 接 使 用 ， 输 入 < code > base64< / code > 是 进 行 编 码 ， Linux 中 < code > base64 -d< / code > 表 示 解 码 ， Mac 中 使 用 < code > base64 -D< / code > 。 < / p >
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< p > 也 可 以 使 用 jsonpath 的 方 式 直 接 获 取 token 的 值 ， 如 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-bash" > kubectl -n kube-system get secret admin-token-nwphb -o jsonpath={.data.token}|base64 < span class = "hljs-_" > -d< / span >
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< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 注 意 我 们 使 用 了 base64 对 其 重 新 解 码 ， 因 为 secret 都 是 经 过 base64 编 码 的 ， 如 果 直 接 使 用 kubectl 中 查 看 到 的 < code > token< / code > 值 会 认 证 失 败 ， 详 见 < a href = "../guide/secret-configuration.html" > secret 配 置 < / a > 。 关 于 JSONPath 的 使 用 请 参 考 < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/jsonpath/" target = "_blank" > JSONPath 手 册 < / a > 。 < / p >
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< h2 id = "参考" > 参 考 < / h2 >
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< ul >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/issues/2093" target = "_blank" > Dashboard log in mechanism #2093< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/wiki/Accessing-Dashboard---1.7.X-and-above" target = "_blank" > Accessing Dashboard 1.7.X and above< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/blob/master/docs/design/access-control.md" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes dashboard UX for Role-Based Access Control< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46664104/how-to-sign-in-kubernetes-dashboard" target = "_blank" > How to sign in kubernetes dashboard? - StackOverflow< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/jsonpath/" target = "_blank" > JSONPath 手 册 < / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authentication/" target = "_blank" > Kubernetes 中 的 认 证 < / a > < / li >
< / ul >
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