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kubernetes-handbook/concepts/statefulset.md

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StatefulSet

StatefulSet是为了解决有状态服务的问题（对应Deployments和ReplicaSets是为无状态服务而设计），其应用场景包括：

  • 稳定的持久化存储，即Pod重新调度后还是能访问到相同的持久化数据，基于PVC来实现
  • 稳定的网络标志，即Pod重新调度后其PodName和HostName不变，基于Headless Service（即没有Cluster IP的Service）来实现
  • 有序部署，有序扩展，即Pod是有顺序的，在部署或者扩展的时候要依据定义的顺序依次依次进行（即从0到N-1，在下一个Pod运行之前所有之前的Pod必须都是Running和Ready状态），基于init containers来实现
  • 有序收缩，有序删除（即从N-1到0）

从上面的应用场景可以发现，StatefulSet由以下几个部分组成：

  • 用于定义网络标志（DNS domain）的Headless Service
  • 用于创建PersistentVolumes的volumeClaimTemplates
  • 定义具体应用的StatefulSet

StatefulSet中每个Pod的DNS格式为statefulSetName-{0..N-1}.serviceName.namespace.svc.cluster.local，其中

  • serviceName为Headless Service的名字
  • 0..N-1为Pod所在的序号，从0开始到N-1
  • statefulSetName为StatefulSet的名字
  • namespace为服务所在的namespace，Headless Servic和StatefulSet必须在相同的namespace
  • .cluster.local为Cluster Domain，

简单示例

以一个简单的nginx服务web.yaml为例：

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1beta1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: web
spec:
  serviceName: "nginx"
  replicas: 2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-slim:0.8
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: web
        volumeMounts:
        - name: www
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: www
      annotations:
        volume.alpha.kubernetes.io/storage-class: anything
    spec:
      accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 1Gi

$ kubectl create -f web.yaml
service "nginx" created
statefulset "web" created

# 查看创建的headless service和statefulset
$ kubectl get service nginx
NAME      CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
nginx     None         <none>        80/TCP    1m
$ kubectl get statefulset web
NAME      DESIRED   CURRENT   AGE
web       2         2         2m

# 根据volumeClaimTemplates自动创建PVC（在GCE中会自动创建kubernetes.io/gce-pd类型的volume）
$ kubectl get pvc
NAME        STATUS    VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   AGE
www-web-0   Bound     pvc-d064a004-d8d4-11e6-b521-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           16s
www-web-1   Bound     pvc-d06a3946-d8d4-11e6-b521-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           16s

# 查看创建的Pod，他们都是有序的
$ kubectl get pods -l app=nginx
NAME      READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
web-0     1/1       Running   0          5m
web-1     1/1       Running   0          4m

# 使用nslookup查看这些Pod的DNS
$ kubectl run -i --tty --image busybox dns-test --restart=Never --rm /bin/sh
/ # nslookup web-0.nginx
Server:    10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      web-0.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.2.10
/ # nslookup web-1.nginx
Server:    10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      web-1.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.3.12
/ # nslookup web-0.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
Server:    10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      web-0.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.2.10

还可以进行其他的操作

# 扩容
$ kubectl scale statefulset web --replicas=5

# 缩容
$ kubectl patch statefulset web -p '{"spec":{"replicas":3}}'

# 镜像更新（目前还不支持直接更新image，需要patch来间接实现）
$ kubectl patch statefulset web --type='json' -p='[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/image", "value":"gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-slim:0.7"}]'

# 删除StatefulSet和Headless Service
$ kubectl delete statefulset web
$ kubectl delete service nginx

# StatefulSet删除后PVC还会保留着，数据不再使用的话也需要删除
$ kubectl delete pvc www-web-0 www-web-1

zookeeper

另外一个更能说明StatefulSet强大功能的示例为zookeeper.yaml。

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: zk-headless
  labels:
    app: zk-headless
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 2888
    name: server
  - port: 3888
    name: leader-election
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: zk
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: zk-config
data:
  ensemble: "zk-0;zk-1;zk-2"
  jvm.heap: "2G"
  tick: "2000"
  init: "10"
  sync: "5"
  client.cnxns: "60"
  snap.retain: "3"
  purge.interval: "1"
---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodDisruptionBudget
metadata:
  name: zk-budget
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: zk
  minAvailable: 2
---
apiVersion: apps/v1beta1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: zk
spec:
  serviceName: zk-headless
  replicas: 3
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: zk
      annotations:
        pod.alpha.kubernetes.io/initialized: "true"
        scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/affinity: >
            {
              "podAntiAffinity": {
                "requiredDuringSchedulingRequiredDuringExecution": [{
                  "labelSelector": {
                    "matchExpressions": [{
                      "key": "app",
                      "operator": "In",
                      "values": ["zk-headless"]
                    }]
                  },
                  "topologyKey": "kubernetes.io/hostname"
                }]
              }
            }            
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: k8szk
        imagePullPolicy: Always
        image: gcr.io/google_samples/k8szk:v1
        resources:
          requests:
            memory: "4Gi"
            cpu: "1"
        ports:
        - containerPort: 2181
          name: client
        - containerPort: 2888
          name: server
        - containerPort: 3888
          name: leader-election
        env:
        - name : ZK_ENSEMBLE
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
              name: zk-config
              key: ensemble
        - name : ZK_HEAP_SIZE
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: jvm.heap
        - name : ZK_TICK_TIME
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: tick
        - name : ZK_INIT_LIMIT
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: init
        - name : ZK_SYNC_LIMIT
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: tick
        - name : ZK_MAX_CLIENT_CNXNS
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: client.cnxns
        - name: ZK_SNAP_RETAIN_COUNT
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: snap.retain
        - name: ZK_PURGE_INTERVAL
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: purge.interval
        - name: ZK_CLIENT_PORT
          value: "2181"
        - name: ZK_SERVER_PORT
          value: "2888"
        - name: ZK_ELECTION_PORT
          value: "3888"
        command:
        - sh
        - -c
        - zkGenConfig.sh && zkServer.sh start-foreground
        readinessProbe:
          exec:
            command:
            - "zkOk.sh"
          initialDelaySeconds: 15
          timeoutSeconds: 5
        livenessProbe:
          exec:
            command:
            - "zkOk.sh"
          initialDelaySeconds: 15
          timeoutSeconds: 5
        volumeMounts:
        - name: datadir
          mountPath: /var/lib/zookeeper
      securityContext:
        runAsUser: 1000
        fsGroup: 1000
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: datadir
      annotations:
        volume.alpha.kubernetes.io/storage-class: anything
    spec:
      accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 20Gi

kubectl create -f zookeeper.yaml

详细的使用说明见zookeeper stateful application。

StatefulSet注意事项

  1. 还在beta状态，需要kubernetes v1.5版本以上才支持
  2. 所有Pod的Volume必须使用PersistentVolume或者是管理员事先创建好
  3. 为了保证数据安全，删除StatefulSet时不会删除Volume
  4. StatefulSet需要一个Headless Service来定义DNS domain，需要在StatefulSet之前创建好
  5. 目前StatefulSet还没有feature complete，比如更新操作还需要手动patch。

更多可以参考Kubernetes文档。